December 2003 - cypherpunks-legacy

CNN - Encryption bill expected to pass House - June 23, 1997
by Alan Olsen 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9706/23/encryption.reut/index.html Encryption bill expected to pass House June 23, 1997 Web posted at: 10:05 p.m. EDT (0205 GMT) WASHINGTON (Reuter) -- Legislation to relax U.S. export limits on computer-encoding technology is likely to move ahead in the House of Representatives this week, despite a severe setback in the Senate last week. The House International Relations' economic policy and trade subcommittee will vote on a bill Tuesday, chairwoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Republican of Florida, said. Current U.S. law strictly limits export of encryption software, which scrambles information and renders it unreadable without a password or software "key." Once the realm of spies and generals, encryption has become a critical technology to safeguard electronic commerce and global communications over the Internet. In the Senate last week, a similar bill to relax encryption-export controls was torpedoed when the Senate Commerce Committee approved a substitute which would only modestly ease export restrictions. It effectively would allow the government to crack encrypted messages in the United States by gaining access to the software keys. The Clinton administration has been a strong proponent of so-called key-recovery mechanisms, arguing that the proliferation of strong encryption without key recovery would hamper law-enforcement and national security agencies' ability to keep tabs on criminals and terrorists. The House bill under consideration relaxes export rules without requiring key recovery. With 125 co-sponsors in the House, and "enthusiastic support" from industry and civil liberties and privacy advocates, the bill "is expected to be passed with limited changes," Ros-Lehtinen added. The bill could face a tougher challenge when considered by the full International Relations Committee. Chairman Benjamin Gilman, Republican of New York, is not a strong supporter of export liberalization, congressional staffers said. U.S. software companies such as Netscape Communications, and Microsoft Corp. have been clamoring for relief from encryption export controls. Copyright 1997 Reuters Limited. All rights reserved.

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Re: Comparing Cryptographic Key Sizes
by Declan McCullagh 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

Thanks, Adam, for sending this along. As it turns out, I'm working on an article about encryption and privacy that will appear in Time Magazine next month. Yesterday I photocopied a few pages of Applied Crypto and printed out the (I believe) February 1996 paper on recommended key lengths and passed them around the office. Your summary is even more handy. -Declan ------------------------- Declan McCullagh Time Inc. The Netly News Network Washington Correspondent http://netlynews.com/

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Re: Hettinga's e$yllogism
by Secret Squirrel 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

>1. Government has copy of keys >2. Government misuses keys. > >Simple enough for you? Too simple. Escrow for ecash isn't to allow forging cash, or stealing it. It allows tracing it. If you tell financial experts that making ecash traceable under court order is goint to make electronic commerce impossible, they'll laugh. They already use systems which are even less private than that. Anon

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by TruthMailer 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

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Re: Hettinga's e$yllogism
by winsock＠rigel.cyberpass.net 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

>1. Government has copy of keys >2. Government misuses keys. > >Simple enough for you? Too simple. Escrow for ecash isn't to allow forging cash, or stealing it. It allows tracing it. If you tell financial experts that making ecash traceable under court order is goint to make electronic commerce impossible, they'll laugh. They already use systems which are even less private than that. Anon

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Comparing Cryptographic Key Sizes II
by Adam Back 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

I got quite a few useful comments on the key comparison summary I posted earlier. Even some people said they found it useful. Mark Grant improved the readability, plus other suggestions. Peter Trei urged me to actually re-read the Wiener paper to quote the figures correctly rather than from memory. Also Peter raised issues to do with how to compare hardness to break DES against 512 bit RSA. There is now an aside more technical note explaining the issues. I think I stand by my original comparison of "roughly equal", because depending on how you view it, it'll come out 10x cheaper, or 10x harder. (Memory being one hurdle each participating workstation needing of the order of 128 Mb; the other hurdle being the existance of a machine large enough to reduce the matrix which results from all the relations). I don't think we can explain it any more technically and expect it to be useful to a journalist. We need a gross generalisation: is it approx as hard, is it 100x harder. They don't want to hear about space complexity, the matrix reduction phase (RSA) nor known plaintext memory trade offs (DES). If we don't supply the gross generalisation, they will do it themselves to make it palatable for their readers. With less understanding of the subject, their generalisation is likely to be even wildly inaccurate than the generous error bars on ours. This is not an insult to journalists. Crypto is a technical, complicated field. I wouldn't contemplate making estimates in other peoples fields. Further discussion of course still sought (rip it apart pessimists on crypto estimates). Here's the new improved version. Adam -- Have *you* exported RSA today? --> http://www.dcs.ex.ac.uk/~aba/rsa/ print pack"C*",split/\D+/,`echo "16iII*o\U@{$/=$z;[(pop,pop,unpack"H*",<> )]}\EsMsKsN0[lN*1lK[d2%Sa2/d0<X+d*lMLa^*lN%0]dsXx++lMlN/dsM0<J]dsJxp"|dc` ====================================================================== Comparing Cryptographic Key Sizes There are two types of cryptographic keys; public keys -- sometimes called asymmetric key -- and symmetric keys. RSA and Diffie-Hellman are common public key algorithms and RC4, DES and IDEA common symmetric key algorithms. You cannot directly compare public key lengths (for example RSA keys) with symmetric key lengths (DES, RC4); this is an important point which confuses many people. For example, 40 bit RC4 (a symmetric key cipher) can be broken in a few hours with a few hundred workstations but 40 bit RSA (a public key cipher) can be broken in a fraction of a second on one PC. A 350 bit RSA key is roughly equivalent in strength to 40 bit RC4, and 512 bit RSA key is thought to cost roughly the same to break as a 56 bit DES key. (That last comparison (DES vs 512 bit RSA) glosses over many issues. Here's a summary if you're interested: no one's broken a 512 RSA bit key yet, and you need lots of memory to break RSA at that key size, a PC with 128 Mb would be required to participate. In contrast, you need hardly any memory to break DES, any PC will do. The internet based breaking of a DES key in answer to RSA DSI's challenge involved many participants, and included some participants with low end 486 PCs with 1Mb of memory. Theoretically 512 bit RSA could be broken more quickly than DES, but, as you need more memory than typical workstations have, a distributed internet attack with the same group of participants as for the DES break would clearly take longer. There are a number of other factors also.) Symmetric keys sizes are easy to understand; for any particular algorithm, adding one bit to the key length doubles the difficulty. Estimating the difficulty of breaking a public key (say RSA) is harder because the increase in strength is not straightforward, but typically adding ten bits to the size of an RSA key doubles the strength. This is why public key systems require longer keys to provide the same security. Most systems use a mixture of public and symmetric key ciphers, because public key ciphers are _slow_ but dramatically simplify key management. Symmetric key ciphers are fast, so they are used in conjunction with public key systems to speed up the combined system. Such a system using two ciphers -- one public key and one symmetric key -- is only as strong as the weakest link. For example, consider the export version of SSL, as shipped in the export version of Netscape browsers and servers; it uses 512 bit RSA, and 40 bit RC4. Cracking 40 bit RC4 is easier than cracking 512 bit RSA, so export SSL can be broken by breaking the 40 bit RC4 component. Ian Goldberg recently broke a 40 bit RC5 key himself with Berkeley univ machines in 3.5 hours. 40 bit RC4 could be broken in a similar time. 512 bits RSA is not enough either, and you can rest assured that the NSA, other governments' secret services, and any corporation or organised crime group with sufficient funds can break it. 512 bits is likely within reach of a distributed internet effort, or soon will be. There is a further problem. Each session uses a different, randomly chosen, RC4 key, so breaking one RC4 key only allows you to read a single message. However, every message is encrypted with the _same_ 512 bit RSA key, so if you can break that key you can immediately read any message sent to or from the server. As a consequence, the public key size should be chosen to be much harder to break than the symmetric key. In this case although the key is thousands of times harder to break it would be worth attacking if the server is processing thousands or millions of transactions. 56 bit DES is harder to break than 40 bit RC4 (SSL); you would expect that the extra sixteen bits would increase the difficulty 65536 times, but DES is faster than RC4. In software it's about 5 times faster, so breaking DES in software is about 10000 times harder than breaking 40 bit RC4 (as used in export SSL). But if the Russian Mafia or a corporation involved in industrial espionage wanted to break 56 bit DES they would not use software but would build a special purpose piece of hardware which was designed only to break DES. DES was designed to be fast in hardware, and is a relatively slow cipher in software. In 1993 Michael Wiener designed such a DES breaking machine. His estimated cost for a machine capable of breaking 56 bit DES in a 3.5 hours hours was $1,000,000. The machine was scalable, so that by spending more or less money you could reduce or increase the time taken to break the key. He estimated that building a machine to break DES in 21 minutes would cost $10,000,000. That was 10 years ago; 10 years is a long time in the computer industry. Today the machine would be much cheaper because chip technology has progressed and computers are much faster per $. Estimates are around $20,000 to build a machine to break a DES key within a day (neglecting hardware engineers consultancy fees). When you consider the sorts of uses DES is being used for by banks, ATM card PINs, wire transfers, interbank exchanges, DES is clearly out-of-date. Everyone expects that NSA, GCHQ, SCSSI have built one or more machines for $20,000+; this is considered obvious because the NSA and SCSSI allow export of 56 bit DES. $20,000 is not much money for a secret service, or for many less scrupulous individuals. Algorithms using 40 bit keys are insecure against all but trivial cracking attempts. Systems using DES (such as SET) are only secure against organisations who can't raise $20,000 and can't find people who know lots about crypto and hardware design; $20,000 is not much money for the Rusian Mafia either. Even worse, once you have built such a machine the cost of cracking each key is only a few hundreds or thousands of dollars, so any DES key protecting information of greater value is a tempting target. US export controls used to restrict exports to 40 bit RC4. When the cypherpunks broke several 40 bit RC4 systems the rules were relaxed to 56 bits. Now that a distributed internet group has broken 56 bit DES, the US government's claim that 56 bit is "good enough" is being demonstrated to be patently false. The US government's other ploy has been to allow larger key lengths, but to keep a master key to all communications for themselves. When full strength encryption systems with 128 bit symmetric keys are widely available from foreign competitors, this firstly makes no sense: why can't the US software industry export when every one has strong crypto anway. And secondly the US software industry is losing billions each year in lost sales to their european competitors. 128 bit encryption is unbreakable for all practical purposes. You will recall in the discussion above that each bit of key size doubles the work required to break a symmetric cipher. A 128 bit cipher is 4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 times harder to break than DES. That is a very large number. Messages encrypted with such keys aren't likely to be breakable for 30-100 years from now. Similarly 1024, to 4096 bit public key systems are in use, and available outside the US. These systems are of roughly comparable hardness to break to 128 bit symmetric keys, the larger the key, the more secure. One final point: things are getting better for cryptography. The attackers job is getting harder. With each doubling of machine speed it is possible to use larger keys, and still encrypt and decrypt instantly when you have the key. When PGP was first released back in 1991, 1024 bit RSA keys were slow to use on the state of the art PC then, a lowly '286. Nowadays an entry level PC, a Pentium 133 whistles through 4096 bit keys. If we say that a P133 is 50x faster than a 20Mhz '286 you can see that the same person using encryption now can use key sizes which before were too slow. I can assure you that in moving from a 1024 bit key to a 4096 bit key, the attackers job is well in excess of 50x harder. Greatly in excess of a trillion trillion times harder.

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Re: spook pressure on crypto exports (was Re: cypherpunks coding challenge)
by pgut001＠cs.auckland.ac.nz 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

Death rays from Mars made Adam Back <aba(a)dcs.ex.ac.uk> write: >Bill Stewart <stewarts(a)ix.netcom.com> writes: >>(Though actually SSLeay has been very useful to a lot of the >>world's free cryptography, and has prompted the US spooks >>to pressure the Australian spooks into restricting crypto exports, >>just as they've pressured the NZs into restricting them for >>Peter Gutman, and have been trying to work on the Irish...) >Could you elaborate on these. I caught Peter Gutmann's comments on the >hassles a company he did some work for were having with the NZ spooks. (The >spooks intercepted their mailed disk, plus some other cloak and dagger >spookish stuff). Nothing was intercepted. They (the GCSB, NZ subsidiary of the NSA) came up with some phony story about NZ customs intercepting a shipment of military-grade encryption (or something similar) which they fed to the Australian spooks (DSD). NZ Customs knew nothing of this, and the DSD were apparently also considerably surprised by it. As far as I can tell it was a very amateurish attempt to intimidate one of the companies involved (frighteningly amateurish in fact - a single phonecall was enough to confirm that they'd invented the whole incident themselves, the only real effect it had was to get them a front-page story in the National Business Review and (presumably) piss off the DSD for sending them on a wild goose chase and risking media exposure). >Is this still going on, was it ever resolved? Can the next version of >cryptlib be exported legally? Or are we relying on Peters bravery? It can be legally exported. Although the people pulling the strings are the GCSB, the group enforcing it is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT)'s export control group, who are idiots (I can elaborate on this in great detail at some point, preferably over a beer). I have several written statements from them that I can freely export it electronically (along with all sorts of bogosities such as a letter signed by the minister in which the first sentence of the second paragraph says exactly the opposite of the last sentence in the paragraph, and other, similar gems). At one point I was firing off one letter after another to them just to see how silly they would get, but it got boring after awhile. I'll put these letters online at some point for people to have a laugh at. I should also clarify a point about the online writeup of my experiences, which imply that the NSA was active in directing the GCSB over export controls. I'd had some feedback from a high-level US spook source that this wasn't quite the case, but the source has some rather unusual opinions on spooks and their activities (something along the lines of "Civilization would collapse tomorrow if it wasn't for the fine efforts of the CIA and NSA") which made me somewhat suspicious about the accuracy of the information. Anyway, what this source said (and this bit I can believe) was that NZ was completely out of its depth with this (which was obvious from the way it was handled) and was terrified of offending the US. According to the source, the NSA was exerting a *moderating* influence on the whole thing, and that any progress made was because the NSA told the GCSB to back off. This would indicate an interesting case of the NSA exerting very strong indirect influence on determining crypto policy. The GCSB knew the NSA didn't want crypto being distributed, and when they heard of the export they went into overdrive to show the NSA what good boys they could be and how keen they were to help the US by enforcing US policy for NZ crypto. This interpretation is believable, NZ is very much a junior member of the UKUSA alliance and really doesn't want to do anything which might offend the other partners. They knew the US didn't want crypto being made available, so they went out of their way to try to show the NSA that they could be trusted to do their bit in restricting crypto (I'm certain that something as amateurish as the NZ Customs story didn't come from the NSA, even the DSD seemed unaware of it). This means that it doesn't actually require any direct intervention from the USG to control crypto policy, the mere knowledge that the NSA doesn't like something is enough to make the local spooks (who, in NZ's case, rely on the NSA for much of their hardware and training) do whatever they think will keep the NSA happy. It's perfect for the NSA I guess, because they get complete deniability (Just yell "Will noone rid me of this troublesome crypto" and sit back and wait). Peter. BTW, what's happened to taz.nceye.net? The cypherpunks mail->news doesn't seem to have been updated for more than a week.

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Child Pornography [JPEG]
by TruthMailer 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

This email contains child pornography encrypted with strong cryptography using the public key of a federal prisoner. It is being sent via a chain of anonymous remailers using strong cryptography to Senators, Congressmen, and Media. It is originating from a hacked account which was protected by weak encryption. What can you do about it? Nothing! You can pass legislation violating the constitutional rights of millions of citizens to safeguard their privacy and freedom of speech--laws against strong encryption--laws against using anonymity in communications--laws against citizens putting an anti-government cork in their butt-hole (Government Access to Korks--GAK) but you can't stop myself and others from routing around the damage you do to freedom and liberty. Perhaps you can use the seized computer of the federal prisoner to decrypt the enclosed child pornography but you will not be able to decrypt the stego hidden inside this message which reveals my identity. The reason for this is simple--the stego technology I am using leaves the original graphics file unchanged. It is a technology that law enforcement does not have access to. There is an inner circle within society and the government that does have access to the technology, however, and they are using it to fight government and corporate fascism. What can you do? Pass another law--pass a law which imprisons anyone who has a thought or technology which is inaccessible to the scrutiny of government agencies. "Everything not permitted is forbidden." What can you do? Take away all rights and freedoms--imprison everyone. The constitutional rights and freedoms of the citizens have been trashed under the pretext of protecting society from drugs and pornography and numerous other horsemen of the apocalypse, yet I can drive ten minutes in any direction and find drugs to purchase and I can find and send pornography freely over a variety of medium. For the record, I acquired the software used to encrypt the enclosed child pornography from a foreign source while the U.S. government is ineffectually stifling American business in order to prevent tools of freedom and privacy from being universally available. -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE----- Version: PGP for Personal Privacy 5.0 MessageID: gygqk6Zjhr8ssJKvMxDdwQkYiBMJaW22 hQCMA/qHVDBboB2dAQQAlcc0zGN2wXUG4twV4M1TXkrMmob/fYP4k4tpIv7KEJQ8 2vA/iBXDPxcfURdKp750bnNVFN0yUUUoYk7o6vnrwDFYWbe3zWE7sePbaY+L4f/A E4yCXGXwal9GN61ayH2mfQds8Jv328u7zLX8Dxeu5vs8ALtjw3GOnewwuHPr/Pul Pa0Y0I5Di3SGQGmvBo27nJZV2ev/ctRg+Kr6kfPIp+/c3TyEpbOY/4R6r4hi8lZS ahKfdWWnJh4aMfIiljLO6RyRIVwzRf4PLkyl+xuPMy7EbtzC16kmI5syjur0XOv5 scF4eO+WHSnKcDDA8bC1B+/qVdHJrtu9gJc+4ZlUEnLDGPGq3s09LPIDhYgLlb3j Dw3bOdqYzCmf6WEaFC6OT0R4nPWPifosBCYONr94pyJ+npLLUe1dyR1U/sPxQwxL CcT0VAt8FQH1qlPER+6DvEoV3XLVtmx05nB7iKkSY2nBS5ZifvP+2Wid7wEE8XH+ EKLqxDB85PtXKifhlMpgUpEa/sf1u8ZotsQEmubMJCYi1WrKsij1vIYTsKqjb9gK 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1 0

Child Pornography [JPEG]
by TruthMailer 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

This email contains child pornography encrypted with strong cryptography using the public key of a federal prisoner. It is being sent via a chain of anonymous remailers using strong cryptography to Senators, Congressmen, and Media. It is originating from a hacked account which was protected by weak encryption. What can you do about it? Nothing! You can pass legislation violating the constitutional rights of millions of citizens to safeguard their privacy and freedom of speech--laws against strong encryption--laws against using anonymity in communications--laws against citizens putting an anti-government cork in their butt-hole (Government Access to Korks--GAK) but you can't stop myself and others from routing around the damage you do to freedom and liberty. Perhaps you can use the seized computer of the federal prisoner to decrypt the enclosed child pornography but you will not be able to decrypt the stego hidden inside this message which reveals my identity. The reason for this is simple--the stego technology I am using leaves the original graphics file unchanged. It is a technology that law enforcement does not have access to. There is an inner circle within society and the government that does have access to the technology, however, and they are using it to fight government and corporate fascism. What can you do? Pass another law--pass a law which imprisons anyone who has a thought or technology which is inaccessible to the scrutiny of government agencies. "Everything not permitted is forbidden." What can you do? Take away all rights and freedoms--imprison everyone. The constitutional rights and freedoms of the citizens have been trashed under the pretext of protecting society from drugs and pornography and numerous other horsemen of the apocalypse, yet I can drive ten minutes in any direction and find drugs to purchase and I can find and send pornography freely over a variety of medium. For the record, I acquired the software used to encrypt the enclosed child pornography from a foreign source while the U.S. government is ineffectually stifling American business in order to prevent tools of freedom and privacy from being universally available. -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE----- Version: PGP for Personal Privacy 5.0 MessageID: gygqk6Zjhr8ssJKvMxDdwQkYiBMJaW22 hQCMA/qHVDBboB2dAQQAlcc0zGN2wXUG4twV4M1TXkrMmob/fYP4k4tpIv7KEJQ8 2vA/iBXDPxcfURdKp750bnNVFN0yUUUoYk7o6vnrwDFYWbe3zWE7sePbaY+L4f/A E4yCXGXwal9GN61ayH2mfQds8Jv328u7zLX8Dxeu5vs8ALtjw3GOnewwuHPr/Pul Pa0Y0I5Di3SGQGmvBo27nJZV2ev/ctRg+Kr6kfPIp+/c3TyEpbOY/4R6r4hi8lZS ahKfdWWnJh4aMfIiljLO6RyRIVwzRf4PLkyl+xuPMy7EbtzC16kmI5syjur0XOv5 scF4eO+WHSnKcDDA8bC1B+/qVdHJrtu9gJc+4ZlUEnLDGPGq3s09LPIDhYgLlb3j Dw3bOdqYzCmf6WEaFC6OT0R4nPWPifosBCYONr94pyJ+npLLUe1dyR1U/sPxQwxL CcT0VAt8FQH1qlPER+6DvEoV3XLVtmx05nB7iKkSY2nBS5ZifvP+2Wid7wEE8XH+ EKLqxDB85PtXKifhlMpgUpEa/sf1u8ZotsQEmubMJCYi1WrKsij1vIYTsKqjb9gK 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"writing code"
by Greg Broiles 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

I think that "cypherpunks write code" is best understood with an added layer of abstraction, e.g., "cypherpunks change the things that bother them." So I think that "cypherpunks write memes" can be a useful strategy. But I think it's important to pay attention to which memes are written - do you mean "Write your Congressperson about this horrible problem!" or "Fuck the government, fix your own problem(s)!"? Many of the exhortations to the public consist mostly of "Hey! Get involved! Vote!", even where this passive "voting" stuff created the very problems which led to the exhortations. Sure, let's write memes. But let's write memes that encourage people to solve their own problems and avoid the use of unnecessary force. The mess that Congress is making out of crypto policy and export control should provide a crystal-clear example of what we're likely to get if we expect Washington - or local legislatures - to fix our problems. Next year Congress will probably fuck with E-mail and spam legislation the way it's screwing up crypto this year. In 1999, they'll have found something else. (Also, FYI, there was an implied :) smiley at the end of my message about three-strikes term limits. It's a cute idea, but I bring it up mostly to illustrate how pathetic and weak contemporary political thought is - we're ending up with a legal system which consists of crap like that, announced at press conferences full of various sympathetic "victims", hosted & funded by lobbyists paid for by prison-guard unions.) -- Greg Broiles | US crypto export control policy in a nutshell: gbroiles(a)netbox.com | http://www.io.com/~gbroiles | Export jobs, not crypto.

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