December 2003 - cypherpunks-legacy

Re: Guerilla Internet Service Providers (fwd)
by jim bell 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

At 10:54 AM 1/4/96 -0800, you wrote: >At 11:43 1/4/96 -0600, Jason Rentz wrote: >>Previous exchanges deleted... >>> >>>With a tightly focused beam (light is easy, I don't know about lower >>>frequencies), you can prevent interception except by very obvious physical >>>devices. (e.g. Someone in a cherry picker truck.) You may be able to >>>avoid the need to encrypt the link (and all the paranoia about key >>>management, advances in factoring etc. that that implies.) >>> >>>Bill >> >>The problem with this comes when you start creating links between much >>taller buildings like in San Fran. Any give building over 30 stories might >>sway a foot or so at any given time. Combine that with the other building >>and you might get a few feet of movement. (movement not including during an >>earthquake) :) > >(1) No single communication technology is appropriate for every problem. > >(2) A technical fix could include having the receiver send steering orders >to the transmitter. This solution would, of course, be a long way from the >low tech scavenged lens and 1/2 meter cardboard mailing tube technology I >was thinking of. I think you guys (further up the reply chain) are missing the point. While IR does have stealth advantages in, say, wartime, for routine network usage everyone can be assumed to know where everyone else is, and where all the optical links are, etc. There's no point trying to use link-location secrecy. And presumably, encryption will provide all the message-secrecy/anti-spoofing functions required. Simply ASSUME that the beams can be intercepted (although probably not intentionally cut). That's why we're "cypherpunks," right?!? Secondly, IR beams can be plenty narrow enough to avoid inter-link interference, but at the same time wide enough to avoid beam-steering problems. Note: I'm assuming link distances of under, say 300 meters here. Previously, a point was made about the effects of fog cutting links: Due to scattering, one of the reasons automobile fog lamps are 550 nanometer yellow/orange is to minimize the scattering that shorter wavelengths (400 nm blue, 450 nm green) are more prone to. I would imagine that near IR at, say, 890 nm would be dramatically less sensitive to such scattering. 1400 nm might be even better. Rain might be a different story. But then again, if we're limiting the links to around 300 meters, the total amount of water between "here" and "there" CAN'T be all that great. And in addition, one of the advantages of computer networking over telephone-type networking is that we can "tolerate" (although, not LIKE) the occasional necessity of re-transmitting data. And dynamic re-routing is probably far easier than for real-time telephone-type data. >From the standpoint of computer networking, the main benefit of IR is to cross rights-of-way without permission or trenching (or stringing cables from telephone poles) in urban and suburban areas, allowing data transfer near-fiber speeds. In an urban setting, a single tall building could become a central hub for most of its nearest neighbors. I don't anticipate IR being used "to the home" (especially since residential areas have trees, etc); rather, I would imagine that it would be used to feed the occasional top-of-the-telephone-pole microcell, with very-low-milliwatt (or high microwatt) RF going the last 100 meters or so to the home. This would allow a non-phoneco, non-cableco company to offer bidirectional networking in an entire residential area with an absolute minimum of costs/rights aquisition.

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Visual Correlations of RNGs useful for cryptanalysis?
by Deranged Mutant 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

Somebody passed an interesting article to me, "Random number generators: pretty good ones are easy to find", Clifford Pickover (IBM Watson Research Ctr, NY), The Visual Computer (1995) 11:369-377. The article does NOT deal with cryptographically secure RNGs, however the author discusses some interesting methods for visualizing correlations in RNGs that probably can be applied to crypto. One is the "Noise Sphere", which involves plotting the last three numbers generated by the RNG (Xn, Xn+1, Xn+2, where 0<Xn<1, and n=0,1,2,3...N) on spherical coordinates (r, theta, phi), where theta = 2 * pi * Xn phi = pi * Xn+1 (note, X subscript n+1) r = sqrt(Xn+2) ( " X subscript n+2) The article includes some pretty interesting graphics, including a couple that demonstrate what crappy RNGs look like. Also discusses some other methods (terrain generation) for visualization. Advantage is that this type of test is that it can be done on a low-end PC, can show some complex correlations even when an RNG is statistically good, and one doesn't have to an expert to see when something is wrong. Crypto output (bytes, words, dwords, etc.) can be easily(?) translated into binary fractions for this type of test. Take care, --Rob --- "Mutant" Rob <wlkngowl(a)unix.asb.com> Send a blank message with the subject "send pgp-key" (not in quotes) for a copy of my PGP key.

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None
by Mr. Nobody 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

In article <199601050311.TAA27567(a)netcom5.netcom.com> frantz(a)netcom.com (Bill Frantz) writes: > From: frantz(a)netcom.com (Bill Frantz) > Date: Thu, 4 Jan 1996 19:13:58 -0800 > > At 20:05 1/4/96 -0500, anonymous(a)freezone.remailer wrote: > >Does anyone understand what this "Concryption" really is? Reading the > >press blurbs, it could be nothing more than simply compressing the > >stream before encrypting it. A patent on that idea would be rather > >awkward. > > What I interpreted their press release as saying was that they had patented > the idea of doing the compression AND the encryption in one pass over the > data. If they got a patent for this, then the patent office has totally > lost the concept that in order to be patentable, the idea must not be > obvious to those well versed in the state of the art. Unfortunately, the patent office has totally lost that concept, with rather disastrous consequences for people who can't afford to fight bogus patents in court. http://www.lpf.org for more info.

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Indecency Mathematics
by Duncan Frissell 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

At 02:26 PM 1/4/96 +0100, Rudi Raith wrote: >2) > >I suppose that there is a predicate indecent_p(n), which is true if n >represents something indecent, false otherwise. (Some implementation >of such a predicate could be a police officer arresting you upon >presentation of the number to him, yielding true. :-) ) Such numbers >may be called "Indecent Numbers", their "posession", "transfer", >etc. be banned. Fortunately or unfortunately, "decency" and "indecency" are incapable of exact mapping to words. Location, context, tone of voice, year, time of day, recipient of communication, etc. all affect "indecency." "That girl is attractive." "The bitch is in heat." "Our President -- William Jefferson Blythe Clinton." "Jesus Christ is the Son of God." All of these statements are sometimes decent and sometimes indecent/blasphemous. It depends purely on a host of factors. That is the point of using the "indecency" standard. Consider the similar problem of defining the crime of Blasphemy: Christian: "Jesus Christ, the Messiah is God" Blasphemy because it claims that a man as God. Jew: "The Messiah has not yet come." Blasphemy because it denies the divinity of Jesus. We solved this problem in the US by legalizing all such speech. That is the only way to handle the similar decency/indecency definition problems. DCF "Government is not established for the benefit of the governed."

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Compuserve grovels to foreign censors
by Sudduth, Larry 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

At 15:05 1/4/96, Bill Frantz wrote: >Caller ID could tell them where you are calling from. They can also use >their billing information and user profile information to decide where you >live and/or how old you are. I wonder if any of these filters will keep >the German prosecutors off their necks, given that they can be bypassed. I don't know whether or not one can presume the existence of Caller ID over in Germany. When I lived there (albeit several years ago), it was a frustrating mixture of old technology (no records of any calls, just a counter that registered message units, so one could get a monster phone bill, and not even contest it) and new (ISDN and the German Post's version of BTX, Bildschirmtext). >I feel sorry for them given the situation they are in, and want to kick >their butts for just rolling over dead instead of fighting for free access. Feeling much the way you do about CompuServe's actions, I voted with my wallet, and canceled my membership. More and more vendors are offering equivalent support through the I'net anyway. The vision of a tin horn prosecutor in Munich being successful will only fuel the zeal of the would-be censors here and elsewhere in the World. (I wonder if the Revolutionary Guards in Iran are discussing what they next want censored.) BTW, I've never been an alt.* group reader, etc. That being said, who is CompuServe to try to control access to it. CompuServe is transport-only, and not a content originator. Since the Una-bomber used Fed-Ex to kill his victims should Fed-Ex no longer deliver to US addresses? begin 600 WINMAIL.DAT M>)\^(AX%`0:0" `$```````!``$``0>0!@`(````Y 0```````#H``$%@ ,` M#@```,P'`0`%````. `)``4`'P$!"8 !`"$```!%1C8U,# Y0S8X-#9#1C$Q M.$$P,# P-C X0S8X13<W10`5!P$@@ ,`#@```,P'`0`%````. `=``4`,P$! M"( '`!@```!)4$TN36EC<F]S;V9T($UA:6PN3F]T90`Q" $$@ $`)@```$-O M;7!U<V5R=F4@9W)O=F5L<R!T;R!F;W)E:6=N(&-E;G-O<G,`=0X!#8 $``(` M```"``(``0.0!@!D!P``$@````L`(P``````"P`I```````#`"8```````,` M-@``````'@!P``$````G````36%S<V5Y+"!#14\@;V8@0V]M<'5S97)V92P@ M;VX@26YT97)N970```(!<0`!````&P````&ZVRK;.IP`991&:!'/B@``8(QH MYWX``5:S40`#``80\D%G_@,`!Q#Y! ``'@`($ $```!E````050Q-3HP-3$O M-"\Y-BQ"24Q,1E)!3E1:5U)/5$4Z0T%,3$52241#3U5,1%1%3$Q42$5-5TA% M4D593U5!4D5#04Q,24Y'1E)/351(15E#04Y!3%-/55-%5$A%25)"24Q,24Y' M20`````#`! 0``````,`$1 ``````@$)$ $```"T!0``L 4``-H)``!,6D9U MG-MAO?\`"@$/`A4"J 7K`H,`4 +R"0(`8V@*P'-E=#(W!@`&PP*#,@/%`@!P M<D)Q$>)S=&5M`H,SMP+D!Q,"@S02S!3(-0/&713%?0J ",\)V3L8SS(\-34" M@ J!#;$+8&YG&#$P,Q10"P-L:3.^-@WP"U46\@P!$U!O$]!Z8P5 005 `% + M515B,G42L&,`0" 6\!S_'@,Z+QZ?'Z <WQWE-1YP+S2P+SDV+ KA(7]"`Q#) M`R!&<@!P='HDEQUM2G<=XCH*A3Y#!T!L(020($E$( 6@=6S,9" 3T"7Q=&@3 MX"?PTRI &- @>0A@( K *L F8RCQ"X!G( -2+B!T(%0J0'DK40.@!T!SN&\@ M=1&P"H<DSSXFG^L=]"HQ:07 8B7A*Z(+@&4"$'(`P'1I`B K$&[O*< M,07 M'=%F`Q JP#%J]G0M$ 6!:0VP*G@M;RY_6QU>')!V*L R(2\%L6B^;P?@!O I MP"KE+"%))_#W`B $@3%09C(1+( RT"HB?Q&P*] #$!/0$: G\"7B:ST)X' U M+S8_+X\J0"!'SP20`X(=T1&P8W4S\#P!ES+0.S,PL6X%D&MS)("^9SA1,]$1 M@#!C+(1B*L#<8GD*L 00"8 N/,T=9*X@"H\>[#H@9 (@)P5 _&MN.1$J@2HQ M!< %L4A WP5 `B K0D!R!Y!U!X _T\QE> 0`$]!N8RK .R%U*.AO.&!R1<4+ M@$ 5>?TL(5<J0 .@.B X0BG!*I/V* = 0Z!I!4 1L$PQ!T"-*M!E$9$K$&=O M*22 O4\A=T0`*Q KT2TP="8PAS'0*[%%Q6UI>'0(<+=+,SE"'@%H2$ 88&<L M@-HH2$ @&- %H61!,CK3^RMB0C%J44%0\2F!`C I(7]"PQC00F 3P1C14>8' MD'/_4# JP%8@3R!",2T!27,ID]]8,%7"!& `@%9"<#D`28'_,.(D@#(B23)/ M80.@!:!6,3M5L4\@*47%6T,'T2A)6%-$3C(3/^E00+!T/B<$($PQ`) Q\3LA M0E2^6"2 )=%4@!%P,+!M$]#]4G I1%9%RQR;/;\^SSH1SF8)X ,@+0!R<BR M,8'_*B1"9BK `)!2@#.5+&(K(I\+@%LD4, ",#/B:VE"$/\\SV.O/N\PE$#P M6)!F<U63[P-@*X1,(C0182G "X 3P>=O@3LA,N!G:%&39H(#4-L)X"L08TL@ M!! N:I\?H,UA?$9EX2NB;741<#_3_U# +( JXD?0*Q &X$#P2W#Y`W!P=09A M.&!?00#0,=)[0C$Z('8=\6E!3R!TL&V_+(!A[V+_'Y%0P"D!=%LD_RRA2R I M$"G >%$'@ ;0._'U8-!P+"%-!; X<UGQ*K%_0H%'T% "4J-ET 404;AE/'%U M.% '0 GP3S%U<&YP&'$J(0-@=7" /]-)_B=!\%7!.O!U$2PD7V $`/]?M5$` M49$X\02A1<5 F$S"?DU8872A3P$KL4H@<9-F=RF@/"0"(&QF80I0*A,@OGI/ MX(<Q.S,Z,2FA+4.A_T7%2R `@$$2*I,R(BGP$;#W*H1,T3_B5P6P*; L(5VP M^SHY/^)23V &\$#P,>$*P+IY1<5'9^!4<DS1228Q_2L39 0`0. $$"NB*H!" MYO]!\%)P:52)]$0Q7+9%Q6 @^E=W82<X84'P;R)#H$*1L2RS="XJ0E"!$7!4 M(>]O@ 20)( 1P&,L(T+AA?7]"W!D)( J@"T0! !%Q78H_S/B46 L@#/Q7!)N MD7%U,^)_3R L(9B)! "940!Q@*(M_X=26R-%Q4DR5>)6,6F!!;#?<' +@#' M!; L(5,+@$LA_3_B58XPB4 #<'R!+2(IP/-T`(DP17AII"7Q8-!?4?MI\#'0 M;9@&?+ IDZ$55 &_&& ;T&\S.$)682T0507PS6^ 9$H!$;!S/VHO'S8O'<>F M+W*>%_$`JI! `#D`(+FB@C+;N@$"`4<``0```#(```!C/553.V$](#MP/5-E M8W5R94,R.VP]4')I=F%T92!-1$(M.38P,3 U,#4U-C$P6BTY````0 `', #( MA.$PV[H!0 `(,.!,WXXRV[H!'@`]``$````!``````````(!%#0!````$ `` 3`%24H< I?Q ;I8<(`"LJ)1=K< `] ` end

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Re: cyphernomicon FTP site?
by norm＠netcom.com 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

At 12:58 AM 12/20/95, Harry Bartholomew wrote: .... > When using lynx from my shell account, I like to grab the whole > thing at once at net speed. Just now this took 65 seconds for > the 1.28 Mb with obvious pauses ( I've seen it twice as fast). .... I was using Lynx just now to do something like this (Mediacity was kaput). I couldn't find out how to tell lynx to save the file. Do you know how? Thanks

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Fw: Re: [NOISE] Trying to init security channel
by geoff klein 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

On 4 Jan 1996 19:40:39 futplex posted the message included below: 1. My apologies to all for the original accidental posting to this list. 2. futplex: "Another satisfied "Power One Time Pad" user, it would appear...." Things are not always quite the way they appear, Commtouch are the developers of Pronto Secure, - a pretty good Windows e-mail client providing security services using PGP (or POTP). Lookout for a beta release announcement in early February. Geoff Klein Product Manager - Pronto Secure http://www.commtouch.com *Welcome to the post of Cypherpunk censor - Now Go Home & change your sig.* -----Begin Included Message ----- Date: Thu, 4 Jan 1996 19:40:39 -0500 (EST) From: futplex(a)pseudonym.com (Futplex) To: cypherpunks(a)toad.com (Cypherpunks Mailing List) Cc: -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Forwarded message: > Date: Thu, 4 Jan 96 13:11:36 IST > From: geoff klein <geoff(a)commtouch.co.il> > To: cypherpunks(a)toad.com > Subject: Trying to init security channel > X-Potpinitrequest: AwAAAAAAAADhi+swAQAAAPqPQh4AACoAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAARjMwMzBGRjI yMTFENTBEMABnZW9mZkBjb21tdG91Y2guY28uaWwAY3lwaGVycHVua3NAdG9hZC5jb20A Another satisfied "Power One Time Pad" user, it would appear.... > > This message was sent by Pronto Secure Mail. > Without Pronto you can not establish a secure channel. > > Please send a reply manually. Futplex <futplex(a)pseudonym.com> *** Welcome to Cypherpunks -- Now Go Home *** -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQEVAwUBMOxzMinaAKQPVHDZAQGcIwf+KYlU8PiutVTduMG2Jxt7KDsEhDvjjiDi p+kBKw0y2Tj+Z/LGoCTSu2egMxFf9L9mWg8ulNCXPu92Bg1PWNPFJpTeXYcQfHnz fQfQlbnixwo1gU1DW0AVpeq5iIdBwOOqh2TEa5m7LQXiCU3RDS0Q0+muDzvncykC UkF+uzPvxrZW88LFnxSmYez3o/Xj0V39gvKANkZvqOotm90g5bYb6TY8qCUFfSUh hNPPA1irtYc96a73WXRYciW4T1H8cfsmmlwMxbCbILer6MPH+2CZMD1DP5eIu0cd 4vvN6n3pPgBs7YAp4RANf6HKHZpJwB/MG+TOt2ngolsPt5JFvrUKuQ== =wXVD -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- . ---- End of forwarded message ----

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testing WPGP
by jim bell 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- I'm trying to test out version 1.5.0.10 of the program WPGP that I downloaded a day ago. So far, I am able to sign messages and (probably?) encrypt them, but decrypting fails me. Below is my 1024-bit public key; could somebody verify the proper signing, and send something encrypted to me? (Also include your public key and I'll see if I can successfully reply.) - -----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- Version: 2.6.2 mQCNAi1zvWcAAAEEAKmSqngLWK2N2gOJKPtjF9VCfSkXY+XUZBRCbbFU71uH/dLX C2Uq6wFS8alRgMc3rp90JnnJ/6eJqXwMjCunogwucWOaU7S/w+OwjOG9fUqsXIA6 2j25Wtjce65mbp0TKLAzwMb/P/Qq7BlclqhuKzfVBH7dIHnVAvqHVDBboB2dAAUR tBFKYW1lcyBEYWx0b24gQmVsbA== =G3LA - -----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK----- -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMOzCPvqHVDBboB2dAQGHDgP6ApIYzoZs2LBK5c8p3H+BHzMevgf2zuWy oTt9kiMrirrzsZQ+aGfKTEk3HaEcg9c2bgbM4JjfeZQLXI53edYl5DNuh4newvry PwRLf7eYOtPsxfEMAsmcJkuiwvk1czOZZ/fW+dK5mbsZQ/c5fgcWILvFuey9uOd2 lZ7zqD/Kt54= =/qXq -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

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Re: Windows Eudora and PGP
by David K. Merriman 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- - -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- At 07:46 PM 01/3/96 -0500, Douglas F. Elznic" <delznic(a)storm.net> wrote: ... <deletia regarding PGP and Eudora> ... >I have heard that their are alpha releases currentky geing worked on at >quest/qualcomm. But i would have to say before they come out your best bet >to pgp and eudora is either pidaho or just use it in dos. pidaho is a great >front end. A lot better than any others out their. > > I have also heard that ViaCrypt is a good alternative. But I am not sure. >Has anyone else out there heard anything good/bad about ViaCrypt? I've gotten ahold of the WPGP mentioned here a couple days ago, and it seems to be working just fine, for me. Even easier to use than PIdaho, though not quite as 'full-featured' (ie, remailer support, etc). Using it to sign this message, FWIW :-) - - -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMOwCBMVrTvyYOzAZAQGpVgQApdkjY9KoiI4TYhd6h8at6R1DfEFldE0M y9iY3lcUjGuCn6RASVUxbDXVYWtbeCPGveaAfIri6ccM2Fcw6WboS2YXM7Xmpubr 7j6o48IwKB0YZadwtxRXQWddE3RUwbIa52xmmywdlshLGy7IEAJ+NHgrlZZk/sdR SilciAe65Hs= =0izb - - -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- - -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMOwCPsVrTvyYOzAZAQEjzAP/bEK4Q/uJgbXY9/HMp+Cu1YF/1x1/tlI5 T3b1Vb4WvsZCUbGlMzqzNKFO6qJoMxGGQoVi3LzWixGEVeaD93QJGQXtR3p/v2HS fogEk5bVFr6+ljreuhLDhl4sQpNx+fnibXg013zb2dKv0btwTst+vh7Vm1vYZ84T uJFMVZPxL+I= =xUTN - -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMOwCasVrTvyYOzAZAQFY5wP9HdMiDu1cqShuz6GPjNNzNwtEbXaxfDsQ sWZq0tcSkIVaY7vix8X02PxV7tqMqdbyBBnO9n6unRhitJfuTtJ1Fh7lGB/6/TtU o2/7510JcwyfVXB3Lb6tenvu0G9aQrkGqzoHcSXr854GzsU2KfjGEM9l9xpczj+B O5wiYXU00yc= =tkkz -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- ------------------------------------------------------------- "It is not the function of our Government to keep the citizen from falling into error; it is the function of the citizen to keep the Government from falling into error." Robert H. Jackson (1892-1954), U.S. Judge <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> My web page: http://www.geopages.com/CapitolHill/1148

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Re: Representations of Pi, etc.
by tcmay＠got.net 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

At 3:19 AM 1/5/96, jim bell wrote: >But BTW, isn't it interesting, that news item from a few weeks ago, on an >algorithm for determining individual bits in Pi, regardless of whether >you've calculated all the previous ones. Only problem is, it only works in >hexadecimal (and, obviously, binary, etc, not decimal. ^^^^^^^^^^^ ??? I didn't see this result you mention, but it surprises me. The part about how it works in some bases, but not in decimal. The "hand-waving" (motivational/informal) explanation for why I am surprised is that "Nature doesn't care about bipeds with 10 digits vs. bipeds, or whatever, with 2 digits or 16 digits." That is, results applicable in base 16, hexadecimal, should be easily applicable in base 10. And there is are interesting properties about the distribution of digits in "random" numbers. Pi is of course not random by many definitions, but shares certain important properties with random numbers. (Or sequences, if you wish.) One of these is properties is that of _regularity_, the frequency of digits. A regular number is one whose expansion has in the limit the same frequency for all digits, and this is so in any base. Thus, a regular number has an equal frequency (in the limit, blah blah) of 0s, 1s, 2s, 3s, etc. And switching to another base will not change this. I recollect that pi has been proved to me regular, i.e., that pi has an equal frequency of all digits, in the limit, in all bases. (This is the sense in which we can argue that pi is "random." in the sense that there are no correlations, no dependence of the n+1th digit on the nth digit, and "no apparent order." Furthermore, there is no effective compression of pi, except by some tricks, such as _naming_ it (a dictionary compression, of sorts) or by specifying a program which computes it. Lots of interesting issues about the real meaning of randomness and compressability, about the "logical depth" of certain computations, etc. I recommend "The Universal Turing Machine" (ed. by Haken, as I recall) for a nice set of articles on these fascinating issues.) In summary, I would be surprised to find that a method for calculating the Nth digit of pi works for base N but not for base M (modulo some minor efficiency factors related to machine architecture, etc.). Any pointers to this result would be appreciated. --Tim May (By the way, randomness and regularity, real or only apparent, are some of my favorite topics. Numbers which _appear_ to be regular, but which actually aren't, are said to be "cryptoregular" (hidden regular). The connection with cryptography is more than tangential: a text block or number which _appears_ to be random or regular (the same frequency definition applies to letters as well as digits) may be transformed by application of a key to a nonrandom or nonregular thing. The connection with entropy and randomness is right there, of course, and is left for the interested folks to think about.) We got computers, we're tapping phone lines, we know that that ain't allowed. ---------:---------:---------:---------:---------:---------:---------:---- Timothy C. May | Crypto Anarchy: encryption, digital money, tcmay(a)got.net 408-728-0152 | anonymous networks, digital pseudonyms, zero W.A.S.T.E.: Corralitos, CA | knowledge, reputations, information markets, Higher Power: 2^756839 - 1 | black markets, collapse of governments. "National borders aren't even speed bumps on the information superhighway."

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