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Fwd: Seals and Sealing Waxes
by Alan Pugh 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Date: Tue Feb 07, 1995 10:15 PM EST To: cypherpunks(a)toad.com Subject: Fwd: Seals and Sealing Waxes Message-Id: TM> "All crypto is economics," and this is what made seals and sealing wax so TM> useful for so long. Saying "seals were duplicatable from the start" does TM> not mean this feat was easy, even if technically possible. TM> In fact, the fine details produced by a good seal are hard to exactly TM> emulate with a copy. Even on a two-dimensional surface. And with the advent TM> of three-dimensional surfaces, which sealing wax made possible, the fine TM> detail of a good seal was in fact very hard to forge. TM> Not impossible, but very costly with the technology of the day. Or even the TM> technology of _today_. After all, paper currency is largely based on seal TM> technology, with various embossing, printing, etc. methods used (on special TM> paper) that remain fairly hard to duplicate. true. thanks for the reminder of seals. i need to work this analogy into my current 'lecture' on the usefullness of encryption. _puzzle palace_ makes reference to british intellegence making use of people trained into the use of people trained to reproduce seals. this is something for us to look out for from the fine folx at nsa. if there is a way to spoof signatures (as mentioned in another thread recently), they will be perfecting and perhaps using these methods if they feel the need is great enough. i promote encryption using pgp with a lot of stress on the privacy and veracity of documents in business settings. how strong is the hash used by pgp? do you think it will eventually be hashed out in the courts in our favour?(pun semi-intended) i'd like digital signatures w/verifiable timestamps be recognised in a court of law. i don't know of any cases revolving around this issue. if anyone out there knows of one, i'd be interested in hearing of it so i can track it's progress. btw: though it is a pain sometimes to weed the noise off this list due to my (very) limited net access, it has proved to be an excellent resource. my thanks to the regulars. - --if i could code worth a damn i'd be a cypherpunk amp <0003701548(a)mcimail.com> February 7, 1995 22:17 -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.61 iQEVAwUBLzgN4CgP1O9KJoPBAQETZQf/WAY0I+fvEmevc7iwfVglqjIZ26zDnc33 p8Yjc+uQfagS0wavYLpN+OxMphpdUHHjycb98aYLDax8CUW3iDJ54tZKVnQT3pPx 9+v1gq38UbP8k7hvoGl5lIltmMJ/rMl2lZU87l2biYjmQq8n9S+mMoIOAatcmboG 6JQ4MEsNnZvsQVeaZm87qOGqfkeTbzwsBfz8LjLkgnv7TLUNn5wJgMgiC+apYC0V bJfAHWce3UGEPlaa4JHBbCRyfrC/hk1ggrYKthxHKE+Ceep1O2k7fRkX/tCC2BZC UaY8ZjogZKZJbfdDNmlG7fBN5EBWlj6Mj9Ti2SRYlx4q8lwSHad+gg== =HeNj -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----

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NSA Wafer Fab
by tcmay＠netcom.com 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

> That the NSA contracted National Semiconductor to build a facility > on-site has been common knowledge since 1989-90. The fab is not state > of the art (i.e., is not 1.8 micron or better) and is believed to be Whoops! I meant to say "0.8 micron." For reference points, 66 MHz Pentiums are typically 0.8 micron, 90 and 100 MHz Pentiums are typically 0.6-0.65 micron, and absolute state of the fabs are 0.4 micron (a few in Japan, a few in the U.S.--all very large and very expensive). Intel is spending $1.3 billion (that's $1.3 thousand million to you Brits) on a 0.25 micron fab to be completed in 1996-7 in Chandler, Arizona. If the NSA is building special-purpose cipher-crunchers (which would not surprise any of us), they could easily buy the 1000 or 10,000 or whatever number in the market. They would be fools to try to manufacture state of the art microprocessors in a relatively small, several years old, facility on the outskirts of Fort Meade. (By cipher-crunchers, I mean DES-busters, maybe password-searchers, but not 300-digit number factorers, a la my last post.) The NSC fab at NSA may well be a 1 - 1.5 micron fab, considering it's genealogy. But not much better than that, I would guess. Just as important as the lithographic feature sizes supported is the "Class" rating of the wafer fab (a measure of air purity in terms of particles per unit volume). The NSA fab is almost certainly not a Class 10 fab, and is probably used to fab MSI and LSI components. Maybe a little bit of VLSI. --Tim May -- .......................................................................... Timothy C. May | Crypto Anarchy: encryption, digital money, tcmay(a)netcom.com | anonymous networks, digital pseudonyms, zero 408-688-5409 | knowledge, reputations, information markets, W.A.S.T.E.: Aptos, CA | black markets, collapse of governments. Higher Power: 2^859433 | Public Key: PGP and MailSafe available. "National borders are just speed bumps on the information superhighway."

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FW: A third voice re: science and spirit
by Blanc Weber 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

From: Bhikkhu ... I don't know if you have been around many research-type psychologists, but they can be every bit as neurotic as you imply :-) --------------------------------- This is sort of amusing: Does this make it a case of the "blind leading the blind", or "it takes one to know one"? Blanc

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FW: A third voice re: science and spirit
by Blanc Weber 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

OOps - sorry, I sent that message to the wrong list. Ingore, delete, forget it. Blanc

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IS IT POSSIBLE?
by bmorris＠netcom.com 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

To: cypherpunks(a)toad.com PP> can put someone on a raft in the middle of a lake plinking away on the PP> keyboard -- and discern every keystroke from the shoreline. Then the typing of a passphrase could be intercepted - in the unlikely event that one is deemed important enough to be monitored by several people with some presumably expensive equipment - ah well, I'm not going to worry about it. * RM 1.4 B0037 *

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NSA and CSS Computer Resources
by tcmay＠netcom.com 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

Earlier I mentioned the list of supercomputer installations that Gunter Ahrendt maintains and I included a few (dated) excerpts. Well, tonight I found a new version posted. I'm only including the top handful of sites. Not reported are installations in non-U.S. intelligence agencies, such as Chobetsu, SDECE, Mossad, BND, etc. They probably don't have Crays, Connection Machines, or Paragons. I'll also edit the intro material a bit. The sites are ranked in order of what I'd call "Cray equivalents," where the Cray Y-MP/1 is rated at 1. For example, the top-ranked site has the estimated equivalent of 380 Cray Y-MP/1s. --Tim May From: gunter(a)yarrow.wt.uwa.edu.au (Gunter Ahrendt) Newsgroups: comp.sys.super Subject: JUL-1994 List of the world's most powerful computing sites Date: 3 Jul 94 01:37:07 GMT Organization: The University of Western Australia Message-ID: <gunter.773199427@yarrow> 03-JUL-1994 List of the world's most powerful computing sites ============================================================= (available by fingering me, joining my mailing list or in comp.sys.super) .... Ratings are ratios to a Cray Y-MP/1 based on NASA NPB BT Size A benchmark reports. Figures prefixed '~' denote approximations usually based on comparable programs, figures suffixed '?' denote relative guesses based on Intel iPSC/860 peak Gflops ratios. The current minimum performance for inclusion is a benchmarked rating of 4 BT, or 10.56 Gflops peak for unbenchmarked systems. ... 1) 380.82 - (27-JUN-1994) [NAL] National Aerospace Lab,Chofu-shi,Tokyo,Japan, nahirose(a)asuka.aerospace-lab.go.jp 1) NAL NWT 2/140 ~357 (5.1 @ 2 cpus) 2) Intel Paragon-336 18.38 (7 @ 128 cpus) 3) Fujitsu VP2600/10 ~ 5.44 2) 196.1 - (APR-1994) [CSS] Central Security Service,National Security Agency Headquarters,Fort George G Meade,Maryland,US,postmaster(a)dockmaster.ncsc.mil 1) TMC CM-5/512 44.8 (2.8 @ 32 cpus) 2) Cray C916-1024 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 3) Cray C916-1024 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 4) Cray C916-1024 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 5) Cray Y-MP/8E-256 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 6) Cray Y-MP/8E-256 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 7) Cray Y-MP/8E-256 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 8) Cray Y-MP/8E-256 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 9) Cray M98-4096 ~ 7.01 10) Cray 3/2-64 [-4Q96] 5.73? 11) NSA SMPP-2/2M [+4Q96] 7407.05? 3) 146.41 - (10-JUN-1994) [LANL] Los Alamos National Labs,Los Alamos,New Mexico,US,iaa(a)lanl.gov 1) TMC CM-5/1056-32 [-4Q94] 92.4 (2.8 @ 32 cpus) 2) Cray T3D SC128-8/3-64 15 (12 @ 128 cpus + 1 * 3 cpus) 3) Cray Y-MP/8-128 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 4) Cray Y-MP/8-128 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 5) Cray Y-MP/8-64 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 6) Cray Y-MP/8-32 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 7) Cray M98-2048 ~ 7.01 8) TMC CM-5/1056-128 [+4Q94] 92.4 (2.8 @ 32 cpus) 4) 142.08 - (10-JUN-1994) [NSA] National Security Agency,Dallas,Texas,US,postmaster(a)dockmaster.ncsc.mil 1) Cray C916-512 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 2) Cray C916-512 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 3) Cray C916-512 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 4) Cray C916-512 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 5) Cray C916-1024 [+2Q95] 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 6) Cray C916-1024 [+2Q95] 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 7) Cray C916-1024 [+2Q95] 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 8) Cray C916-512 [+2Q95] 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 5) 112.97 - (16-JUN-1994) [CRI] Cray Research Computer Network,Eagan,Minnesota,US,root(a)cray.com 1) Cray C916-256 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 2) Cray T3D 256 24 (12 @ 128 cpus) 3) Cray Y-MP/8E-128 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 4) Cray Y-MP/8D-128 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 5) Cray Y-MP/8D-64 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 6) Cray Y-MP/8D-32 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 7) Cray M98-4096 ~ 7.01 8) Cray Y-MP8I/6-64 6 = 1 * 6 cpus 9) Cray C92A-128 4.44 = 2.22 * 2 cpus 10) Cray Y-MP/4E-64 4 = 1 * 4 cpus 11) Cray T91 [+1Q95] 4.44? 12) Cray T3D 1024A [+4Q96] 204.8 ? 13) Cray T932 [+4Q96] 142.08? 14) Cray T3D 1024B [+4Q99] 640 ? 6) 106 - (20-MAY-1994) [SANDIA] Sandia National Labs,Albuquerque,New Mexico,US,arbreck(a)sandia.gov 1) Intel Paragon-1840 98 (7 @ 128 cpus) 2) Cray Y-MP/8-64 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 7) 104.38 - (29-JUN-1994) [MSCI] Minnesota Supercomputer Center,Minneapolis,Minnesota,US,consult(a)msc.edu 1) TMC CM-5/896VU 78.4 (2.8 @ 32 cpus) 2) Cray C916/9-512 19.98 = 2.22 * 9 cpus 3) Cray T3D 64 [-4Q94] 6 4) Cray T3D 128 [+4Q94] 12 8) 98.4 - (02-JUN-1994) [ATP] Angstrom Technology Partnership,Tsukuba,Japan,sato(a)jrcat.or.jp 1) Fujitsu VPP500/32 76.8 (4.8 @ 2 cpus) 2) TMC CM-5E/128 21.6 (5.4 @ 32 cpus) 9) 83.52 - (17-JUN-1994) [PSC] Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,US, remarks(a)psc.edu 1) Cray T3D 512 48 (12 @ 128 cpus) 2) Cray C916-512 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 10) 82.4 - (10-JUN-1994) [CALTECH] Caltech,Pasadena,California,US,goss(a)delilah.ccsf.caltech.edu 1) Intel Paragon-555 30.35 (7 @ 128 cpus) 2) Intel Touchstone Delta-513 ~28.05 (7 @ 128 cpus) 3) Cray T3D 256 24 (12 @ 128 cpus) 11) 81.55 - (21-JUN-1994) [LLNL] Lawrence Livermore National Labs,Livermore,California,US, seager(a)llnl.gov 1) Cray C916-256 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 2) Meiko CS-2/256-512VU [-4Q96] ~ 24 (1.5 @ 16 cpus) 3) Cray Y-MP/8-128 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 4) Cray Y-MP/8-64 8 = 1 * 8 cpus 5) Cray 2S/8-128 6.03? 6) Cray T3D SC128-8/3-64 [+3Q94] 15 (12 @ 128+1 * 3 cpus) 7) Meiko CS-2/1280-2560VU [+4Q96] ~120 (1.5 @ 16 cpus) 12) 77.31 - (07-APR-1994) [TSUKUBA] Uni of Tsukuba,Ibaraki,Japan,root(a)ume.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp 1) Fujitsu VPP500/30 72 (4.8 @ 2 cpus) 2) Tsukuba QCDPAX-480 5.31? 3) Tsukuba CP-PACS/1024 [+3Q96] 113.68? 13) 75.44 - (25-JUN-1994) [NAS] NAS,NASA Ames Research Center,Mountain View,California,US, jet(a)nas.nasa.gov 1) Cray C916-1024 35.52 = 2.22 * 16 cpus 2) Cray C98-128 17.76 = 2.22 * 8 cpus 3) TMC CM-5/128VU-32/256 11.2 (2.8 @ 32 cpus) 4) Intel Paragon-204 11.16 (7 @ 128 cpus) 5) IBM 9076 SP2/160 [+3Q94] ~63.8 (3.19 @ 8 cpus)

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2D Political Spectrum (Nolan Chart)
by Vincent.Cate＠FURMINT.NECTAR.CS.CMU.EDU 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

As part of a Mosaic new page: ftp://furmint.nectar.cs.cmu.edu/security/cypheressay/what-is-cypherpunk.html I put together a file on the 2D political spectrum. This helps to explain why Libertarians and the "Left wing" folks are both on this list. -- Vince ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The two dimensional political spectrum was first developed by Nolan, so it is usually called the "Nolan Chart". A person gets a score on economic issues and on personal issues. This 2D plane is rotated 45 degrees so that "left" and "right" match with the old 1D spectrum. . ./ \. ./ . \. ./ . . \. ./ . . . \. ./ LIBERTARIAN \. ./ \. . . . ./ \. ./ . \.___.___.___./ . \. ./ . . ! . . . ! . . \. ./ . . ! . . ! . . \. ./ . . . ! . . . ! . . . \. 100 \. "LEFT" ! MODERATE ! "RIGHT" ./ 100 90 \. . . ! . . . ! . . ./ 90 80 \. . !___.___.___! . ./ 80 70 \. ./ . . . \. ./ 70 60 \./ . . . . \./ 60 Personal Freedom 50 \. AUTHORITARIAN ./ 50 Economic Freedom Percentile 40 \. . . / 40 Percentile 30 \. . ./ 30 20 \. ./ 20 10 \./ 10 0 0 Personal Freedom Issues (free or government controlled?): privacy, birth control, gambling, prostitution, homosexuality, drugs, pornography, censorship (even anti-American stuff), military draft, control of radio or TV content (profanity, violence, ...), etc Economic Freedom Issues (free or government controlled?): cable companies, taxi companies, licenses for businesses in general, mail delivery, stock market, minimum wages, farm prices, prices in general, banks in general, airlines, car gas-mileage, nuclear power, oil prices, money supply, current interest rate, maximum legal interest rate, exports, imports, employee hiring and firing, etc Common Agreement on Purpose of Government: All major groups on the political landscape agree that fraud and the initiation of physical force are both bad and should be punished. The con-man, fraud, swindler, or cheat, takes by trickery and deception. The "violent criminal" is someone who physically does something to someone else or their property without permission, or threatens to do so. Everyone also agrees that a government should defend the country against foreign invasion. Issues that do not fit nicely into Nolan Chart: Sort of economic: welfare, death penalty, foreign aid Sort of personal: abortion, Calibration of 2D Political Spectrum: Someone should calibrate a set of questions that break down the population by percentiles for the Nolan Chart. This could be done by someone like Gallup or maybe as a thesis project. It would be very interesting. Fun to see scores for differed countries and also how a countries score varies over time. If anyone knows of a large set of calibrated questions, please let me know. -- Vincent Cate vac(a)cs.cmu.edu This file is ftp://furmint.nectar.cs.cmu.edu/security/political-spectrum.txt

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Re: Dr. Dobbs Dev. Update 1/5 July 94 & Schneier
by norm＠netcom.com 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

At 01:00 1994/07/03 -0400, tim werner wrote: >This instruction would be useful in all sorts of applications. I was just >wishing I had such a thing only last week. I had to write a little loop to >check the number of bits set in a word. Each bit represented an action, >and in my particular case it was an error if more than 1 action was >requested. The loop was really a waste when you consider that it could >have been done in 1 instruction. > >tw In C, {int j... if(j & (j-1)) not_exactly_one_bit; ...}

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Re: Dr. Dobbs Dev. Update 1/5 July 94 & Schneier
by tim werner 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

>Date: Sun, 3 Jul 1994 01:24:39 -0700 >From: norm(a)netcom.com (Norman Hardy) >At 01:00 1994/07/03 -0400, tim werner wrote: >>... I had to write a little loop to >>check the number of bits set in a word. >>... The loop was really a waste when you consider that it could >>have been done in 1 instruction. >In C, {int j... if(j & (j-1)) not_exactly_one_bit; ...} I knew if I subscribed to this list I'd eventually pick up something useful. I already asked a couple of people at work if they knew of a trick to see if there was just one bit set, and no one did. Otherwise I would feel extra stupid. :-) tw

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RE: FW: A third voice re: science and spirit
by nobody＠shell.portal.com 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

Subj: FW: A third voice re: science and spirit > OOps - sorry, I sent that message to the wrong list. > > Ingore, ^^^^^^ > delete, > forget it. > > Blanc "Ingore"? Is that anything like an "AlGore"? Is that a verb to describe the state of the country, as in "we've just been INGOREd"?

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