July 2011 - cypherpunks-legacy

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EDRi-gram newsletter - Number 9.15, 27 July 2011
by Eugen Leitl 27 Jul '11

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----- Forwarded message from EDRI-gram newsletter <edrigram(a)edri.org> -----

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Can the NSA and CIA use your phone to track your location?
by Eugen Leitl 27 Jul '11

27 Jul '11

http://www.itworld.com/security/186733/can-nsa-and-cia-use-your-phone-track… Can the NSA and CIA use your phone to track your location? They're not sure, but they'll get back to you on that By Kevin Fogarty 4 comments July 26, 2011, 12:43 PM b There's no need to panic, or start shopping for aluminum-foil headwear, but the super-secret National Security Agency has apparently been thinking frequently enough about whether the NSA is allowed to intercept location data from cell phones to track U.S. citizens that the agency's chief lawyer was able to speak intelligently about it off the cuff while interviewing for a different job. "There are certain circumstances where that authority may exist," even if the NSA has no warrant to investigate a the person whose privacy it is invading or global permission to eavesdrop on everyone, according to Matthew Olsen, the NSA's general counsel. He didn't come to talk about that particularly; he said it yesterday in response to a question from the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, which was considering whether he'd be a good choice to run the National Counterterrorism Center. The question of whether it's legal is "very complicated," Olsen said, implying nothing is going on along those lines right now. It might get simpler under limitations in a bill proposed by Al Franken, (D., Minn.) to require that companies get permission from consumers before collecting or using mobile-phone data on their locations. So far, though, no law. So the NSA and other U.S. intelligence agencies are working on a memo trying to answer the question in response to queries from Reps. Ron Wyden (D., Ore.) and Mark Udall (D., Colo.). Earlier this month the two sent a letter to Director of National Intelligence James Clapper asking if the NSA and CIA "have the authority to collect the geolocation information of American Citizens for intelligence purposes." Both the CIA and NSA operate under restrictions that forbid them to spy, under most cirumstances, on U.S. citizens within the boundaries of the United States (that's the FBI's job). Between that and the pesky old Fourth Amendment rules against illegal search and seizure, the obvious answer would be 'No.' On the other hand, if our cell phone carriers, phone manufacturers, mobile apps developers, children, parents, Facebook Friends, Twitter followers, ex-spouses, stalkers and assorted fraudsters, hackers, identity thieves can all get access, why not invite spies to the party, too. Maybe with help from all the informal surveillors they could get enough of their information straight to make accurate political-situation projection analyses, for once. I'm still wrapping my phone in aluminum foil, though.

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Street View cars grabbed locations of phones, PCs
by Eugen Leitl 27 Jul '11

27 Jul '11

http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20082777-281/street-view-cars-grabbed-loc… July 25, 2011 12:14 AM PDT Street View cars grabbed locations of phones, PCs by Declan McCullagh Some locations that Google associated with Wi-Fi devices spotted in a San Francisco coffee shop. scoop Google's Street View cars collected the locations of millions of laptops, cell phones, and other Wi-Fi devices around the world, a practice that raises novel privacy concerns, CNET has confirmed. The cars were supposed to collect the locations of Wi-Fi access points. But Google also recorded the street addresses and unique identifiers of computers and other devices using those wireless networks and then made the data publicly available through Google.com until a few weeks ago. The French data protection authority, known as the Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertis (CNIL) recently contacted CNET and said its investigation confirmed that Street View cars collected these unique hardware IDs. In March, CNIL's probe resulted in a fine of 100,000 euros, about $143,000. The confirmation comes as concerns about location privacy appear to be growing. Apple came under fire in April for recording logs of approximate location data on iPhones, and eventually released a fix. That controversy sparked a series of disclosures about other companies' location privacy practices, questions and complaints from congressmen, a pair of U.S. Senate hearings, and the now-inevitable lawsuits seeking class action status. A previous CNET article, published June 15 and triggered by the research of security consultant Ashkan Soltani, was the first to report that Google made these unique hardware IDs--called MAC addresses--publicly available through a Web interface. Google curbed the practice about a week later. But it was unclear at the time whether Google's location database included the hardware IDs of only access points and wireless routers or client devices, such as computers and mobile phones, as well. Anecdotal evidence suggested they had been swept up. Alissa Cooper, chief computer scientist at the Center for Democracy and Technology and co-chair of an Internet Engineering Task Force on geolocation, said her 2009 home address was listed in Google's location database. Nick Doty, a lecturer at the University of California at Berkeley who co-teaches the Technology and Policy Lab, found that Google listed his former home in the Capitol Hill neighborhood in Seattle. "It would be helpful to have some clarity about why and how (a hardware address) got in there so people can act accordingly," says Soltani, the security researcher. Security researcher Ashkan Soltani says a big problem is no opt-out method. (Credit: Declan McCullagh/CNET) Google declined repeated requests for comment for this article over a period of more than a week. In a statement last month, the search company said only that "we collect the publicly broadcast MAC addresses of Wi-Fi access points," which addressed only current and not past practices. Google does not provide any method, sometimes called an opt-out mechanism, that would allow people who don't want their unique hardware IDs in the database to remove them. Instead of using Street View cars, Google new "crowdsources" its location database by using Android phones. The most likely explanation of how the Wi-Fi devices were included is the simplest: Just as an accident of programming led to Street View cars collecting (in relatively few cases) the contents of unencrypted wireless communications, client hardware addresses were also vacuumed up. Then they were added to Google's geolocation database, which was publicly available without access restrictions until late June. Wi-Fi-enabled devices, including PCs, iPhones, iPads, and Android phones, transmit a unique hardware identifier to anyone within a radius of approximately 100 to 200 feet. If someone captured or already knew that unique address because they had access to the device, Google's application programming interface, or API, revealed where that device was located, a practice that can reveal personal information including home or work addresses or even the addresses of restaurants frequented. To be sure, it's not always easy to learn a target's MAC address. It's generally not transmitted over the Internet. But anyone within Wi-Fi range can record it, and it's easy to narrow down which MAC addresses correspond to which manufacturer. Someone, such as a suspicious spouse, who can navigate to the About screen on an iPhone can obtain it that way too. Kim Cameron, Microsoft's chief identity architect until earlier this year, had long suspected that Street View cars vacuumed up the hardware addresses of devices using a Wi-Fi connection. In a June 2010 essay that analyzed an independent report (PDF) of Street View data collection, Cameron said he believed that Google recorded the locations and MAC addresses of far more than just fixed Wi-Fi access points. Marc Rotenberg, head of the Electronic Privacy Information Center in Washington, D.C., said he has concerns about the legality of intercepting the hardware addresses of devices using Wi-Fi connections. "The fact that other companies such as Skyhook may have engaged in this behavior, which seems to be Google's best defense, doesn't make it lawful," Rotenberg said. "What it does suggest is that there's more to the investigation of Street View." In the U.S., the Federal Trade Commission ended its investigation of Street View's accidentally-broad data collection last October without levying a fine. Disclosure: McCullagh is married to a Google employee not involved in this issue. Starting in April, CNET posed a series of questions to Google that have gone unanswered. A Google spokesman said that "we have talked extensively about geolocation privacy, before two senate panels and elsewhere," but declined to elaborate. Here's an abbreviated list of our questions: June: - How was this database of client MAC addresses assembled -- Street View cars or Android phones, or both? - Are you still adding to this database of client MAC addresses, or was its collection halted as part of the response to Street View concerns? If you did stop, when? - Are you planning to continue to offer this geolocation data? If not, will you irrevocably delete it? - For what countries have you collected geolocation data of client MAC addresses? - How many client MAC addresses do you have in your geolocation database? - The 802.11/WiFi header allows client devices to be differentiated from access points (APs are reported in the BSSID field of the WiFi header). Why did Google record and make available client device geolocation information rather than access point geolocation info? - Can you tell me how many client (non-AP) MAC addresses you have in your database? - It appears that iPhones in AP mode use addresses in the unassigned range of B2:27:E4, which is not the normal Wi-Fi client MAC address space. Why don't you filter that range? July: - Is Street View the only mechanism through which client (non-AP) MAC addresses were added to your geolocation database? - When did you cease adding client MAC addresses to your database? - Why did you not scrub client MAC addresses, which aren't useful for geolocation, from your database after the CNIL's investigation? - Have you permanently deleted client MAC addresses from your database after my initial CNET article appeared? April: - Why doesn't Google randomize those two 16-byte strings (let's call them the device ID) on an hourly or daily basis? [Ed. Note: This is a reference to two 16-byte strings representing a device ID unique to each phone.] - Given a street address or pair of GPS coordinates, is Google able to produce the complete location logs associated with that device ID, if legally required to do so? - Given a device ID, is Google able to produce the complete location logs associated with it, if legally required to do so? - Given a MAC address of an access point, is Google able to produce the device IDs and location data associated with it, if legally required to do so? - How long are these location logs and device ID logs kept? - If they are partially anonymized after a certain time, how is that done, and can those records be restored from a backup if Google is legally required to do so? - How many law enforcement requests or forms of compulsory process have you received for access to any portion of this database? - How are the device ID strings calculated? - If Google knows that a Gmail user is connecting from a home network IP address every evening, it would be trivial to link that with an Android phone's device ID that also connects via that IP address. Does Google do that? Read more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20082777-281/street-view-cars-grabbed-loc…

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Место проведения: г.Санкт-Петербург I6 августа 2011 гoда Снижаем расходы и увеличиваем прибыль. Оптимизации налога на прибыль и НДС, практические решения. Московский код; ЧЧ54095 или 7.42\9I.98 Цель: Курс посвящен изучению основных практических методов оптимизации налога на прибыль и (в той степени, в которой это возможно) НДС в торговых (оптовых и розничных) и производственных предприятиях, предприятиях, оказывающих услуги или выполняющих работы, в т.ч. строительные. Рассматриваются субъекты льготного налогообложения, способы переноса на них налогооблагаемой базы и пути безналогового рефинансирования (возврата) выведенных сумм. Участники получат краткие индивидуальные консультации по тематике данного курса. Программа: 1. Понятие и принципы налогового планирования: платить налоги, но не переплачивать. Как можно и как нельзя оптимизировать налоги с учетом будущих изменений законодательства, судебной практики и тенденций развития правоприменения. "Черные", "серые" и "белые" схемы. Краткий обзор методов оптимизации налога на прибыль и НДС. Принципиальная невозможность экономии НДС "белыми" схемами и случаи, когда это все же возможно. 2. Низконалоговые субъекты: * субъекты специальных налоговых режимов √ ЕНВД и УСН, в тч. патентная система, а также субъекты УСН из "низконалоговых" регионов, где введена минимальная ставка единого налога при объекте "доходы минус расходы" (5%) на все или почти на все виды деятельности, а также простое товарищество с их участием, * зарубежные офшоры или связанные с ними компании-нерезиденты из респектабельных юрисдикций, * экзотические варианты: ИП на общей системе, физлица (при условии несистематичности извлечения дохода), "инвалидные" структуры, убыточные предприятия и фирмы, имеющие переплату НДС, Незаконные варианты: "недобросовестные налогоплательщики" и контактирующие с ними риск-структуры ("белая" - "серая" - "черная" фирмы). Примеры "серых" схем (как нельзя "оптимизировать"!). Как не стать "недобросовестным". Способы переноса налогооблагаемой базы по налогу на прибыль на низконалоговых субъектов: * нефиктивные услуги, работы, * выплата процентов по долговым обязательствам. Включение процентов в расходы в любом размере, * платежи за использование и обслуживание объектов основных средств и нематериальных активов, в т.ч. франчайзинговые, * штрафные санкции, возмещение убытков, включая демередж и прочий простой, * платежи за увеличенный срок и/или объем гарантийных обязательств, * плата за залог или поручительство, делькредере. * механизм трансфертных цен, Условия применения всех схем: Непритворный характер заключаемых сделок. Экономическая целесообразность расходов ("деловая цель", "легенда", отсутствие дублирующихся функций). Грамотное обоснование трансфертных цен. Неаффилированность, прямые и косвенные признаки аффилированности, ее негативные последствия и когда она допустима; "искусственное дробление бизнеса с целью уклонения от уплаты налогов" (подход "как к ЮКОСу"); "деловые цели", обосновывающие деление бизнеса. Самостоятельность низконалоговых субъектов. Займы как способ возвратного рефинансирования √ преимущества и недостатки, риск ведения незаконной банковской деятельности. Безналоговое рефинансирование (возврат) и капитализация выведенной прибыли предприятия (холдинга) через уставный капитал или безвозмездную передачу имущества. Ст. 27 Закона "Об ООО". 3. Простое товарищество субъектов упрощенной системы налогообложения, в т.ч. из "низконалоговых" регионов. Нужно или нет платить НДС? Перенос прибыли товарищества на низконалоговых субъектов (УСН 6%, ЕНВД, офшор и др.). Отсрочка уплаты налога при непередаче прибыли на счета товарищей. Возможен ли обход с помощью простого товарищества правил налогового учета (гл. 25 НК) и ограничений гл. 26.2 НК РФ в части перечня затрат? 4. Экономия НДС в торговле, производстве, выполнении работ, оказании услуг через разделение финансово-товарных потоков "с НДС" и "без НДС". Ограничение использования: покупатели/заказчики, не нуждающиеся в вычете НДС, как их выявить или создать искусственно. Риски и рекомендации по использованию схемы. 5. Иностранные низконалоговые компании, цели применения. Их использование при проведении внутрироссийских операций для оптимизации налога на прибыль: традиционные (торговля, проценты, дивиденды, роялти, услуги и т.п.) и нетрадиционные схемы (простое товарищество, агентские). Выбор низконалоговых юрисдикций. 6. Обзор изменений налогового законодательства в 2011 г., как они повлияют на налоговые схемы. Ответы на вопросы. По желанию √ индивидуальное экспресс-моделирование схем налогового планирования для компаний-участниц. Вся информация по тел: код: (четыре девять пять) 742*9I_98 **** 792*/21_.22

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