September 2001 - cypherpunks-legacy

Squaring the Libertarian Circle
by Howie Goodell 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

(sorry if this repeats; I posted it yesterday but didn't see it.) Yesterday's terrorist attacks could easily result in the greatest assaults on freedom and privacy in America since McCarthyism. However they also represent an opportunity. My interest in crypto dates to David Chaum's August 1992 _Scientific American_ article, "Achieving Electronic Privacy". In it he offered a choice between two patterns in which to pour the concrete of digital society: base it on identifying everyone, or on anonymous crypto credentials using his blind signature algorithm. The first pattern is more obvious but destroys privacy and freedom; the second can offer the same benefits while enhancing them. Since 1992 we have traveled far down the first path, and yesterday's events may ratchet us many steps further unless we offer a convincing alternative. It is simple: yes, we could make our society much safer from terrorism by giving police Gestapo surveillance authority, but Americans will not tolerate it: you will end up with some compromise that is only half-secure (as well as half-free.) Here are protocols for much better security. They involve private information, but people will accept them because they require the minimum loss of privacy. What should we propose? This group may be the world's best source. Better think fast, though; so we can offer them widely before alternatives are rammed down our throats. A few ideas to get the ball rolling: Active privacy protection: Collect the information a zealous G-man or Gestapo craves - fingerprints, DNA, dossier, phone logs, etc., but encrypt and untraceably divide it through remailers in locations chosen randomly by input from me and those collecting it. As long as I keep regularly anonymously authenticating myself, the pieces can neither be located to destroy or compromise them, or reunited. If my transmissions stop for some period, say because I blew myself up in a suicide attack, the different providers send their pieces to the authorities and the game is up. I can assign a digital Power of Attorney or inheritance for others to maintain my privacy when I can't, but, if a grand jury investigating the plane I hijacked publicly and legally indicts or subpoenas me (or the alias under which I bought my plane ticket), they can broadcast a code that retrieves some or all the data. However their actual locations are unknown: if I set it up that way, after some interval they also send it to my lawyer, a selection of newspapers, etc. Un-auditable taps: Record full taps of all telephone and email conversations. Encrypt with multiple keys and/or divide the bits and store with redundancy and active privacy protection in multiple locations through remailers, as before. The conversation may only continue while the recording is anonymously proven to be occurring. During the statutory storage period, the providers anonymously check one another, and regenerate in a new randomly chosen location if one provider disappears. On the statutory expiration date, all the pieces do. Watchdog timer: Like the processor in a control system, the computers of a jet require regular interaction with their assigned, authenticated, and conscious pilot. Otherwise they announce his incapacity to the world, and hand themselves over to remote control from an authenticated ground controller. (Not necessarily blinded, but included because topical.) Also, I have a few more related older ideas on my website below. Good luck! Howie Goodell -- Howie Goodell hgoodell(a)cs.uml.edu Pr SW Eng, WearLogic Sc.D. Cand HCI Res Grp CS Dept U Massachussets Lowell http://people.ne.mediaone.net/goodell/howie Dying is soooo 20th-century! http://www.cryonics.org

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Re: The 4th Airliner Shot Down?
by Alfred Qeada 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

At 11:29 PM 9/11/01 -0700, John Young wrote: > >We know from the Egypt air crash that some pilots are >cooperatively suicidal when their families are at risk. Lucky John, who has never known the depths which might lead men to suicide, expecting no martyrdom or message, just relief. May your struts never fold, your ties never sever.

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RE: Manhattan Mid-Afternoon
by Lucky Green 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

Sunder wrote: -------------- What pisses me off is that these fuckers managed to hiijack four planes by using nothing but knives. How the fuck could a bunch of guys do that? Nobody fought back? Nobody charged at them? [...] If they had any sense, they'd have everyone on the plane carry guns. The second anyone tried anything, everyone would be able to stop them in seconds. -------------- Which of course represents the crux of the issue. The passengers aboard the aircraft, the workers in the towers, and the emergency personnel on the ground are dead for two reasons: the US unreasonably meddling in other People's affairs until they crack, and the extremist gun control measures in place in the US today, preventing law-abiding citizens from carrying the firearm of their choice aboard a commercial aircraft. Who could deny that a few citizens armed with their personal handguns could have stopped two or three of guys armed with mere box cutters? The nasty truth is that the tragic events of the day were to a large degree caused by the victim disarmament policies of Diane Feinstein, Sarah Brady, Chuck Schumer, and the many, many local, state, and federal proponents of gun control. I hope they are happy. Not that I have any doubt that they will be delighted, since today's tragedy will undoubtedly give them additional excuses to turn more of us into helpless victims, ready to fall prey to crazies with box cutters and politicians with a pathological desire to feel "needed". The public will applaud. ... Or will it this time? --Lucky

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Re: Bombings, Surveillance, and Free Societies
by casey.iverson＠hushmail.com 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

At 02:22 PM 9/12/01 , Tim May spouts: >Personally, while I feel sorry for the dead in Israel, I think anyone who >moves to a small desert state surrounded on all sides by Arabs who want >their land back is asking for trouble. Tim May is as sincere about his sorrow for the dead in Israel as Arafat and the Taliban are about the dead in NYC and DC. Sorry Tim, not all dead in Washington, only a couple of hundred. Well maybe next time.

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Bombings, Surveillance, and Free Societies
by Tim May 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

* To: cypherpunks(a)toad.com * Subject: Bombings, Surveillance, and Free Societies * From: tcmay(a)got.net (Timothy C. May) * Date: Mon, 4 Mar 1996 12:51:40 -0800 * Sender: owner-cypherpunks(a)toad.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------ The recent bombings and similar events in public places in Israel (Hamas), England (IRA), Japan (subway gas attack), and the U.S. (Oklahoma City) are triggering calls for increased communications surveillance. Often the first bombing is insufficient to trigger increased steps...but later events push states to take stronger steps. (In the U.S., for example, the OKC bombing was headline news for more than a week, but resulted in no lasting changes affecting most of us, despite the hysteria about the need to outlaw "militias" and "white supremacist" groups. A second or third such bombing would likely produce new legislation of a serious sort. This is the thrust of my article.) Revolutionary theory says of course that this increased clampdown is a desired effect of terrorist bombings and attacks. Fear and doubt. Revolutionary ends rarely happen by slow, incremental movement. Hundreds of examples, from the original "bomb-throwing anarchists" to the modern mix of terrorist bands. The Red Brigade in Italy sought a fascist crackdown, and the "strategy of tension" is common. (And even revolutionists of crypto anarchist persuasion often think laws like the CDA are good in the long run, by undermining respect for authority and triggering more extreme reactions....) CNN is reporting that U.S. intelligence agencies will share technology for communications intercepts with the Israelis (more so than they already have been doing. Maybe the "U.S.S. Liberty" will be anchored off of Haifa on a permanent basis. The implications for cryptography? -- expect increased support for a "New World Order" to restrict non-governmental access to strong crypto (via key escrow measures) -- expect the various laws about "talking about explosives on the Net" to be used to clamp down on various fringe groups -- expect "national security" to become a bigger part of the political debate -- expect more and bigger bombings, as the groups thinking about bombings see how productive they are in accomplishing policy goals (such as ending peace talks, triggering police state actions, etc.) The inescapable fact is that free societies have numerous "soft targets" than cannot be defended against such bombing attacks. Various public places are "Schelling points" for attacks: crowded streets in Bogota, Tel Aviv, New York, London, Paris. Ditto for subways, buses, government buildings, sports arenas, etc. (The 99+% of us who are not in these areas at any given time are pretty safe, actually.) I predict that it will take about 5 more major bombings in European and American cities to trigger substantive changes in laws. If we look at how easily the Communiations Decency Act (and the Wiretap Act, and similar laws) sailed through Congress, I foresee serious terrorist activity as triggering far-reaching restrictions on communications privacy, on non-governmental use of encryption, and on what may be talked about openly on the Net. (Yes, I'm aware that there's a thing called the "First Amendment," lest you lawyers point out to me that such prior restraints will never fly. Well, how has the First Amendment stopped the government from restricting what I can say about medicine, what abortion advice I can give, the "dirty words" I choose to use, the supposedly libelous and slanderous things I can say, etc.? Granted, these are not cases of prior restraint, but of actions taken after the fact, via criminal and civil actions. Not much difference so far as I can see.) Personally, while I feel sorry for the dead in Israel, I think anyone who moves to a small desert state surrounded on all sides by Arabs who want their land back is asking for trouble. --Tim May Boycott "Big Brother Inside" software! We got computers, we're tapping phone lines, we know that that ain't allowed. ---------:---------:---------:---------:---------:---------:---------:---- Timothy C. May | Crypto Anarchy: encryption, digital money, tcmay(a)got.net 408-728-0152 | anonymous networks, digital pseudonyms, zero W.A.S.T.E.: Corralitos, CA | knowledge, reputations, information markets, Higher Power: 2^756839 - 1 | black markets, collapse of governments. "National borders aren't even speed bumps on the information superhighway." ------------------------------------------------------------------------

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I can't take it anymore ....
by J. Neil Schulman 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

My friends, I had intended to remain silent to allow a decent period of mourning, in the aftermath of the American tragedy that is now, evidently, a well-planned lethal foreign attack against Americans on 911 Tuesday, America's second Day of Infamy. But I just saw Senator Kay Bailey Hutchinson being interviewed by Neil Cavuto on Fox News, and she was suggesting that it was "ridiculous for Americans to have to go into protective mode" when they board an aircraft. She wants us to sit quietly when we board, secure in the knowledge that there's a sky marshall on board. How did the people of Texas, the heirs of Sam Houston and Colonel Davy Crockett, elect this sissy? I told you so, I told you so, I told you so! I've been saying it as loudly as I could for over ten years. I've written books and articles, spoke on radio and TV, gave speeches. If you disarm the people -- if you make them give up their guns when they get on a plane, go into a post office, get taken out to the ball game -- then there will never be enough police officers to go around when the bad guys decide to strike, without warning, at a time and place of their own choosing. The jetliners that took down the World Trade Center, a city of 50,000 daytime inhabitants, and that exploded into the very military headquarters of the world's only remaining superpower, were taken over by a few thugs with boxcutters. If the airline pilots had guns this couldn't have happened. If the flight attendants had guns this couldn't have happened. If local police officers who fly were allowed to carry their guns with them, warned only to switch to frangible ammunition, this couldn't have happened. If I -- or someone like me -- a fat middle-aged American couch potato, but with police-quality training in firearms, had been allowed to carry my Glock 23 pistol on one of these flights, this couldn't have happened. But what is the solution of the big brains in charge of our national security? Yes, you got it. This is not a joke. Before you get on a plane, they want to take away your pen knives, nail clippers, and boxcutters! This new FAA regulation goes into effect before they will allow commercial flights to even take off. If you still are one of those who believe in petitioning the government for a redress of grievances, please let your duly-elected public servant know what you think of Americans who board airliners being treated even more like cattle than they are already. Ask them how many Americans must die before they intend to allow us to defend our lives. Write anyone else you think might listen. Call talk radio. Post Internet messages on the major news websites. Call, write, and email anyone in the media you know personally. Call and write Attorney General Ashcroft and White House presidential advisor Karl Rove. Attorney General John Ashcroft (Dear General Ashcroft) Main Justice Bldg. Room 1603 Constitution Avenue NW Washington, DC 20530 Mr. Karl Rove (Dear Mr. Rove) Sr. Advisor to the President The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC 20500 We have no time to mourn. We have our loved ones and neighbors to defend, before the next thug with a grievance makes them the next target. Have we not already been told by the President of the United States that we are at war with terrorists? J. Neil Schulman, author Stopping Power: Why 70 Million Americans Own Guns Webmaster, The World Wide Web Gun Defense Clock -- "The other rain is sunshine." --J. Neil Schulman, July 21, 2000 EaZychair.com: http://www.eaZychair.com Tangleweed.com: http://www.tangleweed.com Pulpless.Com Book Catalog: http://www.pulpless.com The World According to J. Neil Schulman: http://jneil.tv The World Wide Web Gun Defense Clock: http://www.gunclock.org ************************************************************************** Subscribe to Freematt's Alerts: Pro-Individual Rights Issues Send a blank message to: freematt(a)coil.com with the words subscribe FA on the subject line. List is private and moderated (7-30 messages per week) Matthew Gaylor, (614) 313-5722 ICQ: 106212065 Archived at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/fa/ **************************************************************************

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I can't take it anymore ....
by J. Neil Schulman 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

My friends, I had intended to remain silent to allow a decent period of mourning, in the aftermath of the American tragedy that is now, evidently, a well-planned lethal foreign attack against Americans on 911 Tuesday, America's second Day of Infamy. But I just saw Senator Kay Bailey Hutchinson being interviewed by Neil Cavuto on Fox News, and she was suggesting that it was "ridiculous for Americans to have to go into protective mode" when they board an aircraft. She wants us to sit quietly when we board, secure in the knowledge that there's a sky marshall on board. How did the people of Texas, the heirs of Sam Houston and Colonel Davy Crockett, elect this sissy? I told you so, I told you so, I told you so! I've been saying it as loudly as I could for over ten years. I've written books and articles, spoke on radio and TV, gave speeches. If you disarm the people -- if you make them give up their guns when they get on a plane, go into a post office, get taken out to the ball game -- then there will never be enough police officers to go around when the bad guys decide to strike, without warning, at a time and place of their own choosing. The jetliners that took down the World Trade Center, a city of 50,000 daytime inhabitants, and that exploded into the very military headquarters of the world's only remaining superpower, were taken over by a few thugs with boxcutters. If the airline pilots had guns this couldn't have happened. If the flight attendants had guns this couldn't have happened. If local police officers who fly were allowed to carry their guns with them, warned only to switch to frangible ammunition, this couldn't have happened. If I -- or someone like me -- a fat middle-aged American couch potato, but with police-quality training in firearms, had been allowed to carry my Glock 23 pistol on one of these flights, this couldn't have happened. But what is the solution of the big brains in charge of our national security? Yes, you got it. This is not a joke. Before you get on a plane, they want to take away your pen knives, nail clippers, and boxcutters! This new FAA regulation goes into effect before they will allow commercial flights to even take off. If you still are one of those who believe in petitioning the government for a redress of grievances, please let your duly-elected public servant know what you think of Americans who board airliners being treated even more like cattle than they are already. Ask them how many Americans must die before they intend to allow us to defend our lives. Write anyone else you think might listen. Call talk radio. Post Internet messages on the major news websites. Call, write, and email anyone in the media you know personally. Call and write Attorney General Ashcroft and White House presidential advisor Karl Rove. Attorney General John Ashcroft (Dear General Ashcroft) Main Justice Bldg. Room 1603 Constitution Avenue NW Washington, DC 20530 Mr. Karl Rove (Dear Mr. Rove) Sr. Advisor to the President The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, DC 20500 We have no time to mourn. We have our loved ones and neighbors to defend, before the next thug with a grievance makes them the next target. Have we not already been told by the President of the United States that we are at war with terrorists? J. Neil Schulman, author Stopping Power: Why 70 Million Americans Own Guns Webmaster, The World Wide Web Gun Defense Clock -- "The other rain is sunshine." --J. Neil Schulman, July 21, 2000 EaZychair.com: http://www.eaZychair.com Tangleweed.com: http://www.tangleweed.com Pulpless.Com Book Catalog: http://www.pulpless.com The World According to J. Neil Schulman: http://jneil.tv The World Wide Web Gun Defense Clock: http://www.gunclock.org ************************************************************************** Subscribe to Freematt's Alerts: Pro-Individual Rights Issues Send a blank message to: freematt(a)coil.com with the words subscribe FA on the subject line. List is private and moderated (7-30 messages per week) Matthew Gaylor, (614) 313-5722 ICQ: 106212065 Archived at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/fa/ **************************************************************************

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MARTIAL LAW Cypherpunks and terrorism
by baptista＠pccf.net 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

On Wed, 12 Sep 2001, Len Sassaman wrote: > I'll inevitably be accused of being cowardly or selfish for switching my > system over to middleman mode. To the cypherpunks making those > accusations, I ask: Do you run a remailer? your showing a level of concern which is understandable. but what i see is a simple fact. people are afraid of their governments - and we all know governments are run by monsters these days and few people will stand up to monsters. i do however find it very entertaining to watch US politicians speak on the issue. your political infrastructure is out of control and as a result anything significant can happen as a response to this unfortunate act. martial law is a definate possibility if this happens again. now the world is a very bad place. one thing i find insulting from all the newscasts is us politicians claiming that freedom and democracy have enemies - which is the ongoing retoric. the real question is why did this happen. or another question is why were their celebrations on the streets of china and most of the arab world. i don't think the people on those plains were enemies of freedom or democracy. people who have freedom, liberty, and democracy do not have to resort to suicide missions to get attention. people who resort to these methods have lost hope and have no other means of addressing thier concerns. according to the fbi there were 12 to 24 people in all involved. in my opinion they were lost soals who appointed themselves judge, jury and executioners. these people yesturday delivered a verdict - which in all amounted to the execution of 50,000 people. now that we know the verdict the only outstand question is what were the charges? why did these people do this? what was their motivation? so far i have not figured that one out. sure arabs are dancing in the street - their happy - poor arafat was doing penance today by giving blood. and i understand the japanese red army is also being blamed for this. but all these claims so far amount to little frills here and their to enhance the show. i have yet to receive a clear explaination on what drove these people to do this tragedy. regards joe -- The dot.GOD Registry, Limited http://www.dot-god.com/

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FW: "Attack on America" - a Personal Response
by Sandy Sandfort 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

C'punks, Here's a thoughtful piece I received from Sean Hastings: > From: Sean Hastings [mailto:whysean@softhome.net] > Sent: 12 September, 2001 20:22 > Subject: FW: "Attack on America" - a Personal Response > > > > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . > "Attack on America" - a Personal Response > by Sean Hastings > > My wife Jo, my dog Wasabi, and myself were all in New York City at the > time of the attack on the World Trade Center. Thankfully we are all > alive and unharmed. > > Although we were just a few miles from the site of the crashes, we were > alerted to what was going on by a friend's phone call and turned on the > news to watch. Safely insulated from it all by the magic of television, > we saw the Twin Towers burn and collapse knowing that tens of thousands > of people were probably still inside. Later, as we were able to get > through on a somewhat overloaded telephone network, we called our > friends and family around the world to assure them that we were safe, > and we called our New York friends to make sure that they too were ok. > > Some friends I talked to personally witnessed the second jet strike the > tower and saw people leaping to their deaths to escape the flames. One > told me the story of a London office connected to its New York > branch in > the World Trade Center by a live video link. Their trapped co-workers > told them that they were unable to leave the building, and that they > knew they were all going to die, then the screen went blank at the same > time as the TV news showed one of the towers collapse. > > Communications technology has brought this tragedy to all of us more > closely than was ever before possible. An entire nation, and perhaps > most of the world was able to watch these events unfold in real time. > Feedback of reactions from around the world was also available in real > time. Most people were shocked and horrified, but I also saw > reports of > people in some countries cheering and celebrating this attack on the > US. My first reaction was very emotional - I found myself thinking > "Bomb them back into the stone age" - and this shocked me. I consider > myself to be an individualist to the core, but I now know that a blind > loyalty to the group does exists somewhere deep inside me. At that > moment, I would have been willing to unthinkingly follow anyone > claiming to know how to justly avenge these acts, and prevent any more > such in the future. > > Then I saw the start of the political rhetoric - various politicians > declaring that this was a time for supporting our leaders, and not > questioning or second-guessing their actions - law enforcement > officials saying that this was precisely why they all needed greater > powers over my life. Before the fires were even out - while people > were still burning and being crushed to death under tons of rubble - > there were already people trying to use my emotional reaction to > increase their power over my life and further their careers. > > It was then that I realized that I was witnessing a very real threat to > our nation and our way of life. Not from the kind of disturbed people > who crash airplanes into buildings, but from people who would use such > an event to further erode our freedoms - those masters of demagoguery > who, while claiming to be the good guys, and in the name of defending > our country, our freedom, and our way of life, will try to take away > everything this country is supposed to be about. Even those with only > the best of intentions may severely jeopardize our liberty at a time > like this if they are not careful to give the freedom we tend to take > for granted the highest priority in considering any course of action. > > So I know that a hoard of voices will now be crying out for your > attention, trying to use this event to convince you that we should > take whatever course of action most benefits their own position. I > know that my voice is just a small one in this cacophony, and unless > you agree with my message and forward it far and wide, I will scarcely > be noticed. But I will speak my advice anyway, and hope it does some > good. All I have to say to you is this: > > Do not let your natural reactions of fear or anger help ANYONE to > further their short term political goals, or impose any "temporary" > measures. These are frightening and enraging times indeed, but it is > important to keep this simple truth firmly in mind: You cannot defend > freedom by reducing freedom. The people who try to tell you otherwise > are the ones who should frighten and anger you most. > > We all want security and justice, but we must to be careful about the > price we are willing to pay. If we allow these tragic events to lead > to a reduction of our freedom, then the bad guys win. > > --Sean Hastings > --New York, Sept 12, 2001 > --mailto:sean@havenco.com > > Please forward, summarize, quote, alter, or in any other way use this > text, in whole or part, as you choose. It is placed into the public > domain with no rights reserved or implied. > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Re: [EMED-L] terrorism versus manifest destiny (fwd)
by measl＠mfn.org 13 Sep '01

13 Sep '01

-- Yours, J.A. Terranson sysadmin(a)mfn.org If Governments really want us to behave like civilized human beings, they should give serious consideration towards setting a better example: Ruling by force, rather than consensus; the unrestrained application of unjust laws (which the victim-populations were never allowed input on in the first place); the State policy of justice only for the rich and elected; the intentional abuse and occassionally destruction of entire populations merely to distract an already apathetic and numb electorate... This type of demogoguery must surely wipe out the fascist United States as surely as it wiped out the fascist Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The views expressed here are mine, and NOT those of my employers, associates, or others. Besides, if it *were* the opinion of all of those people, I doubt there would be a problem to bitch about in the first place... -------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Forwarded message ---------- Date: Wed, 12 Sep 2001 17:14:02 -0700 From: DOUGLAS RAGLAND <robodoc911(a)WORLDNET.ATT.NET> Reply-To: EMED-L -- a list for emergency medicine practitioners. <EMED-L(a)ITSSRV1.UCSF.EDU> To: EMED-L(a)ITSSRV1.UCSF.EDU Subject: Re: [EMED-L] terrorism versus manifest destiny FYI The list members might be interested in the following incomplete historical list of US armed interventions around the world. Conspiciously absent from the list are the major conflicts that every US citizen should know (Civil war, WWI, WWII etc) Also conspiciously absent are the clandestine and covert operations sponsored by the US that would add substantially to the length of the list (and its significance, I ) I've drawn a number of conclusions from this list - I would be interested to know what you conclusions you draw from the list. Doug Ragland MD ------------------------------------------- 1775 - 1890: The Indian Wars - US versus Native (Indian) Tribes and Nations of North America 1800-1815: The Barbary Wars - US versus The Barbary States (Tripoli, Algiers & Morocco) 1819: Invasion of Spanish Florida - Andrew Jackson seized Florida from Spain. 1846-1848: Mexican-American War - The United States invaded Mexico and forced the Mexicans to cede the northern half of the country and also to give up any claim to Texas. 1800-1865: U.S. Slave Rebellions 1893: U.S. Intervention in Hawaiian Revolution 1898: The Spanish-American War 1898-1899: U.S. Intervention in Samoan Civil War - U.S. Intervention in Samoan Civil War with U.S. and British Naval Bombardment of Samoa --A resumption of past civil wars in which Samoan chief Mataafa seized power following the death of his rival, King Malietoa Laupepa, who had defeated him in the last Samoan Civil War (1893-1894). Fighting ensued, which was complicated by the long-standing rivalry between the U.S., Britain and Germany for de facto control over the Samoan Islands. On March 15, 1899, warships of the American and British Navies bombarded the Samoan city of Apia to intimidate the reigning Samoan king, who was allied with the Germans. An Anglo-American landing force took control of Apia, but were not able to pacify the interior. All sides agreed to cease fighting on May 13, 1899. Later that year, the three Western nations signed a treaty dividing Samoa between them. This whole conflict was part of a wider Samoan civil war. 1899-1902: U.S.-Philippine War 1900: Boxer Rebellion - US versus the "Boxers" - Also involved Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, Italy, Austria-Hungary against "Boxer" rebels in China as well as the Chinese government. 1901-1913: The Moro Wars - Guerilla warfare against U.S. forces by the Moro Muslims of the southern Philippines. 1903: U.S. Intervention in Panamanian Revolution - The U.S. landed troops in Panama to prevent Columbia from crushing the separatist Panamanian government. 1909-1933: The Banana Wars - A series of U.S. interventions in various Central American and Caribbean countries. 1914: U.S. Occupation of Vera Cruz Mexico 1916-1917: Pershing's Raid Into Mexico - After Mexican rebel Pancho Villa attacked a U.S. town, General Pershing pursued him across the border. 1919-1921: Allied Intervention in Russian Civil War US versus Russian Bolshevik (Soviet) Government 1956-1975: Second Indochina War 1958: U.S. Intervention in Lebanon 1960?-1975: Laotian Civil War 1964-1973: Vietnam War 1970-1975: Cambodian Civil War 1965: Dominican Intervention 1975 (May 15): The Mayaguez Rescue Operation - US versus Khmer Rouge Guerrillas (the new government of Cambodia) 1980 (April 25): Iranian Hostage Rescue "Desert One" or "Operation Eagle Claw" 1980-1988: First Persian Gulf War - The U.S. gave logistical and intelligence information to Iraq in its war against Iran. 1981, 1986: U.S. Libya Conflict 1982-1984: U.S. Intervention in Lebanon - US versus Syria & Various Muslim and Leftist Lebanese Militias 1983: U.S. Invasion of Grenada 1987-1988: The Tanker War aka "Operation Earnest Will" - US versus Iran - The U.S. provided naval protection for Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf. This led to multiple clashes with the Iranian military. 1989: U.S. Invasion of Panama 1991: Second Persian Gulf War 1991 - PRESENT: U.S.-Iraq Conflict 1992-1994: U.S. Intervention in Somalia US versus Various Somali Militias 1994: U.S. Occupation of Haiti August, 1998: U.S. Embassy bombings and strikes on Afghanistan and Sudan (The bin Laden War) - The embassy bombings in August, 1998 by Osama bin Laden caused hundreds of deaths in Kenya and Tanzania. The U.S. retaliated by launching Tomahawk Cruise Missiles at suspected terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan. The violence has also involved Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan and Afghanistan. To unsubscribe, send the command "SIGNOFF EMED-L" to LISTSERV(a)ITSSRV1.UCSF.EDU

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