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Representations of Pi, etc.
by jim bell 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

At 09:39 AM 1/5/96 +1100, you wrote: >> The decimal representation of any irrational number (e.g. pi, e) >> contains the decimal representation of every natural number >> somewhere. (Proof by diagonalization.) >What you say here isn't quite true. Right. But BTW, isn't it interesting, that news item from a few weeks ago, on an algorithm for determining individual bits in Pi, regardless of whether you've calculated all the previous ones. Only problem is, it only works in hexadecimal (and, obviously, binary, etc, not decimal.

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Visual Correlations of RNGs useful for cryptanalysis?
by Deranged Mutant 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

Somebody passed an interesting article to me, "Random number generators: pretty good ones are easy to find", Clifford Pickover (IBM Watson Research Ctr, NY), The Visual Computer (1995) 11:369-377. The article does NOT deal with cryptographically secure RNGs, however the author discusses some interesting methods for visualizing correlations in RNGs that probably can be applied to crypto. One is the "Noise Sphere", which involves plotting the last three numbers generated by the RNG (Xn, Xn+1, Xn+2, where 0<Xn<1, and n=0,1,2,3...N) on spherical coordinates (r, theta, phi), where theta = 2 * pi * Xn phi = pi * Xn+1 (note, X subscript n+1) r = sqrt(Xn+2) ( " X subscript n+2) The article includes some pretty interesting graphics, including a couple that demonstrate what crappy RNGs look like. Also discusses some other methods (terrain generation) for visualization. Advantage is that this type of test is that it can be done on a low-end PC, can show some complex correlations even when an RNG is statistically good, and one doesn't have to an expert to see when something is wrong. Crypto output (bytes, words, dwords, etc.) can be easily(?) translated into binary fractions for this type of test. Take care, --Rob --- "Mutant" Rob <wlkngowl(a)unix.asb.com> Send a blank message with the subject "send pgp-key" (not in quotes) for a copy of my PGP key.

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Fw: Re: [NOISE] Trying to init security channel
by geoff klein 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

On 4 Jan 1996 19:40:39 futplex posted the message included below: 1. My apologies to all for the original accidental posting to this list. 2. futplex: "Another satisfied "Power One Time Pad" user, it would appear...." Things are not always quite the way they appear, Commtouch are the developers of Pronto Secure, - a pretty good Windows e-mail client providing security services using PGP (or POTP). Lookout for a beta release announcement in early February. Geoff Klein Product Manager - Pronto Secure http://www.commtouch.com *Welcome to the post of Cypherpunk censor - Now Go Home & change your sig.* -----Begin Included Message ----- Date: Thu, 4 Jan 1996 19:40:39 -0500 (EST) From: futplex(a)pseudonym.com (Futplex) To: cypherpunks(a)toad.com (Cypherpunks Mailing List) Cc: -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Forwarded message: > Date: Thu, 4 Jan 96 13:11:36 IST > From: geoff klein <geoff(a)commtouch.co.il> > To: cypherpunks(a)toad.com > Subject: Trying to init security channel > X-Potpinitrequest: AwAAAAAAAADhi+swAQAAAPqPQh4AACoAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAARjMwMzBGRjI yMTFENTBEMABnZW9mZkBjb21tdG91Y2guY28uaWwAY3lwaGVycHVua3NAdG9hZC5jb20A Another satisfied "Power One Time Pad" user, it would appear.... > > This message was sent by Pronto Secure Mail. > Without Pronto you can not establish a secure channel. > > Please send a reply manually. Futplex <futplex(a)pseudonym.com> *** Welcome to Cypherpunks -- Now Go Home *** -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQEVAwUBMOxzMinaAKQPVHDZAQGcIwf+KYlU8PiutVTduMG2Jxt7KDsEhDvjjiDi p+kBKw0y2Tj+Z/LGoCTSu2egMxFf9L9mWg8ulNCXPu92Bg1PWNPFJpTeXYcQfHnz fQfQlbnixwo1gU1DW0AVpeq5iIdBwOOqh2TEa5m7LQXiCU3RDS0Q0+muDzvncykC UkF+uzPvxrZW88LFnxSmYez3o/Xj0V39gvKANkZvqOotm90g5bYb6TY8qCUFfSUh hNPPA1irtYc96a73WXRYciW4T1H8cfsmmlwMxbCbILer6MPH+2CZMD1DP5eIu0cd 4vvN6n3pPgBs7YAp4RANf6HKHZpJwB/MG+TOt2ngolsPt5JFvrUKuQ== =wXVD -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- . ---- End of forwarded message ----

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Three recent posts on usenet about getting far hex digits of pi.
by Jay Sulzberger 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

For Timothy C. May and all the cypherists on this list: Here are three recent posts to usenet on the beautiful, and partly new results on getting digits far out in pi, without explicitly getting all the nearer to the heximal point digits. > From sci.math Wed Dec 20 05:16:17 1995 > Path: panix!news.denver.eti.net!imci3!imci2!newsfeed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!msunews!netnews.upenn.edu!red.seas.upenn.edu!jimmosk > From: jimmosk(a)red.seas.upenn.edu (Jim J Moskowitz) > Newsgroups: sci.math > Subject: nth digit of pi calculable? > Date: 18 Dec 1995 03:29:08 GMT > Organization: University of Pennsylvania > Lines: 29 > Message-ID: <4b2n64$s27(a)netnews.upenn.edu> > NNTP-Posting-Host: red.seas.upenn.edu > Status: RO > X-Status: > > I've seen the recent reports about the discovery of a formula for pi > of the form > infinity > ----- > \ (- n) / 4 2 1 1 \ > ) 16 (------- - ------- - ------- - ------- ) > / \8 n + 1 8 n + 4 8 n + 5 8 n + 6 / > ----- > n = 0 > > which is said to tell you in a simple manner what the nth digit in the > hexadecimal expansion of pi is. I don't see why. Yes, the ith term of > this series does include 16^-i, which is the ith place in said expansion, > but the term in parentheses (sorry; they look more like angle brackets) > isn't an integer, so it's not giving you the value of the number in that > ith place. Instead, it gives you several digits which are in places further > along in pi, with no guarantee that other terms in this sigma won't also > include digits in those places, forcing you to calculate and add up many > terms.... > > Taking an incautious plunge into the world of computational math, > Jim > > > -- > ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- > Jim Moskowitz (jimmosk(a)eniac.seas.upenn.edu) > Visit the Unknown Composers Page: > http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~jimmosk/TOC.html > > >From sci.math.pi Fri Jan 5 04:08:06 1996 > From sci.math Wed Dec 20 05:16:57 1995 > Path: panix!cmcl2!oitnews.harvard.edu!purdue!lerc.nasa.gov!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!EU.net!peer-news.britain.eu.net!lyra.csx.cam.ac.uk!cet1 > From: cet1(a)cus.cam.ac.uk (Chris Thompson) > Newsgroups: sci.math > Subject: Re: nth digit of pi calculable? > Date: 18 Dec 1995 15:21:18 GMT > Organization: University of Cambridge, England > Lines: 46 > Message-ID: <4b40te$r02(a)lyra.csx.cam.ac.uk> > References: <4b2n64$s27(a)netnews.upenn.edu> > NNTP-Posting-Host: grus.cus.cam.ac.uk > Status: RO > X-Status: > > In article <4b2n64$s27(a)netnews.upenn.edu>, jimmosk(a)red.seas.upenn.edu > (Jim J Moskowitz) writes: > |> I've seen the recent reports about the discovery of a formula for pi > |> of the form > |> infinity > |> ----- > |> \ (- n) / 4 2 1 1 \ > |> ) 16 (------- - ------- - ------- - ------- ) > |> / \8 n + 1 8 n + 4 8 n + 5 8 n + 6 / > |> ----- > |> n = 0 > |> > |> which is said to tell you in a simple manner what the nth digit in the > |> hexadecimal expansion of pi is. I don't see why. Yes, the ith term of > |> this series does include 16^-i, which is the ith place in said expansion, > |> but the term in parentheses (sorry; they look more like angle brackets) > |> isn't an integer, so it's not giving you the value of the number in that > |> ith place. Instead, it gives you several digits which are in places further > |> along in pi, with no guarantee that other terms in this sigma won't also > |> include digits in those places, forcing you to calculate and add up many > |> terms.... > > You certainly have to add up a large number of terms. It is the ease with > which these terms can be computed that has attracted interest to this and > similar formulae. > > Think in terms of trying to find the fractional part of 16^N * pi to reasonable > accuracy, which is what is really meant by "finding the (N+1)'th hexadecmal > digit" here -- you might always get unlucky and find only that this fractional > part was between .2fffff and .300001, say. The terms with n >= N are of > absolute value less than 1, and form a rapidly converging series, so their > contribution is easy to compute. The term with n < N contribute terms of > the form > > fractional part ( 16^a(i) * b(i) / i ) > > where i < 8N, a(i) < N, and the b(i) are small integers. So it is sufficient > to compute 16^a(i) mod i. If you don't already know, you can find out how to > do this in time logarithmic in a(i) in, say, Knuth ACP Vol 2. > > This is all explained in detail in the Borwein/Borwein/Plouffe paper, available > from http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/~pborwein/PAPERS/P123.ps, which should be pretty > comprehensible even by an amateur. > > Chris Thompson > Email: cet1(a)cam.ac.uk > > >From sci.math.pi Fri Jan 5 04:08:06 1996 > From sci.math Wed Dec 20 05:17:20 1995 > Path: panix!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!gatech!psuvax1!news.math.psu.edu!chi-news.cic.net!uwm.edu!lll-winken.llnl.gov!apple.com!apple.com!not-for-mail > From: rjohnson(a)apple.com (Robert Johnson) > Newsgroups: sci.math > Subject: Re: nth digit of pi calculable? > Date: 19 Dec 1995 13:01:28 -0800 > Organization: Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, California > Lines: 57 > Message-ID: <4b7978$cj1(a)apple.com> > References: <4b2n64$s27(a)netnews.upenn.edu> > NNTP-Posting-Host: apple.com > Status: RO > X-Status: > > > In article <4b2n64$s27(a)netnews.upenn.edu>, > Jim J Moskowitz <jimmosk(a)red.seas.upenn.edu> wrote: > >I've seen the recent reports about the discovery of a formula for pi > >of the form > > infinity > > ----- > > \ (- n) / 4 2 1 1 \ > > ) 16 (------- - ------- - ------- - ------- ) > > / \8 n + 1 8 n + 4 8 n + 5 8 n + 6 / > > ----- > > n = 0 > > > >which is said to tell you in a simple manner what the nth digit in the > >hexadecimal expansion of pi is. I don't see why. Yes, the ith term of > >this series does include 16^-i, which is the ith place in said expansion, > >but the term in parentheses (sorry; they look more like angle brackets) > >isn't an integer, so it's not giving you the value of the number in that > >ith place. Instead, it gives you several digits which are in places further > >along in pi, with no guarantee that other terms in this sigma won't also > >include digits in those places, forcing you to calculate and add up many > >terms.... > > The full article can be found in PostScript form at > > http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/personal/pborwein/PAPERS/P123.ps > > and a text announcement can be found at > > http://www.mathsoft.com/asolve/plouffe/scimath.txt > > Yes indeed, you have to add up many terms. However, the amount of > computation to find the n^th digit is on the order of n. Whereas, > to compute n digits would require computation on the order of n^2. > > The idea that drastically reduces the work here is that it is very easy > to compute the n^th hex digit of 1/k. This is accomplished by raising > 16 to the n-1^st power modulo k. Dividing the remainder by k gives the > hex expansion of 1/k starting at the n^th hex digit. Raising 16 to the > n-1^st power modulo k is done by squaring and multiplying based on the > binary expansion of n-1 (the method of repeated squaring). > > Thus, to get 16^{-k} 4/(8k+1) starting at the nth hex digit, > compute 4*16^(n-1-k) mod 8k+1. Divide this remainder by 8k+1. > For example, take n = 1000000000 and k = 1257894: > > 4*16^998742105 mod 10063153 = 4894450 > > and 4894450/10063153 = .7C82F7B089CCA729... (hex) > > It will still entail around billion terms to compute the billionth > digit of pi, but that's better than computing a quintillion digits. > > Rob Johnson > Apple Computer, Inc. > rjohnson(a)apple.com > > >

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Re: Windows Eudora and PGP
by David K. Merriman 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- - -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- At 07:46 PM 01/3/96 -0500, Douglas F. Elznic" <delznic(a)storm.net> wrote: ... <deletia regarding PGP and Eudora> ... >I have heard that their are alpha releases currentky geing worked on at >quest/qualcomm. But i would have to say before they come out your best bet >to pgp and eudora is either pidaho or just use it in dos. pidaho is a great >front end. A lot better than any others out their. > > I have also heard that ViaCrypt is a good alternative. But I am not sure. >Has anyone else out there heard anything good/bad about ViaCrypt? I've gotten ahold of the WPGP mentioned here a couple days ago, and it seems to be working just fine, for me. Even easier to use than PIdaho, though not quite as 'full-featured' (ie, remailer support, etc). Using it to sign this message, FWIW :-) - - -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMOwCBMVrTvyYOzAZAQGpVgQApdkjY9KoiI4TYhd6h8at6R1DfEFldE0M y9iY3lcUjGuCn6RASVUxbDXVYWtbeCPGveaAfIri6ccM2Fcw6WboS2YXM7Xmpubr 7j6o48IwKB0YZadwtxRXQWddE3RUwbIa52xmmywdlshLGy7IEAJ+NHgrlZZk/sdR SilciAe65Hs= =0izb - - -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- - -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMOwCPsVrTvyYOzAZAQEjzAP/bEK4Q/uJgbXY9/HMp+Cu1YF/1x1/tlI5 T3b1Vb4WvsZCUbGlMzqzNKFO6qJoMxGGQoVi3LzWixGEVeaD93QJGQXtR3p/v2HS fogEk5bVFr6+ljreuhLDhl4sQpNx+fnibXg013zb2dKv0btwTst+vh7Vm1vYZ84T uJFMVZPxL+I= =xUTN - -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMOwCasVrTvyYOzAZAQFY5wP9HdMiDu1cqShuz6GPjNNzNwtEbXaxfDsQ sWZq0tcSkIVaY7vix8X02PxV7tqMqdbyBBnO9n6unRhitJfuTtJ1Fh7lGB/6/TtU o2/7510JcwyfVXB3Lb6tenvu0G9aQrkGqzoHcSXr854GzsU2KfjGEM9l9xpczj+B O5wiYXU00yc= =tkkz -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- ------------------------------------------------------------- "It is not the function of our Government to keep the citizen from falling into error; it is the function of the citizen to keep the Government from falling into error." Robert H. Jackson (1892-1954), U.S. Judge <><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><> My web page: http://www.geopages.com/CapitolHill/1148

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Minitel "saved" by hackers?
by Arun Mehta 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

I'm reviewing "Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies" edited by Rob Shields. Chapter 2, "The Labyrinth of Minitel" by Andre Lemos tells a fascinating story, after you get past the verbiage in the introduction (sample: "If modernity refused the artificial, and deepened separations and dichotomies, postmodernity tries to surpass well-established dichotomies, not in the dialectical sense through sublimation and synthesis, but more in the direction of making a place for dialogical complexity"). This may be old hat to cypherpunks, but it seems that the system, conceived as a videotex system, was hacked: "At the end of 1981 the messaging software ... was pirated by some users planning to communicate between each other in real time. Through this detournement -- literally, a 'hijacking' was born the messagerie." These included games dialogs in real time and postings. Soon there was the "messagerie rose", the sex stuff -- which generated most of the revenues. As Claire Ancelin notes,"the public has not hesitated to manifest tastes often opposed to those foreseen by experts, this public has not hesitated to make a serious information tool into a frivolous communication tool." So, shocked by this, what does the government do? Being unable to distinguish between different kinds of messageries, the government put a 30% tax in 1989 on all, and raised it to 50% in 1991! No wonder the Internet is gaining rapid popularity in France. My questions: 1) are any of those 1981 French hackers on this list or known to people here? 2) I checked out "Minitel history" on Alta Vista, and since my French is very modest, downloaded http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december95/12kessler.html, The French Minitel: Is There Digital Life Outside of the "US ASCII" Internet? A Challenge or Convergence? by Jack Kessler, and http://tklab6.informatik.uni-bremen.de/nii/Conference/Abstracts/berne.html THE MINITEL SUCCESS by Dr. Michel Berne. Surprisingly, neither mentioned the 1981 hijack. Can anyone suggest better references? 3) Kessler raised a controversial point: "Centralized control -- its political as well as its social and economic manifestations -- is relatively untested. Some fans of the Internet even deny the possibility of centralized control in their version of "Cyberspace". Yet such control is the single greatest issue of networked information to many Asians. Minitel's approach, which is so different from the Internet's celebrated de-centralized structure, provides useful comparisons for both systems to consider. ... The question for networking's next generation is what will scale up for Asia? To meet this challenge, some "convergence" -- some pooling of talents and approach, combining the sophisticated with the simple, the academic with the commercial, the decentralized and chaotic with the centralized and bureaucratic and controlled -- might not be such a bad idea for both the Internet and the Minitel to pursue now." Do you know of any country in Asia or elsewhere favoring the Minitel "centralized and bureaucratic" model over the Internet?

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Re: Representations of Pi, etc.
by stevenw＠best.com 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

Tim May wrote: >In summary, I would be surprised to find that a method for calculating the >Nth digit of pi works for base N but not for base M (modulo some minor >efficiency factors related to machine architecture, etc.). > >Any pointers to this result would be appreciated. See Peter Borwein's home page: http://www.cecm.sfu.ca:80/personal/pborwein/ under _Calculating Pi and Other matters_. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Steven Weller | "The Internet, of course, is more | than just a place to find pictures | of people having sex with dogs." stevenw(a)best.com | -- Time Magazine, 3 July 1995

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Re: Compuserve grovels to foreign censors
by Gordon Campbell 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

At 12:56 AM 1/5/96 -0500, Larry Sudduth wrote: >Attachment Converted: C:\WORK\WINMAIL.DAT What, pray tell, is this? ----- Gordon R. Campbell, Owner - Mowat Woods Graphics P.O. Box 1902, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 5J7 Ph: (613) 542-4087 Fax: (613) 542-1139 2048-bit PGP key available on request.

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Re: US cryptographic patents, 1995
by thad＠hammerhead.com 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

lull(a)acm.org (John Lull) said: > This data was extracted from a free database maintained by the > EDS Shadow Patent Office at http://www.spo.edo.com/ That's really http://www.spo.eds.com thad -- Thaddeus Beier thad(a)hammerhead.com Technology Development 408) 286-3376 Hammerhead Productions http://www.got.net/~thad

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DCSB: Digital Commerce: Living Room ExIm, Retail Replacement, or Mail-Order Redux?
by rah＠shipwright.com 17 Dec '03

17 Dec '03

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- The Digital Commerce Society of Boston (Formerly The Boston Society for Digital Commerce) Presents Fred Hapgood Digital Commerce: Living Room ExIm, Retail Replacement, or Mail-Order Redux? Tuesday, February 6, 1995 12 - 2 PM The Downtown Harvard Club of Boston One Federal Street, Boston, MA Fred says: >So far Web commerce has largely been a speciality export story. >(www.activmedia.com says that web commerce is half exports.) This >reflects the obvious strengths of the medium: webstores are >globally accessible and can support information resources to any >depth customers require. > >However, the meat and potatoes of the $2 trillion American retail >market lie not in specialty exports but in geographically >structured markets built on access to local traffic and >characterized by low-information transactions. If web commerce >has no role to play in commerce on this level, it will end up >little more than an extension and enhancement of direct mail. >(Which is of course not to be dismissed entirely: direct mail did >$55 billion last year.) > >My talk will address the compatibility of these segments with the >web, now and later. Fred Hapgood has written on internet commerce for _CIO_ and _Webmaster_ magazines. He has written on associated subjects for _Wired_ and _Inc-Technology_. The February talk will be based on research for an article on the web and franchising. This meeting of the Boston Society for Digital Commerce will be held on Tuesday, January 2, 1995 from 12pm - 2pm at the Downtown Branch of the Harvard Club of Boston, One Federal Street. The price for lunch is $27.50. This price includes lunch, room rental, and the speaker's lunch. ;-). The Harvard Club *does* have a jacket and tie dress code. We need to receive a company check, or money order, (or if we *really* know you, a personal check) payable to "The Harvard Club of Boston", by Saturday, February 2 , or you won't be on the list for lunch. Checks payable to anyone else but The Harvard Club of Boston will have to be sent back. Checks should be sent to Robert Hettinga, 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02131. Again, they *must* be made payable to "The Harvard Club of Boston". If anyone has questions, or has a problem with these arrangements (We've had to work with glacial A/P departments more than once, for instance), please let us know via e-mail, and we'll see if we can work something out. Planned speakers for the following few months are: February Fred Hapgood Freelance Author March Glenda Barnes X.9 Electronic Commerce Security Group April Donald Eastlake CyberCash May Perry Metzger Security Consultant and Cypherpunk June Dan Shutzer FSTC July Pete Loshin Author, "Electronic Commerce" We are actively searching for future speakers. If you are in Boston on the first Tuesday of the month, and you would like to make a presentation to the Society, please send e-mail to the DCSB Program Commmittee, care of Robert Hettinga, rah(a)shipwright.com . For more information about the Digital Commerce Society of Boston, send "info dcsb" in the body of a message to majordomo(a)ai.mit.edu . If you want to subscribe to the DCSB e-mail list, send "subscribe dcsb" in the body of a message to majordomo(a)ai.mit.edu . Looking forward to seeing you there! Cheers, Robert Hettinga Moderator, The Digital Commerce Society of Boston -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.2 iQCVAwUBMO1H9vgyLN8bw6ZVAQGPyAQAkJeE0VtJXMQ58uUss1hvW0Xtf5FBvAM8 3uNGxQIjLT48rkSPRtmqxsx8KLoirdbCdARwbwStewVVvehvUIByYTCGmUWXBxPH OKhCM/iuEqZ0oZR7RNcTHu2/rduIBdpC53CwyiUmaomj8tAgM5fry9H5h/mjJVu8 aRu36l8isH8= =+lq2 -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- ----------------- Robert Hettinga (rah(a)shipwright.com) e$, 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA "Reality is not optional." --Thomas Sowell The NEW(!) e$ Home Page: http://thumper.vmeng.com/pub/rah/ >>>>Phree Phil: Email: zldf(a)clark.net http://www.netresponse.com/zldf <<<<<

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