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A future for drones: Automated killing
by Eugen Leitl 21 Sep '11

21 Sep '11

http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/a-future-for-drone… A future for drones: Automated killing By Peter Finn, One afternoon last fall at Fort Benning, Ga., two model-size planes took off, climbed to 800 and 1,000 feet, and began criss-crossing the military base in search of an orange, green and blue tarp. The automated, unpiloted planes worked on their own, with no human guidance, no hand on any control. After 20 minutes, one of the aircraft, carrying a computer that processed images from an onboard camera, zeroed in on the tarp and contacted the second plane, which flew nearby and used its own sensors to examine the colorful object. Then one of the aircraft signaled to an unmanned car on the ground so it could take a final, close-up look. Target confirmed. This successful exercise in autonomous robotics could presage the future of the American way of war: a day when drones hunt, identify and kill the enemy based on calculations made by software, not decisions made by humans. Imagine aerial b Terminators,b minus beefcake and time travel. The Fort Benning tarp b is a rather simple target, but think of it as a surrogate,b said Charles E. Pippin, a scientist at the Georgia Tech Research Institute, which developed the software to run the demonstration. b You can imagine real-time scenarios where you have 10 of these things up in the air and something is happening on the ground and you donbt have time for a human to say, bI need you to do these tasks.b It needs to happen faster than that.b The demonstration laid the groundwork for scientific advances that would allow drones to search for a human target and then make an identification based on facial-recognition or other software. Once a match was made, a drone could launch a missile to kill the target. Military systems with some degree of autonomy b such as robotic, weaponized sentries b have been deployed in the demilitarized zone between South and North Korea and other potential battle areas. Researchers are uncertain how soon machines capable of collaborating and adapting intelligently in battlefield conditions will come online. It could take one or two decades, or longer. The U.S. military is funding numerous research projects on autonomy to develop machines that will perform some dull or dangerous tasks and to maintain its advantage over potential adversaries who are also working on such systems. The killing of terrorism suspects and insurgents by armed drones, controlled by pilots sitting in bases thousands of miles away in the western United States, has prompted criticism that the technology makes war too antiseptic. Questions also have been raised about the legality of drone strikes when employed in places such as Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia, which are not at war with the United States. This debate will only intensify as technological advances enable what experts call lethal autonomy. The prospect of machines able to perceive, reason and act in unscripted environments presents a challenge to the current understanding of international humanitarian law. The Geneva Conventions require belligerents to use discrimination and proportionality, standards that would demand that machines distinguish among enemy combatants, surrendering troops and civilians. b The deployment of such systems would reflect a paradigm shift and a major qualitative change in the conduct of hostilities,b Jakob Kellenberger, president of the International Committee of the Red Cross, said at a conference in Italy this month. b It would also raise a range of fundamental legal, ethical and societal issues, which need to be considered before such systems are developed or deployed.b Drones flying over Afghanistan, Pakistan and Yemen can already move automatically from point to point, and it is unclear what surveillance or other tasks, if any, they perform while in autonomous mode. Even when directly linked to human operators, these machines are producing so much data that processors are sifting the material to suggest targets, or at least objects of interest. That trend toward greater autonomy will only increase as the U.S. military shifts from one pilot remotely flying a drone to one pilot remotely managing several drones at once. But humans still make the decision to fire, and in the case of CIA strikes in Pakistan, that call rests with the director of the agency. In future operations, if drones are deployed against a sophisticated enemy, there may be much less time for deliberation and a greater need for machines that can function on their own. The U.S. military has begun to grapple with the implications of emerging technologies. b Authorizing a machine to make lethal combat decisions is contingent upon political and military leaders resolving legal and ethical questions,b according to an Air Force treatise called Unmanned Aircraft Systems Flight Plan 2009-2047. b These include the appropriateness of machines having this ability, under what circumstances it should be employed, where responsibility for mistakes lies and what limitations should be placed upon the autonomy of such systems.b In the future, micro-drones will reconnoiter tunnels and buildings, robotic mules will haul equipment and mobile systems will retrieve the wounded while under fire. Technology will save lives. But the trajectory of military research has led to calls for an arms-control regime to forestall any possibility that autonomous systems could target humans. In Berlin last year, a group of robotic engineers, philosophers and human rights activists formed the International Committee for Robot Arms Control (ICRAC) and said such technologies might tempt policymakers to think war can be less bloody. Some experts also worry that hostile states or terrorist organizations could hack robotic systems and redirect them. Malfunctions also are a problem: In South Africa in 2007, a semiautonomous cannon fatally shot nine friendly soldiers. The ICRAC would like to see an international treaty, such as the one banning antipersonnel mines, that would outlaw some autonomous lethal machines. Such an agreement could still allow automated antimissile systems. b The question is whether systems are capable of discrimination,b said Peter Asaro, a founder of the ICRAC and a professor at the New School in New York who teaches a course on digital war. b The good technology is far off, but technology that doesnbt work well is already out there. The worry is that these systems are going to be pushed out too soon, and they make a lot of mistakes, and those mistakes are going to be atrocities.b Research into autonomy, some of it classified, is racing ahead at universities and research centers in the United States, and that effort is beginning to be replicated in other countries, particularly China. b Lethal autonomy is inevitable,b said Ronald C. Arkin, the author of b Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots,b a study that was funded by the Army Research Office. Arkin believes it is possible to build ethical military drones and robots, capable of using deadly force while programmed to adhere to international humanitarian law and the rules of engagement. He said software can be created that would lead machines to return fire with proportionality, minimize collateral damage, recognize surrender, and, in the case of uncertainty, maneuver to reassess or wait for a human assessment. In other words, rules as understood by humans can be converted into algorithms followed by machines for all kinds of actions on the battlefield. b How a war-fighting unit may think b we are trying to make our systems behave like that,b said Lora G. Weiss, chief scientist at the Georgia Tech Research Institute. Others, however, remain skeptical that humans can be taken out of the loop. b Autonomy is really the Achillesb heel of robotics,b said Johann Borenstein, head of the Mobile Robotics Lab at the University of Michigan. b There is a lot of work being done, and still we havenbt gotten to a point where the smallest amount of autonomy is being used in the military field. All robots in the military are remote-controlled. How does that sit with the fact that autonomy has been worked on at universities and companies for well over 20 years?b Borenstein said human skills will remain critical in battle far into the future. b The foremost of all skills is common sense,b he said. b Robots donbt have common sense and wonbt have common sense in the next 50 years, or however long one might want to guess.b

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20 Sep '11

22 сентября Читает: Помощник судьи Высшего Арбитражного Суда Российской Федерации Второго судебного состава (сделки в сфере недвижимости). |Тема: ПРОБЛЕМЫ УЧАСТИЯ В ДОЛЕВОМ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ, ДОГОВОРЫ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО ПОДРЯДА.| |САМОРЕГУЛИРУЕМЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ В СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВЕ (код Москвы) 7_9/2_2_I.2.2 <> 44_53.96/8 Краткая информация о предстоящем мероприятии: 1. Саморегулируемые организации в строительстве. * Анализируются основные положения Градостроительного кодекса РФ, введенные ФЗ от 22.07.2008 ╧148-ФЗ, его соотношение с Федеральным законом "О саморегулируемых организациях". Вопросы реализации положений указанного законодательства с учетом арбитражной практики. Создание саморегулируемой организации: основные требования законодательства. Управление саморегулируемой организацией. Взносы членов саморегулируемой организации и компенсационный фонд. Арбитражная практика. Требования к выдаче свидетельства о допуске к работам в сфере строительства. Членство в саморегулируемой организации. Ответственность участников саморегулируемой организации. Страхование ответственности членов саморегулируемой организации. Административная и уголовная ответственность. Обеспечение саморегулируемой организацией доступа к информации с учетом требований об обеспечении коммерческое тайны. 2. Договор строительного подряда. * Порядок заключения, исполнения, расторжения договора строительного подряда (подряда). * Формирование договорной цены на строительную продукцию. Твердая цена договора, случаи увеличения твердой цены. Порядок расчетов за выполненные работы. Техническая документация и смета. Комментарий ст.ст. 743, 744 ГК РФ. * Управление контрактом на строительные работы: права и обязанности Заказчика и Подрядчика. * Судебно-арбитражная практика рассмотрения споров, связанных с договором подряда. 3. Долевое участие в строительстве. * Основные положения ФЗ "Об участии в долевом строительстве многоквартирных домов и иных объектов недвижимости". Его соотношение с общими нормами гражданского законодательства и особенности применения на практике. Вопросы оформления взаимоотношений между заказчиком и подрядчиком при отсутствии оплаты работ по договору строительного подряда. Возможность приостановления строительства. * Порядок заключения, исполнения, прекращения договора участия ФЗ "Об участии в долевом строительстве многоквартирных домов и иных объектов недвижимости". * Предоставление земельного участка для жилищного строительства. Новые требования порядка выдачи разрешения на строительство, ввода объекта в эксплуатацию. * Перемена лиц в обязательстве по договорам, применяемым в строительстве посредством уступки права требования и перевода долга. Судебно-арбитражная практика рассмотрения споров, связанных с договорами Регистрация прав на недвижимое имущество при отношениях по договору строительного подряда, договору о долевом участии в строительстве, иным договорам, используемым в строительстве. 4. Саморегулируемые организации в строительстве. Информацию можно получить по телефонам: код: (четыре девять пять) Ч45_4О95 <> 4Ч5З9_68

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