January 2006 - cypherpunks-legacy

Re: [dave@farber.net: [IP] more on AP Story Justice Dept. Probing Domestic Spyin
by John Young 05 Jan '06

05 Jan '06

It is likely that the threat of the Internet is what led NSA to broaden its spying program, and what remains to be reported by the media. Recall that Hayden was belly-aching about his threat during the time leading up to 9/11, and the NSA Transition 2001 report to Bush released by the National Security Archive on Friday states that the Internet is the big threat, and that there was a need for constant monitoring of the Net. NSA was doing that well before 9/11 but was not admitting it, not in public. Nor was it admitting the cooperation of the ISPs in this effort. Got to consider the AES initiative was a cooptation of the crypto terrorists after GAK failed, or appeared to have failed: there were a number of firms who jumped at the chance to build-in access, using a slew of hoary arguments about lost passwords, disloyal employees, corporate responsibility to control keys. And public key crypto has an odor that needs to be cleared of NDA suspicion or abandoned as if Crypto AG.

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[dave@farber.net: [IP] more on AP Story Justice Dept. Probing Domestic Spying Leak]
by Eugen Leitl 05 Jan '06

05 Jan '06

----- Forwarded message from David Farber <dave(a)farber.net> -----

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05 Jan '06

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05 Jan '06

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04 Jan '06

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Payments News: E-Gold Under Scrutiny
by R. A. Hettinga 03 Jan '06

03 Jan '06

--- begin forwarded text Date: Tue, 3 Jan 2006 12:44:36 -0500 To: Philodox Clips List <clips(a)philodox.com> From: "R. A. Hettinga" <rah(a)shipwright.com> Subject: Payments News: E-Gold Under Scrutiny <http://www.paymentsnews.com/2005/12/egold_under_scr.html#more> Payments News Tracking the world of payments...from Glenbrook Partners December 31, 2005 E-Gold Under Scrutiny January 9th edition of Business Week contains a lengthy investigative report by Brian Grow on online money transfer systems like e-gold Ltd. The article focuses on the potential use of the e-gold payment service by those wanting to move money while skirting the reporting obligations associated with US money laundering regulations. Technorati Tags: E-gold, Money Transfer E-gold is a "digital currency." Opening an account at www.e-gold.com takes only a few clicks of a mouse. Customers can use a false name if they like because no one checks. With a credit card or wire transfer, a user buys units of e-gold. Those units can then be transferred with a few more clicks to anyone else with an e-gold account. For the recipient, cashing out -- changing e-gold back to regular money -- is just as convenient and often just as anonymous. In an online extra, Business Week also looks at Russian-based WebMoney and its customers as well as at Dr. Douglas Jackson, the founder of e-gold. Posted by Scott Loftesness on December 31, 2005 at 06:34 PM in ECommerce, Financial Regulators, Money Transfer | Permalink -- ----------------- R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah(a)ibuc.com> The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/> 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA "... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity, [predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' --- end forwarded text -- ----------------- R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah(a)ibuc.com> The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/> 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA "... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity, [predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'

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The NSA Program
by John Young 03 Jan '06

03 Jan '06

James Risen on the NSA "Program:" http://cryptome.org/nsa-program.htm Risen doesn't offer much new information in his book, out today, but this is a handy summary of how the NSA siphons data. The telecom and Internet giants are the ones to be hammered for secretly doing the dirty work against their customers. He fingers the international telecom hubs in NYC through which NSA grabs most of the data purposely sent through them to transoceanic cables worldwide. Hmm, the hubs on the West Coast are not mentoned. Wonder if that traffic is now redirected through New York too for easy watching. There are six or so of the giant facilities in Manhattan, and cable landings along Brooklyn, Queens and Long Island. Many more along the New Jersey coast. Most of the cable landings worldwide show up on nautical maps due to conflicts with mariners. In 2002 Cryptome published eyeballs: Downtown Manhattan Telephone Hubs http://eyeball-series.org/nytel-eyeball.htm US Transatlantic Cable Landings http://eyeball-series.org/cable-eyeball.htm US Transpacific Cable Landings http://eyeball-series.org//cablew-eyeball.htm

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Dr. Jackson's Golden Vision
by R. A. Hettinga 03 Jan '06

03 Jan '06

--- begin forwarded text Date: Tue, 3 Jan 2006 12:44:41 -0500 To: Philodox Clips List <clips(a)philodox.com> From: "R. A. Hettinga" <rah(a)shipwright.com> Subject: Dr. Jackson's Golden Vision <http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_02/b3966105.htm> Business Week JANUARY 9, 2006 * Editions: N. America | Europe | Asia | Edition Preference INVESTIGATIVE REPORT/Online Extra Dr. Jackson's Golden Vision The founder of e-gold discusses identity theft, regulatory compliance, and his libertarian epiphany When he founded e-gold in 1996, Dr. Douglas Jackson, a former oncologist, had a grand vision. He believed his digital currency -- housed on the Internet, backed by gold bullion, immune to inflation and currency fluctuations -- would "improve the material welfare of mankind." Users could convert national currencies into e-gold, then buy and sell goods with any other e-gold account holder worldwide over the Web. Since then, that noble endeavor to create a new kind of money has gone seriously awry, according to U.S. law-enforcement officials. While a smattering of small businesses in the U.S. and overseas have adopted e-gold as a payment vehicle, U.S. investigators say many of its other customers have instead come from the dark side of the Internet. Despite evidence that e-gold is now a favored currency among such nefarious characters as identity thieves and financial fraudsters, Jackson denies the claims and remains wed to the dream that e-gold will one day secure its place as currency for the Digital Age. In a series of interviews in person, by telephone, and via e-mail with BusinessWeek correspondent Brian Grow, Jackson offered his thoughts about the origin of e-gold, how it is regulated, and his effort to fend off critics. Here are edited excerpts: In 2000, e-gold Ltd. was registered as a company in Nevis, West Indies. Do you intend to bring it back to the U.S.? I don't know. There's an element of "good fences make good neighbors." The cost of compliance can sometimes be very high in the U.S. The experience of PayPal is that they find themselves not dealing with one regulatory regime but with [multiple] regulatory regimes. How does e-gold know who its customers are? There are business reasons to know who a customer is, and then sometimes there are sort of nonsense reasons to know who a customer is. If you're trying to accept a money payment from somebody, you have to know who a customer is to accept a dollar payment from them. The nature of e-gold -- this is purposeful -- we want that finality of payment. As a result, there is nothing that the user can do that leaves e-gold on the hook. Gold & Silver Reserve Inc., e-gold's parent company, also operates OmniPay, a digital currency-exchange agent that converts national currencies into e-gold. How does it authenticate the identity of its customers? To do business with OmniPay, you have to establish a user profile. The [first step] is to make sure that someone controls the e-mail address that they're registering to the account. We send a secret to the e-mail address on file; they have to go back to the Web site and enter that secret. Also, any e-gold account that they are going to use, they have to bind to that profile. They have to send a payment from that account to OmniPay's e-gold account. Another thing that's done is a postal validation. We mail out a secret to that postal address, [then] they have to log back into the Web site and enter that secret. What's the philosophy behind e-gold? My concern...was that historically it looked like a lot of the suffering of recent centuries -- some of the scale of wars, some of the economic dislocations -- could be traced back to credit cycles, and that credit cycles could be traced back to monetary manipulation. I wanted to try to create a system that was not subject to discretion, that was rules-based and predictable. But how did you get to the point where you had researched suffering, traced it to credit cycles, and then decided to found e-gold? There were a number of threads to it. At least one thread was just an interest in investing because, as a physician, I had some excess income, although I was a pretty lousy investor. Another strong theme of it -- and this is a little bit embarrassing -- was sort of a libertarian thing. There was an article in Forbes in 1994, a sort of 50-year look back on Friedrich Hayek's book The Road to Serfdom. I had never read that book, [which condemns government meddling in the economy]. But [its] description was very compelling. [It] made reference to a bookshop in San Francisco called Laissez Faire Books. I got their catalog and started reading through the core works of the whole libertarian thing. What it comes down to is the base money issuer [governments] -- that's the place where it is inappropriate to have a bank, in my opinion. So, how does e-gold solve that problem? By having a system like e-gold, what we were shooting for was to give the general public access to an efficient remote-payment mechanism without the need to go through an obligatory financial intermediary. That's fundamentally what it is all about. What regulatory regime applies to e-gold? Are you a bank, a commodity, a financial instrument? The simple answer is: We're nothing that's defined in legislation. Truth be known, we've looked very closely to see if we might be a money-service business, a money transmitter, because those have very distinct regulatory regimes, and also financial institutions and banks do. Clearly, we're none of those things. What we are trying to sort out right now is: Do we want to voluntarily emulate one of those things? Is it an advantage not to be anything that's defined in legislation? At the end of the day, we want e-gold to be recognized as a privately issued currency and treated like a foreign currency. Just as the U.S. doesn't presume to regulate the Reserve Bank of India or Bank Negara Malaysia or the European Central Bank, we want e-gold to fall in exactly the same pigeonhole as a foreign central bank. We want the regulatory focus to be on OmniPay, because OmniPay is where money or value -- as it's defined in regulation and legislation -- comes into play. We've been making the case that OmniPay is really not a money-service business either, but we are close enough to it that it makes sense for it to observe the spirit of the Bank Secrecy Act as it has been modified by the Patriot Act. So OmniPay is not currently regulated as an exchange provider either? Correct. The definition of an exchange involves money on both sides. In every currency exchange, there are two payments -- this one goes in and that one comes out. OmniPay is specifically set up so that it never crosses from one national currency to another. There is always going to be e-gold on one side or the other. E-gold doesn't fit the existing definition of money. In fact, there is not a definition of money; there is a definition of currency. E-gold doesn't fit the definition of currency. Currency is issued by a sovereign entity. Cybercrime gangs like ShadowCrew are masters of using false identities. How can e-gold make sure that they're not using false identities? E-gold essentially doesn't need to. OmniPay has to, because it handles money. But e-gold doesn't need to, because [a customer] can come in and be Mickey Mouse. But we have his time stamps, his IP numbers, and we also know all of the other accounts he does business with. If his value is still in the e-gold, we're just itching to get the order to freeze it. Do you ever have suspicions of activity going on in e-gold accounts that may not be legal? Early on, we had that luxury. Now, generally, we wait until somebody tells us about trouble. Why doesn't e-gold police its network more vigorously, instead of relying on law enforcement to inform it of wrongdoing? Our obligation is to honor what we have described in the [e-gold] account user agreement: to maintain a 100% reserve for e-gold; to operate a system of transfers that is irreversible; we will exercise a right of association, if there is due process, we can take further action such as freezing accounts. Some of these things get into the area of legal opinion and regulatory questions, which I believe are a little bit complex. We have been in this process of dialogue and discussion with [regulators] as we try to assess what is the appropriate way to regulate e-gold vis-`-vis U.S. regulations. The 2003 National Money Laundering Strategy from the U.S. Dept. of Treasury states that an e-gold account may be opened with only an e-mail address, and that personal information does not appear to be verified. Is this accurate? Correct. As noted by the World Bank, excess zeal in [know-your-customer rules] excludes many of the world's poor from the benefits of things like international remittances. We enable the guy living in the shantytown surrounding Mexico City to bootstrap himself, yet without occasioning a risk of someone getting away with truly anonymous abuses. Is e-gold aware that cybercriminals are offering "funding" services to help others obtain e-gold? No, but when made aware, we can aid in bringing hellfire down on their heads. Edited by Patricia O'Connell -- ----------------- R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah(a)ibuc.com> The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/> 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA "... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity, [predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' --- end forwarded text -- ----------------- R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah(a)ibuc.com> The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/> 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA "... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity, [predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'

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Money Ain't What It Used To Be
by R. A. Hettinga 03 Jan '06

03 Jan '06

--- begin forwarded text Date: Tue, 3 Jan 2006 12:44:40 -0500 To: Philodox Clips List <clips(a)philodox.com> From: "R. A. Hettinga" <rah(a)shipwright.com> Subject: Money Ain't What It Used To Be <http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_02/b3966101.htm> Business Week JANUARY 9, 2006 * Editions: N. America | Europe | Asia | Edition Preference INVESTIGATIVE REPORT Money Ain't What It Used To Be However the complicated tale of e-gold Ltd. plays out, it and a few of its rivals have already reached a milestone: For the first time, stand-alone digital currencies have real customers, even if some of those customers may engage in illicit activities. That's big news, since until recently digital money has been a failure. The idea of replacing paper money -- messy and expensive -- with its electronic equivalent seemed immensely logical in the mid-1990s, as the Internet took off. "Digital money is the ultimate -- and inevitable -- medium of exchange for an increasingly wired world," intoned a June, 1995, Cover Story in BusinessWeek (MHP ) entitled "The Future of Money." Congressional hearings with the same title soon followed, and Citicorp patented a proprietary version of digital cash. "I think money is about to remake itself," former Citicorp CEO Walter B. Wriston told Wired magazine in 1996. At the time, experts feared that privately issued digital money, untraceable and not controlled by central banks, would facilitate money laundering and tax evasion. They also worried that digital money, on a big enough scale, could undermine central banks' ability to steer economies by setting monetary policy. Government officials sounded desperate to stop the threat. "We are nowhere near the issue of regulating it," Stanley E. Morris, then the director of the Treasury Dept.'s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, told BusinessWeek in 1995. "We're one step back." Well, it turned out that the regulators had plenty of time to catch up. DigiCash, the most innovative and best-publicized digital cash scheme, sought bankruptcy protection in 1998. CyberCash, a competitor, followed that route in 2001, the same year Beenz and Flooz, two rivals, closed their doors and left holders of their currencies high and dry. "Technologists thought that notes and coins would disappear," says David G.W. Birch, a director of Consult Hyperion, a British consulting firm that runs an annual conference on digital money. "But money is a very conservative technology." For the past ten years, digital cash has been a solution in search of a problem. Credit cards do just fine for most online transactions, especially since consumers have good legal protection against fraud and mistakes. By contrast, "we don't have the same kind of protection in place for the new forms of payment," says Anita Ramasastry, associate professor at the University of Washington Law School and an expert on laws governing digital money. That's why the apparent success of e-gold (and rivals like GoldMoney) in attracting customers is so striking. Besides the anonymity -- which previous digital money systems also offered -- the link with gold seems to provide enough solidity to overcome the potential dangers of putting your assets into a private currency. A gold-based banking system, which is what e-gold really is, appeals to people who fret about inflation and exchange rate fluctuations and don't trust the paper currencies central banks issue. Still, even if digital currencies survive the e-gold controversy, they will never be a serious challenger to credit and debit cards. No one's going to buy a newspaper with e-gold. The best bet for small retail purchases in the future is either a smart card, like the Octopus Card issued by Hong Kong's mass transit system, or a payment capability built right into cell phones, like the Edy system in use in Japan. These systems, tied closely to respectable institutions, don't provoke the same worries as a stand-alone private currency like e-gold. But a successful digital currency again raises the issues that regulators fretted over a decade ago, especially now that the world is far more tightly networked. The future of money is not here yet, but it may be a lot closer than you think. By Michael Mandel in New York -- ----------------- R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah(a)ibuc.com> The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/> 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA "... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity, [predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' --- end forwarded text -- ----------------- R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah(a)ibuc.com> The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/> 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA "... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity, [predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'

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Gold Rush
by R. A. Hettinga 03 Jan '06

03 Jan '06

--- begin forwarded text Date: Tue, 3 Jan 2006 12:44:38 -0500 To: Philodox Clips List <clips(a)philodox.com> From: "R. A. Hettinga" <rah(a)shipwright.com> Subject: Gold Rush <http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_02/b3966094.htm> Business Week JANUARY 9, 2006 * Editions: N. America | Europe | Asia | Edition Preference INVESTIGATIVE REPORT Gold Rush Online payment systems like e-gold Ltd. are becoming the currency of choice for cybercrooks Crime courses through the internet in ever-expanding variety. Hackers brazenly hawk stolen bank and credit-card information. Pornographers peddle pictures of little boys and girls. Money launderers make illicit cash disappear in a maze of online accounts. Diverse as they are, many of these cybercriminals have something important in common: e-gold Ltd. E-gold is a "digital currency." Opening an account at www.e-gold.com takes only a few clicks of a mouse. Customers can use a false name if they like because no one checks. With a credit card or wire transfer, a user buys units of e-gold. Those units can then be transferred with a few more clicks to anyone else with an e-gold account. For the recipient, cashing out -- changing e-gold back to regular money -- is just as convenient and often just as anonymous. E-gold appeals to "gold bugs": people who invest in the precious metal and believe money ought to be anchored to it. E-gold boasts that its digital currency is backed by a stash of gold bars stored in London and Dubai. But e-gold also appeals to savvy online crooks who want to move money quickly and without detection. American banks and conventional cash transmitters like Western Union are legally required to monitor customers and report suspicious transactions to the government. E-gold seems to go out of its way to avoid such obligations. Its operations are in Florida, but in 2000, its principals registered the company in the lightly regulated Caribbean haven of Nevis. Law enforcement officials worry that the little-known digital currency industry is becoming the money laundering machine of choice for cybercriminals. On the evening of Dec. 19, agents with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Secret Service raided the Melbourne (Fla.) office of e-gold's parent company, Gold & Silver Reserve Inc., and the nearby home of its founder, Douglas L. Jackson. Agents copied documents and computer files, but so far no charges have been brought. The Secret Service and the FBI declined to comment on the raid. Jackson has denied any wrongdoing, though the raid isn't the first indication that federal investigators view e-gold as a magnet for online misdeeds. The FBI separately is pursuing about a dozen probes in which e-gold appears as a "common denominator," a senior agent says. The potential danger goes beyond e-gold. Investigators say other digital currencies are similarly used for corrupt purposes. All told, there are at least a dozen such services worldwide, based in places like Russia and Panama. Eight of them, including e-gold, claim to be backed by actual bullion. As a group, these firms do billions of dollars a year in transactions, according to Jim Davidson, a spokesman for the Global Digital Currency Assn. in New York. E-gold and its rivals make money by charging small percentage fees on those transactions. Most of the law enforcement interest in e-gold involves alleged fraud and money laundering by its users. A tour of some outlaw corners of the Internet illustrates why. One Web site called CC-cards -- where cyberthieves sell pilfered bank account and credit-card information -- often asks for payment via e-gold. Some sites pushing child pornography have dropped Visa and MasterCard recently in favor of e-gold, according to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, which tracks underage porn. But U.S. officials have another concern: that e-gold and rival digital currencies could be used to finance terrorism. It's a notion the companies all reject. SUBPOENA CENTRAL The man behinD e-gold, Doug Jackson, is a tall, powerfully built former oncologist. A fan of the gold standard, Jackson, 49, became a pioneer in digital currency when he set out a decade ago to create what he describes as a private gold-based monetary system. He envisioned e-gold as a currency that would be accepted at Wal-Mart (WMT ) while also permitting peasants from China to Peru to offer products at stable prices. "I thought there would be this flock of e-gold users, and I would be their messiah," he says. "It just didn't happen." What did happen, according to law enforcement officials, was that a pack of felons flocked to Jackson's brainchild. Sitting in an undecorated conference room in the Melbourne office three months before the federal raid, he acknowledged that he had a "six-inch pile" of subpoenas from such agencies as the FBI, the Securities & Exchange Commission, and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service -- all seeking information about some of his more suspect customers. Investigators say Jackson may have begun his quirky business with innocent intentions. But in recent years he has turned a blind eye, the officials say, to mounting evidence that e-gold has attracted a seamy clientele. The federal raid suggests that agents are intensifying their focus on e-gold and its potential criminal liability. Jackson didn't respond to messages after the raid. But earlier, he denied vehemently that he has looked away from crime. He said he responds as quickly as possible to official inquiries. He acknowledged, though, that his staff of 15 includes only one in-house investigator who struggles to keep up with all those subpoenas. E-gold has about 1.2 million funded accounts through which transactions worth $1.5 billion were conducted in 2005, he says. As for the idea that he should systematically monitor customer identities and money flows, he argues that's not his job: "We don't validate because we're unlike any other system." Federal officials reluctantly confirm this loophole: E-gold and other digital currencies don't neatly fit the definition of financial institutions covered by existing self-monitoring rules established under the Bank Secrecy Act and USA Patriot Act. "It's not like it's regulated by someone else; it's not regulated," says Mark Rasch, senior vice-president of the Internet security firm Solutionary Inc. and former head of the Justice Dept.'s computer crime unit. The Treasury Dept.'s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is studying ways to close the regulatory gap. Meanwhile, U.S. officials say e-gold and similar companies should voluntarily do more to deter crime. Started in 1996, e-gold was part of an early wave of Internet payment systems that converted conventional money into a Web currency. Most of those pioneers soon flopped, because consumers resisted paying fees to get Web cash. Others, such as PayPal, now a unit of online auction giant eBay Inc. (EBAY ), evolved into credit-card processing services. E-gold and a handful of rivals, including one called GoldMoney, were different. Their founders believed that tying monetary exchange to a strict gold standard would achieve greater economic stability. The Internet provided a ready venue for gold bugs the same way that it offered a soapbox to adherents of every other strain of thought. Jackson, an Army veteran and a graduate of Pennsylvania State University's medical school, was practicing oncology in Melbourne in the mid-1990s when he began reading about libertarianism and monetary theory. The married father of two adopted boys began to change his thinking. He scoured the works of libertarian novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand and was impressed by economist Friedrich A. Hayek's The Road to Serfdom, an influential 1944 condemnation of government control of the economy. "It looked like a lot of the suffering of recent centuries -- some of the scale of wars, some of the economic dislocations -- could be traced back to credit cycles. And credit cycles could be traced back to monetary manipulation" by governments, Jackson says. "I was very moved by it." INTELLECTUAL CONVERSION Gold, he concluded, was the cure. The U.S. stopped tying the dollar to a fixed amount of gold in 1971. But Jackson and a friend, attorney Barry K. Downey, decided to start what amounted to their own gold-backed currency. Jackson liquidated retirement accounts and sold his medical practice to help raise an initial $900,000. A former colleague noticed him working on computer code around the clock at his stand-up doctor's desk. He often forgot to eat and lost weight. Along the way, he stopped attending church. Jackson confirms all this but stresses that he continued to provide excellent care for his patients until he bowed out of medicine completely in 1998. In a series of interviews with Jackson, his statements about e-gold swing from grandiose to resigned. "We want e-gold to be recognized as a privately issued currency and to be treated as a foreign currency" by the U.S. and other governments, he says at one point. But e-gold's offices don't conjure up images of a grand central bank. Jackson, who during one interview wore neatly pressed slacks and a yellow-striped shirt, runs his currency from a Spartan suite on the third floor of a Bank of America (BAC ) building. Online currencies are patronized by software companies and other small businesses. Jackson says that the fees he charges customers -- for converting real money to e-gold, administering accounts, and doing transfers -- generated about $2 million in revenue in 2005 for e-gold's parent company, Gold & Silver Reserve, which he also controls. The operation turns a profit, he adds, but he won't say how much. Mark Jeftovic considers himself a big fan of digital currencies -- but one now skeptical about e-gold. The founder of easyDNS Technologies Inc., an Internet domain name registrar in Toronto, he started accepting e-gold as payment in 2003. Jeftovic believes that digital currencies will minimize the harm of government-induced inflation. But in early 2005, investigators from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police visited easyDNS seeking information about cybercriminals allegedly using the registrar's services. It turned out that some of the suspects had paid Jeftovic's company via e-gold, he says. Angered by the police scrutiny, Jeftovic now plans to offer rival digital currency GoldMoney in addition to e-gold. "I like the digital currency and e-gold economy, and I want to support it," he says. "But you have to run a cleaner shop than this." The RCMP didn't respond to requests for comment. Jackson says he wasn't aware of Jeftovic's concerns or the RCMP investigation. He says that e-gold responds as quickly as possible to inquiries from law enforcement agencies and readily provides them with user names, account numbers, and transaction histories. A number of gold buffs and some law enforcement officials see GoldMoney as a reputable alternative in the digital currency field. Based in the British Channel island of Jersey, GoldMoney is run by James Turk, a precious metals trader and former Chase Manhattan banker. He says that his company requires new customers to mail in copies of identity documents and then checks the data against lists of suspected terrorists and money launderers. The accounting giant Deloitte & Touche annually audits its gold holdings and security measures. E-gold's Jackson says those steps are expensive and unnecessary. OmniPay, an affiliate of e-gold, is one of more than a dozen "digital currency exchange agents" that handle the conversion of conventional currency into e-gold. Jackson says that to authenticate users' identities, OmniPay sends them a special code via e-mail and conventional mail. But users aren't required to prove their identity, so it isn't clear what this accomplishes. Jackson says that his lone in-house investigator looks for obvious fraud, such as a customer using "China" as his only address. Some of e-gold's customers have been unsavory. Omar Dhanani used e-gold to launder money for the ShadowCrew, a cybercrime gang with 4,000 members worldwide, according to an October, 2004, affidavit by a Secret Service agent. Based in a stucco house in Fountain Valley, Calif., Dhanani used his PC to hide the money trail from the sale of thousands of stolen identities, bank accounts, and credit-card numbers, the government said. Accomplices sent him Western Union (FDC ) money orders, which, for a fee, he filtered through e-gold accounts. On Oct. 4, 2004, Dhanani, 22, who used the nickname Voleur -- French for thief -- boasted in a chat room that he moved between $40,000 and $100,000 a week. He pled guilty in November to conspiracy to commit fraud and faces up to five years in prison. "GOOD FENCES" E-gold's Jackson says the company was never contacted by the Secret Service regarding Dhanani and had no duty to sniff him out. E-gold's outside attorney, Mitchell S. Fuerst, calls statements in the Secret Service affidavit alleging that e-gold was used to facilitate illegal activity "nonsense." Fuerst argues that the responsibility for policing the identity and activities of e-gold account holders lies with the banks and other regulated institutions from which money is transferred into e-gold's system. Jackson goes further, insisting it's impossible to launder money through e-gold -- a contention that law enforcers say is contradicted by the Dhanani case and others. Jackson has made no secret of his desire to avoid U.S. government scrutiny. In 2000, he and his partner Downey registered e-gold Ltd. in Nevis, hoping the maneuver would add another layer of insulation from U.S. regulation. Jackson concedes that e-gold has existed in Nevis only as "a piece of paper." Its parent administers e-gold services from the Melbourne office; the operation's computer servers are in Orlando. Jackson says he chose the tiny island because registration there is inexpensive, and the government follows well-established British commercial law. Nevis is also known for lax financial regulation. Referring to his desire to create legal distance from U.S. officials, Jackson says: "There's an element of good fences make good neighbors." On Dec. 5, two weeks before the federal raid in Melbourne, the Nevis Financial Services Regulation & Supervision Dept. posted a notice on its Web site that e-gold had disseminated "misleading information" about its legal status. Nevis officials say that the company was removed from the island's corporate registry in July, 2003, for failure to pay the annual registration fee of $220. Jackson didn't respond to questions about this. Back in the U.S., e-gold has tried to shield itself semantically, avoiding basic banking terms such as "deposit" and "withdrawal" that could increase its risk of being categorized as a regulated financial institution. E-gold calls such transactions "in-exchange" and "out-exchange." Jackson says: "It's not a desire to be tricky. It's a desire to be accurate. It's important not to be misconstrued as a bank." Whatever its legal status, e-gold's usefulness to scam artists was colorfully illustrated by E-Biz Ventures, which allegedly portrayed itself as a Christian-influenced organization that offered investors returns as high as 100%. E-Biz' proprietor, Donald A. English of Midwest City, Okla., allegedly highlighted his reliance on e-gold to appeal to victims' fear of the federal government and their desire for anonymity. E-Biz investors opened e-gold accounts and transferred funds to accounts controlled by English. He shifted e-gold among more than 25,000 accounts, using new investors' money to pay off some older ones. The scam took in $50 million before the SEC shut it down in 2001. Investors lost $8.8 million. Later prosecuted in federal court in Oklahoma City, English pled guilty to wire fraud and last May was sentenced to five years in prison. Jackson says that when subpoenaed by the SEC in the civil part of the E-Biz case, e-gold supplied transaction data. A Jackson aide worked closely with investigators in the civil case. "They responded timely to every request for assistance," says Chris Condren, E-Biz' court-appointed receiver. Evidence of e-gold's suspect following is found on numerous Web sites. A contributor to Cannabis Edge, a site for marijuana growers, has provided advice on how to employ e-gold and two other digital currencies -- WebMoney and NetPay -- to hide illicit proceeds "beyond the reach of U.S. pigs." E-gold in particular "has strong security," is "easy to use, and is anonymous," said the writer, who used the name Bill Shakespeare. (Moscow-based WebMoney and NetPay, which is based in Panama City, Panama, both deny any wrongdoing.) In addition to its abundant offerings of stolen financial data -- with payment frequently sought via e-gold -- the site CC-cards carried a message in November from a hacker using the name HellStorm. He advertised that for a 5% fee, he would set up and fund e-gold accounts for those who are in a hurry to do business and want to shield their identity. Users of CC-cards can make donations for the upkeep of the site by clicking on a link that connects to an e-gold account. (E-mails seeking comment from CC-cards and Cannabis Edge weren't answered.) Jackson says that he wasn't aware that e-gold was being recommended or used on outlaw Web sites until he was so informed by BusinessWeek. The company has since blocked the CC-cards donation account, he says. There is little the company can do about such situations, Jackson contends, unless law enforcement brings them to e-gold's attention. Once informed, "we can set a value limit to prevent an account from receiving further payments," he says. "We can identify if there is a constellation of accounts controlled by the same miscreant." Jackson adds: "If we get an appropriate court order, we can monitor and assist in a sting that freezes value." The danger of Web sites like CC-cards that are fueled in part by e-gold became very apparent to Kimberly S. Troyer. Her identity went up for sale there last September. Among the 22 items CC-cards put on the block: her checking account number at Bank One (JPM ), driver's license number, Social Security number, birth date, and mother's maiden name. The price for all that: $30 of e-gold. Informed of the offer by BusinessWeek in December, Troyer, a 33-year-old accounting student at Davenport College in South Bend, Ind., is changing all of her identity documents. She believes she escaped without losing any money. But someone hijacked her e-Bay account and changed the address to one in China so that it could receive payments from the sale of iPods Troyer didn't own. "It makes me sick to my stomach," she says. Jackson says e-gold can't do much about such cases until he's formally alerted by the government. There is one crime, however, to which Jackson has reacted more aggressively: child pornography. In August, he attended a conference in Alexandria, Va., organized by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. The center is trying to enlist banks and credit-card companies in a crackdown on payment schemes used by child porn Web sites. "There are fewer and fewer sites with Visa -- and more and more with e-gold," says the center's chief executive, Ernest E. Allen. The center has a policy of not publicly identifying child porn sites it tracks. Jackson says he was appalled to find e-gold on the list of institutions used by the porn sites. He provided the center with instructions on how to seek e-gold records, and the group says it is pleased with e-gold's cooperation. Daniel J. Larkin, head of the FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center, says that in recent years, e-gold has hidden behind "a plausible-deniability fog." Now the fog may be lifting as the subpoenas pile up and federal agents begin to examine what they confiscated in their Dec. 19 raid. The Internal Revenue Service is separately auditing e-gold's parent, and Jackson says e-gold has voluntarily agreed to cooperate with an IRS review of its procedures for preventing money laundering. The IRS declined to comment. TERROR TOOL? Before the recent raid, Jackson said that responding to subpoenas and other government inquiries has been distracting and expensive. Although he emphasized that e-gold isn't obliged to monitor its clientele, he said that he could have paid more attention to vetting account holders were it not for the outside interruptions. He added that he plans to switch from an account-based log-in system to a user-based one to monitor customers more closely. The worst-case scenario, so far undetected by officials, would be the use of e-gold by financiers of terrorism. Experts on terrorism funding note that digital currencies resemble the money-changing system known as hawala, which Middle Eastern terrorists have used. A customer gives money to a hawala service, which then telephones a similar service in another city or country that doles out money to a designated recipient. Many hawala outfits have been shut down since September 11, making digital currencies a logical next step, says Phil Williams, a professor of international affairs at the University of Pittsburgh and consultant to the United Nations on terrorism financing. "At some point, this is going to be used" by terrorists, Williams says. Jackson scoffs at this notion. "We are not bad guys, and the e-gold system simply does not pose an undue risk for usage for terrorist purposes," he wrote in an e-mail on Jan. 20, 2005, to AUSTRAC, Australia's anti-money-laundering regulator, which was looking generally into potential terrorist use of digital currency. But e-gold attorney Fuerst said in early December that the company quickly complied with requests in 2005 from Russian law enforcement and the FBI for records connected to a would-be terrorist in Russia. This person allegedly threatened to "blow something up," Fuerst said, unless a ransom was paid into his e-gold account. The FBI and the Russian Interior Ministry declined to comment. This month's raid could signal serious trouble for e-gold. But cybercrime experts predict that if the company falters, nefarious business will simply transfer to other digital currencies, especially ones based in countries that have lax law enforcement. Amir Orad, executive vice-president of cybersecurity firm Cyota, says that putting e-gold out of business "would not stop anything." -- ----------------- R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah(a)ibuc.com> The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/> 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA "... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity, [predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire' --- end forwarded text -- ----------------- R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah(a)ibuc.com> The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/> 44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA "... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity, [predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'

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