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October 2022

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Brownshirt Schmidt stinks
by professor rat 13 Oct '22

13 Oct '22

“There is no surer sign of intellectual and moral bankruptcy than an association with the thought of Juan Garofalo, sorry, Carl Schmitt” https://libertiesjournal.com/articles/the-cult-of-carl-schmitt/ Reposts by other means

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Fwd: FOIL Request No. 2022-090560 - Larson
by Gunnar Larson 13 Oct '22

13 Oct '22

“We would like to receive any and all records, relating to NY-DFS' 2021 Apple Card Investigation. This is one part of a broader discussion we must have about equal credit access. On March 23, 2021, Ms. Linda Lacewell published NY-DFS' Findings on Apple Card and its Underwriter Goldman Sachs Bank. As the former Superintendent of NY- DFS, Ms. Lacewell's stone faced propaganda assured that Apple Card did not discriminate against women, while under Goldman Sachs management. The red flags started to appear when an authorized user drew attention to the following: A person who relies on a spouse's access to credit, and only accesses those accounts as an authorized user, may incorrectly believe they have the same credit profile as the spouse. We recently collated 61 highlights to the Report on Apple Card Investigation from March 2021: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xH16OKyuXzB-MVqIznMWDE9w8RRdmZCw/view The Apple Card investigation was to assess women's access to equitable finance. The integrity of the Apple Card investigation must be rationally considered as flawed. We would like to receive any and all records of Ms. Linda Lacewell's (emails, texts, and similar) involvement with the 2021 Apple Card report. We would like to receive any and all records to NY-DFS association to evaluating Ms. Linda Lacewell's ability to score a report specific to the Apple Card's core subject of credit access for women. Finally, we would like to receive any and all records related to NY-DFS guidance on Interlocking Directorates ( https://www.dfs.ny.gov/apps_and_licensing/banks_and_trusts/other/Permission… rlocking_Directors_and_Officers), specific to Apple's Board of Directors and Goldman Sachs' Board of Directors.” ---------- Forwarded message --------- From: JeanBaptiste, Pascale (DFS) <Pascale.JeanBaptiste(a)dfs.ny.gov> Date: Wed, Oct 12, 2022, 9:17 PM Subject: FOIL Request No. 2022-090560 - Larson To: Gunnar Larson <g(a)xny.io> Cc: Garrett, Carmen (DFS) <Carmen.Garrett(a)dfs.ny.gov> Dear Gunnar Larson: Please see the attached determination in response to your FOIL request. Thank you.

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Re: FOIL Request No. 2022-090345 - Larson
by Gunnar Larson 13 Oct '22

13 Oct '22

Good morning: We would like to appeal this decision. “We would like to receive any and all records relating to any coordination (and/or no coordination) related to the Goldman Sachs Deferred Prosecution Agreement and the PayPal Conditional Bitlicense award. May we kindly submit: October 21, 2020, PayPal Conditional BitLicnese: https://www.dfs.ny.gov/reports_and_publications/press_releases/pr202010211 October 22, 2020, Goldman Sachs Deferred Agreement: https://www.justice.gov/usao- edny/pr/goldman-sachs-resolves-foreign-bribery-case-and-agrees-pay-over-29-billion As of July 23, 2021 Goldman Sachs held $1.83B in PayPal Stock (PYPL). The New York State Common Retirement Fund held $562.71M and the New York State Teachers Retirement Fund held $369.54M. With these figures, you can xNY.io would like to assess any and all press/media (and all other) coordination on the aforesaid announcements.” There should be some records on the matter. Warm regards, Gunnar Gunnar Larson xNY.io - Bank.org 646-454-9107 On Wed, Oct 12, 2022, 9:32 PM JeanBaptiste, Pascale (DFS) < Pascale.JeanBaptiste(a)dfs.ny.gov> wrote: > Dear Gunnar Larson: > > > > Please see the attached determination in response to your FOIL request. > Thank you. > > >

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Fwd: FOIL Request No. 2022-090345 - Larson
by Gunnar Larson 13 Oct '22

13 Oct '22

“We would like to receive any and all records relating to any coordination (and/or no coordination) related to the Goldman Sachs Deferred Prosecution Agreement and the PayPal Conditional Bitlicense award. May we kindly submit: October 21, 2020, PayPal Conditional BitLicnese: https://www.dfs.ny.gov/reports_and_publications/press_releases/pr202010211 October 22, 2020, Goldman Sachs Deferred Agreement: https://www.justice.gov/usao- edny/pr/goldman-sachs-resolves-foreign-bribery-case-and-agrees-pay-over-29-billion As of July 23, 2021 Goldman Sachs held $1.83B in PayPal Stock (PYPL). The New York State Common Retirement Fund held $562.71M and the New York State Teachers Retirement Fund held $369.54M. With these figures, you can xNY.io would like to assess any and all press/media (and all other) coordination on the aforesaid announcements.” ---------- Forwarded message --------- From: JeanBaptiste, Pascale (DFS) <Pascale.JeanBaptiste(a)dfs.ny.gov> Date: Wed, Oct 12, 2022, 9:32 PM Subject: FOIL Request No. 2022-090345 - Larson To: Gunnar Larson <g(a)xny.io> Cc: Garrett, Carmen (DFS) <Carmen.Garrett(a)dfs.ny.gov> Dear Gunnar Larson: Please see the attached determination in response to your FOIL request. Thank you.

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Re: Researchers from the University of Michigan identified of 86% of live Tor "bridges" with a single scan?
by Undescribed Horrific Abuse, One Victim & Survivor of Many 12 Oct '22

12 Oct '22

what is it? i dont really do much video, mostly text. On 10/12/22, Digitalfolklore <digitalfolklore(a)protonmail.ch> wrote: > > Exodus > https://archive.org/details/SilverBulletsandFairyTails > > > > VH > > > ------- Original Message ------- > On Wednesday, October 12th, 2022 at 4:17 AM, Undescribed Horrific Abuse, One > Victim & Survivor of Many <gmkarl(a)gmail.com> wrote: > > >> 2013 >> >> Researchers from the [[University of Michigan]] developed a network >> scanner allowing identification of 86% of live Tor "bridges" with a >> single scan.<ref name="twe-zmap"/> >> >> >> <ref name="twe-zmap">{{cite >> >> web|url=http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/zmap-internet-scan-zero-day-125374|title=Zmap's >> Fast Internet Scan Tool Could Spread Zero Days In >> Minutes|last=Judge|first=Peter|date=20 August 2013|website=TechWeek >> Europe|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/201308241420… >> August 2013}}</ref> >> >> >> {{Short description|Free and open-source anonymity network based on >> onion routing}} >> {{About|the software and anonymity network|the software's >> organization|The Tor Project}} >> {{Other uses|Tor (disambiguation)}} >> {{Pp-pc1}} >> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} >> {{Multiple issues| >> {{More citations needed|date=December 2021}} >> {{Duplication|date=August 2022|dupe=#Bad apple attack}} >> {{POV|date=February 2021}} >> }} >> {{Infobox software >> | name = Tor >> | logo = [[File:Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg|150px]] >> | logo caption = [[The Tor Project]] logo >> | screenshot = [[File:Tor November 2021.png|250px]] >> | caption = The [[#Tor Browser|Tor Browser]] default homepage >> | collapsible = >> | developer = [[The Tor Project]] >> | released = {{Start date and age|2002|9|20|df=y}}<ref name="prealpha" /> >> >> | ver layout = stacked >> | discontinued = >> | programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]],<ref >> name="openhub-tor" /> [[Python programming language|Python]], [[Rust >> >> (programming language)|Rust]]<ref>{{cite web | date=2022| >> >> title=Announcing Arti, a pure-Rust Tor implementation| >> url=https://blog.torproject.org/announcing-arti}}</ref> >> >> | operating system = [[Unix-like]], ([[Android operating >> system|Android]], [[Linux]], [[BSD]], [[macOS]]), [[Microsoft >> Windows]], [[IOS]]. >> | platform = >> | size = {{Nowrap|50–55 MB}} >> >> | language = >> | genre = [[Overlay network]], [[mix network]], [[onion routing|onion >> router]], [[Anonymity application]] >> | license = [[BSD licenses#3-clause license ("BSD License 2.0", >> "Revised BSD License", "New BSD License", or "Modified BSD >> License")|BSD 3-clause license]]<ref name="LICENSE - Tor">{{cite web >> >> |title=LICENSE – Tor's source code >> |url=https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git/tree/LICENSE >> |access-date=15 May 2018 |website=tor |archive-date=5 November 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105121901/https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git/tree/LICENSE >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> | website = {{URL|torproject.org}} >> }} >> {{File sharing sidebar}} >> >> '''Tor''', short for '''The Onion Router''',<ref>{{cite >> >> web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-29987379|title=Dark net >> raids were 'overblown' by police, says Tor >> Project|last=Lee|first=Dave|work=[[BBC]]|date=10 November >> 2014|access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> is [[free and open-source software]] for >> >> enabling [[Anonymity|anonymous communication]].<ref>{{Cite >> >> journal|last=Schmucker|first=Niklas|title=Web tracking|journal=SNET2 >> Seminar Paper-Summer Term}}</ref> It directs [[Internet]] traffic >> >> through a free, worldwide, volunteer [[overlay network]], consisting >> of more than seven thousand relays,<ref name="torstatus" /> to conceal >> >> a user's location and usage from anyone performing [[Computer and >> network surveillance#Network surveillance|network surveillance]] or >> [[Traffic analysis#In computer security|traffic analysis]].<ref>{{Cite >> >> journal |last1=McCoy |first=Damon |author2=Kevin Bauer |author3=Dirk >> Grunwald |author4=Tadayoshi Kohno |author5=Douglas Sicker >> |title=Shining light in dark places: Understanding the Tor network >> |journal=International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies >> Symposium}}</ref> Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user's >> >> Internet activity. Tor's intended use is to protect the personal >> privacy of its users, as well as their freedom and ability to >> communicate confidentially through [[IP address]] anonymity using Tor >> exit nodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABOUT TOR BROWSER {{!}} Tor Project >> >> {{!}} Tor Browser Manual >> |url=https://tb-manual.torproject.org/about/#:~:text=Tor is a network >> of,out onto the public Internet. >> |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=tb-manual.torproject.org}}</ref> >> >> >> ==History== >> The core principle of Tor, [[onion routing]], was developed in the >> mid-1990s by [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]] employees, >> [[mathematician]] [[Paul Syverson]], and [[computer scientist]]s [[G. >> Mike Reed|Michael G. Reed]] and David Goldschlag, to protect [[United >> States Intelligence Community|American intelligence]] communications >> online.<ref name=bw-tor-vs /> Onion routing is implemented by means of >> >> [[encryption]] in the [[application layer]] of the [[communication >> protocol]] stack, nested like the layers of an [[onion]]. The [[alpha >> version]] of Tor, developed by Syverson and computer scientists >> [[Roger Dingledine]] and [[Nick Mathewson]] and then called The Onion >> Routing project (which was later given the acronym "Tor"), was >> launched on 20 September 2002.<ref name="tor-history">{{cite web >> >> |title=History |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/history/ >> |website=Tor Project |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref><ref >> >> name="torproject-faq" /> The first public release occurred a year >> >> later.<ref>{{Cite mailing >> >> list|mailing-list=tor-dev|last=Dingledine|first=Rogert|date=8 October >> 2003|title=Tor is free|publisher=Tor >> Project|url=https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-dev/2003-October/002… >> September 2016|archive-date=13 February >> 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213031700/https://lists.t…</ref> >> >> >> {{Anchor|Tor project}} >> In 2004, the Naval Research Laboratory released the code for Tor under >> a free license, and the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF) began >> funding Dingledine and Mathewson to continue its development.<ref >> name="tor-history" /> In 2006, Dingledine, Mathewson, and five others >> >> founded [[The Tor Project]], a [[Massachusetts]]-based [[501(c)(3)]] >> research-education [[nonprofit organization]] responsible for >> maintaining Tor. The EFF acted as The Tor Project's [[Fiscal >> sponsorship|fiscal sponsor]] in its early years, and early financial >> supporters included the U.S. [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and >> Labor]] and [[International Broadcasting Bureau]], [[Internews]], >> [[Human Rights Watch]], the [[University of Cambridge]], [[Google]], >> and Netherlands-based [[NLnet|Stichting NLnet]].<ref>{{cite >> >> web|date=2009|title=Tor Project Form 990 >> 2008|url=https://www.torproject.org/about/findoc/2008-TorProject-Form990.pd… >> June 2017|access-date=30 August 2014|website=Tor >> Project}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2010|title=Tor Project Form 990 >> >> 2009|url=https://www.torproject.org/about/findoc/2009-TorProject-Form990and… >> June 2017|access-date=30 August 2014|website=Tor Project}}</ref> >> >> [[File:Geographies of Tor.png|thumb|A [[cartogram]] illustrating Tor >> usage]] >> >> Over the course of its existence, various Tor >> [[#Weaknesses|weaknesses]] have been discovered and occasionally >> exploited. Attacks against Tor are an active area of academic >> research<ref>{{cite web|last=Goodin|first=Dan|date=22 July >> >> 2014|title=Tor developers vow to fix bug that can uncloak >> users|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2014/07/tor-developers-vow-to-fi… >> July 2017|access-date=15 June 2017|website=[[Ars >> Technica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Selected Papers in >> >> Anonymity|url=http://freehaven.net/anonbib/#2014|url-status=live|archive-ur… >> July 2018|access-date=26 October 2005|website=Free Haven}}</ref> that >> >> is welcomed by The Tor Project itself.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tor >> >> Research >> Home|url=https://research.torproject.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https… >> June 2018|access-date=31 July 2014|publisher=torproject.org}}</ref> >> >> >> == Usage == >> {{Further|Dark web}} >> {{Hidden services 2015}} >> {{Hidden services 2016}} >> >> Tor enables its users to surf the Internet, chat and send instant >> messages anonymously, and is used by a wide variety of people for both >> licit and illicit purposes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Zetter >> >> |first=Kim |date=17 May 2005 |title=Tor Torches Online Tracking >> |magazine=Wired >> |url=http://archive.wired.com/politics/security/news/2005/05/67542?currentPage=all >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=26 July 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726025108/http://archive.wired.com/politics/security/news/2005/05/67542?currentPage=all >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Tor has, for example, been used by criminal >> >> enterprises, [[hacktivism]] groups, and law enforcement agencies at >> cross purposes, sometimes simultaneously;<ref name="cso-black-market" >> /><ref name="muckrock-hunting-porn" /> likewise, agencies within the >> >> U.S. government variously fund Tor (the [[United States Department of >> State|U.S. State Department]], the National Science Foundation, and – >> through the Broadcasting Board of Governors, which itself partially >> funded Tor until October 2012 – [[Radio Free Asia]]) and seek to >> subvert it.<ref name="guardian-nsa-target" /><ref name="bw-tor-vs" /> >> >> >> Tor is not meant to completely solve the issue of anonymity on the >> web. Tor is not designed to completely erase tracking but instead to >> reduce the likelihood for sites to trace actions and data back to the >> user.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tor: Overview >> >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en |website=The >> Tor Project |access-date=29 April 2015 |archive-date=6 June 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606002957/https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> Tor is also used for illegal activities. These can include privacy >> protection or censorship circumvention,<ref name="scm-egyptians" /> as >> >> well as distribution of child abuse content, drug sales, or malware >> distribution.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Jardine |first1=Eric >> >> |last2=Lindner |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Owenson |first3=Gareth >> |date=2020-12-15 |title=The potential harms of the Tor anonymity >> network cluster disproportionately in free countries >> |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en >> |volume=117 |issue=50 |pages=31716–31721 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2011893117 >> |issn=0027-8424 |pmid=33257555 |pmc=7749358 >> |bibcode=2020PNAS..11731716J |doi-access=free }}</ref> >> >> >> Tor has been described by ''[[The Economist]]'', in relation to >> [[Bitcoin]] and [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]], as being "a >> dark corner of the web".<ref name="economist-bitcoin" /> It has been >> >> targeted by the American [[National Security Agency]] and the British >> [[GCHQ]] [[signals intelligence]] agencies, albeit with marginal >> success,<ref name="guardian-nsa-target" /> and more successfully by >> >> the British [[National Crime Agency]] in its Operation >> Notarise.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boiten |first1=Eerke >> >> |last2=Hernandez-Castro |first2=Julio |date=28 July 2014 |title=Can >> you really be identified on Tor or is that just what the cops want you >> to believe? |url=http://phys.org/news/2014-07-tor-cops.html >> |website=Phys.org |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-date=1 February >> 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201224220/https://phys.org/news/2014-07-tor-cops.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, GCHQ has been using a tool >> >> named "Shadowcat" for "end-to-end encrypted access to VPS over SSH >> using the Tor network".<ref>{{cite web |date=14 July 2014 |title=JTRIG >> >> Tools and Techniques >> |url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/document/2014/07/14/jtrig-tools-techniques/ >> |website=[[The Intercept]] |access-date=14 July 2014 |archive-date=14 >> July 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224430/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/document/2014/07/14/jtrig-tools-techniques/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 July 2012 >> >> |title=Document from an internal GCHQ wiki lists tools and techniques >> developed by the Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group >> |url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1217406-jtrigall.html#document/p4gz >> |access-date=30 July 2014 |website=documentcoud.org |archive-date=8 >> August 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040612/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1217406-jtrigall.html#document/p4gz >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Tor can be used for anonymous defamation, >> >> unauthorized [[news leak]]s of sensitive information, [[copyright >> infringement]], distribution of illegal sexual content,<ref >> name="bbr-cleaning-up" /><ref name="jones-forensics" /><ref >> >> name="gawker-kiddie-porn" /> selling [[controlled substance]]s,<ref >> >> name="gawker-any-drug" /> weapons, and stolen credit card >> >> numbers,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Joseph |date=8 January >> >> 2015 |title=How Your Teenage Son or Daughter May Be Buying Heroin >> Online |work=Forbes >> |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/josephsteinberg/2015/01/08/how-your-children-can-buy-illegal-drugs-online/ >> |access-date=6 February 2015 |archive-date=10 February 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210015157/http://www.forbes.com/sites/josephsteinberg/2015/01/08/how-your-children-can-buy-illegal-drugs-online/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> [[money laundering]],<ref >> >> name="ars-feds-narcotics" /> bank fraud,<ref>{{cite web |date=5 >> >> December 2014 |title=Treasury Dept: Tor a Big Source of Bank Fraud >> |url=http://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/12/treasury-dept-tor-a-big-source-of-bank-fraud/ >> |website=Krebs on Security |access-date=7 December 2014 >> |archive-date=3 February 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203162229/https://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/12/treasury-dept-tor-a-big-source-of-bank-fraud/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> [[credit card fraud]], [[identity theft]] >> >> and the exchange of [[counterfeit currency]];<ref>{{cite web >> >> |last=Farivar |first=Cyrus |date=3 April 2015 |title=How a $3.85 latte >> paid for with a fake $100 bill led to counterfeit kingpin's downfall >> |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/04/how-a-3-85-latte-paid-for-with-a-fake-100-bill-lead-to-counterfeit-kingpins-downfall/ >> |access-date=19 April 2015 |website=Ars Technica |archive-date=18 >> April 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418023540/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/04/how-a-3-85-latte-paid-for-with-a-fake-100-bill-lead-to-counterfeit-kingpins-downfall/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[black market]] utilizes the Tor >> >> infrastructure, at least in part, in conjunction with Bitcoin.<ref >> name="cso-black-market" /> It has also been used to brick [[Internet >> >> of things|IoT]] devices.<ref name="BrickerBot">{{cite web >> >> |last=Cimpanu |first=Catalin |date=6 April 2017 |title=New Malware >> Intentionally Bricks IoT Devices >> |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-malware-intentionally-bricks-iot-devices/ >> |website=BleepingComputer |access-date=7 April 2017 |archive-date=19 >> February 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219020834/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-malware-intentionally-bricks-iot-devices/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> In its complaint against [[Ross William Ulbricht]] of [[Silk Road >> (marketplace)|Silk Road]], the US [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] >> acknowledged that Tor has "known legitimate uses".<ref >> name="compaint-ulbricht" /><ref name="eff-silk-road" /> According to >> >> [[CNET]], Tor's anonymity function is "endorsed by the [[Electronic >> Frontier Foundation]] (EFF) and other civil liberties groups as a >> method for [[whistleblower]]s and human rights workers to communicate >> with journalists".<ref name="cnet-arrested" /> EFF's Surveillance >> >> Self-Defense guide includes a description of where Tor fits in a >> larger strategy for protecting privacy and anonymity.<ref >> name="eff-ssd-tor" /> >> >> >> In 2014, the EFF's [[Eva Galperin]] told ''[[Businessweek]]'' that >> "Tor's biggest problem is press. No one hears about that time someone >> wasn't [[stalking|stalked]] by their abuser. They hear how somebody >> got away with downloading child porn."<ref name="thecable" /> >> >> >> The Tor Project states that Tor users include "normal people" who wish >> to keep their Internet activities private from websites and >> advertisers, people concerned about cyber-spying, and users who are >> evading censorship such as activists, journalists, and military >> professionals. {{As of |2013|11|}}, Tor had about four million >> users.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dredge |first=Stuart |date=5 November >> >> 2013 |title=What is Tor? A beginner's guide to the privacy tool >> |work=[[The Guardian]] >> |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/05/tor-beginners-guide-nsa-browser >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=15 August 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815233728/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/05/tor-beginners-guide-nsa-browser >> |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the ''Wall Street Journal'', in >> >> 2012 about 14% of Tor's traffic connected from the United States, with >> people in "Internet-censoring countries" as its second-largest user >> base.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |date=17 >> >> December 2012 |title=Tor: An Anonymous, And Controversial, Way to >> Web-Surf |work=The Wall Street Journal >> |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324677204578185382377144280 >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=19 February 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219235003/http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324677204578185382377144280 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Tor is increasingly used by victims of >> >> [[domestic violence]] and the [[social worker]]s and agencies that >> assist them, even though shelter workers may or may not have had >> professional training on cyber-security matters.<ref name="Where >> Domestic Violence and Cybersecurity Intersect">{{cite web |last=Tveten >> >> |first=Julianne |date=12 April 2017 |title=Where Domestic Violence and >> Cybersecurity Intersect >> |url=https://rewire.news/article/2017/04/12/domestic-violence-cybersecurity-intersect/ >> |access-date=9 August 2017 |website=Rewire |archive-date=10 August >> 2017 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052253/https://rewire.news/article/2017/04/12/domestic-violence-cybersecurity-intersect/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Properly deployed, however, it precludes >> >> digital stalking, which has increased due to the prevalence of digital >> media in contemporary [[online]] life.<ref >> name="boston-domestic-abuse" /> Along with [[SecureDrop]], Tor is used >> >> by news organizations such as ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The New >> Yorker]]'', [[ProPublica]] and ''[[The Intercept]]'' to protect the >> privacy of whistleblowers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis |first=Justin >> >> |date=5 June 2014 |title=The Guardian introduces SecureDrop for >> document leaks |work=Nieman Journalism Lab >> |url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/06/the-guardian-introduces-securedrop-for-document-leaks/ >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=17 August 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817181552/http://www.niemanlab.org/2014/06/the-guardian-introduces-securedrop-for-document-leaks/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> In March 2015, the [[Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology]] >> released a briefing which stated that "There is widespread agreement >> that banning online anonymity systems altogether is not seen as an >> acceptable policy option in the U.K." and that "Even if it were, there >> would be technical challenges." The report further noted that Tor >> "plays only a minor role in the online viewing and distribution of >> indecent images of children" (due in part to its inherent latency); >> its usage by the [[Internet Watch Foundation]], the utility of its >> onion services for [[whistleblower]]s, and its circumvention of the >> [[Great Firewall]] of China were touted.<ref name="The Daily >> Dot">{{cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Patrick Howell |date=9 March 2015 >> >> |title=U.K. Parliament says banning Tor is unacceptable and impossible >> |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/uk-briefing-tor-child-abuse-minor-role/ >> |access-date=19 April 2015 |website=The Daily Dot |archive-date=2 >> April 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091025/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/uk-briefing-tor-child-abuse-minor-role/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> Tor's executive director, Andrew Lewman, also said in August 2014 that >> agents of the NSA and the GCHQ have anonymously provided Tor with bug >> reports.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kelion |first=Leo |date=22 August 2014 >> >> |title=NSA and GCHQ agents 'leak Tor bugs', alleges developer >> |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28886462 >> |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-date=2 February 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202041855/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-28886462 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> The Tor Project's FAQ offers supporting reasons for the EFF's >> endorsement: >> >> {{blockquote|Criminals can already do bad things. Since they're >> willing to break laws, they already have lots of options available >> that provide better privacy than Tor provides... >> >> Tor aims to provide protection for ordinary people who want to follow >> the law. Only criminals have privacy right now, and we need to fix >> that... >> >> So yes, criminals could in theory use Tor, but they already have >> better options, and it seems unlikely that taking Tor away from the >> world will stop them from doing their bad things. At the same time, >> Tor and other privacy measures can fight identity theft, physical >> crimes like stalking, and so on.|source=Tor Project FAQ<ref >> name="torproject-faq-abuse" />}} >> >> >> ==Operation== >> {{Multiple image >> | image1 = How Tor Works 2.svg >> | caption1 = [[Infographic]] about how Tor works, by >> [[Electronic Frontier Foundation|EFF]] >> }} >> >> Tor aims to conceal its users' identities and their online activity >> from surveillance and traffic analysis by separating identification >> and routing. It is an implementation of [[onion routing]], which >> encrypts and then randomly bounces communications through a network of >> relays run by volunteers around the globe. These onion routers employ >> [[encryption]] in a multi-layered manner (hence the onion metaphor) to >> ensure [[perfect forward secrecy]] between relays, thereby providing >> users with anonymity in a network location. That anonymity extends to >> the hosting of censorship-resistant content by Tor's anonymous onion >> service feature.<ref name="usenix-design" /> Furthermore, by keeping >> >> some of the entry relays (bridge relays) secret, users can evade >> [[Internet censorship]] that relies upon blocking public Tor >> relays.<ref name="torproject-bridges" /> >> >> >> Because the [[IP address]] of the sender and the recipient are not >> ''both'' in [[cleartext]] at any hop along the way, anyone >> eavesdropping at any point along the communication channel cannot >> directly identify both ends. Furthermore, to the recipient, it appears >> that the last Tor [[Node (networking)|node]] (called the exit node), >> rather than the sender, is the originator of the communication. >> >> ===Originating traffic=== >> [[File:EtherApeTorScreenShot.png|thumb|A visual depiction of the >> traffic between some Tor relay [[Node (networking)|nodes]] from the >> open-source packet sniffing program [[EtherApe]]]] >> >> A Tor user's [[SOCKS]]-aware applications can be configured to direct >> their network traffic through a Tor instance's SOCKS interface, which >> is listening on TCP port 9050 (for standalone Tor) or 9150 (for Tor >> Browser bundle) at [[localhost]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TorPCAP – Tor >> >> Network Forensics >> |url=https://www.netresec.com/?page=Blog&month=2018-12&post=TorPCAP---Tor-Network-Forensics >> |access-date=12 December 2018 |website=Netresec |date = 12 December >> 2018|archive-date=12 December 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212201750/https://www.netresec.com/?page=Blog&month=2018-12&post=TorPCAP---Tor-Network-Forensics >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Tor periodically creates virtual circuits >> >> through the Tor network through which it can >> [[multiplexing|multiplex]] and onion-route that traffic to its >> destination. Once inside a Tor network, the traffic is sent from >> router to router along the circuit, ultimately reaching an exit node >> at which point the [[cleartext]] packet is available and is forwarded >> on to its original destination. Viewed from the destination, the >> traffic appears to originate at the Tor exit node. >> >> [[File:Tor-non-exit-relay-bandwidth-usage.jpg|thumb|A Tor non-exit >> relay with a maximum output of 239.69 kbit/s]] >> >> Tor's application independence sets it apart from most other anonymity >> networks: it works at the [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) >> stream level. Applications whose traffic is commonly anonymized using >> Tor include [[Internet Relay Chat]] (IRC), [[instant messaging]], and >> [[World Wide Web]] browsing. >> >> {{Anchor|Hidden services}} >> >> ===Onion services=== >> {{See also|List of Tor onion services}} >> {{Further|Dark web}} >> >> Tor can also provide anonymity to websites and other servers. Servers >> configured to receive inbound connections only through Tor are called >> '''onion services''' (formerly, '''hidden services''').<ref>{{cite web >> >> |last=Winter |first=Philipp |title=How Do Tor Users Interact With >> Onion Services? >> |url=https://nymity.ch/onion-services/pdf/sec18-onion-services.pdf >> |access-date=27 December 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228035314/https://nymity.ch/onion-services/pdf/sec18-onion-services.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Rather than revealing a server's IP address >> >> (and thus its network location), an onion service is accessed through >> its [[.onion|onion address]], usually via the [[#Tor Browser|Tor >> Browser]]. The Tor network understands these addresses by looking up >> their corresponding [[public key]]s and ''introduction points'' from a >> [[distributed hash table]] within the network. It can route data to >> and from onion services, even those hosted behind [[firewall >> (computing)|firewalls]] or [[network address translator]]s (NAT), >> while preserving the anonymity of both parties. Tor is necessary to >> access these onion services.<ref name="torproject-conf-hidden" /> >> >> >> Onion services were first specified in 2003<ref>{{cite web >> >> |last=Mathewson |first=Nick |title=Add first draft of rendezvous point >> document >> |url=https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git/commit/?id=3d538f6d702937c23bec33b3bdd62ff9fba9d2a3 >> |access-date=23 September 2016 |website=Tor Source Code >> |archive-date=15 November 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115205018/https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor.git/commit/?id=3d538f6d702937c23bec33b3bdd62ff9fba9d2a3 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> and have been deployed on the Tor network >> >> since 2004.<ref name="or-locating" /> Other than the database that >> >> stores the onion service descriptors,<ref name="torproject-hidden" /> >> >> Tor is decentralized by design; there is no direct readable list of >> all onion services, although a number of onion services catalog >> publicly known onion addresses.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} >> >> Because onion services route their traffic entirely through the Tor >> network, connection to an onion service is encrypted end-to-end and >> not subject to eavesdropping. There are, however, security issues >> involving Tor onion services. For example, services that are reachable >> through Tor onion services ''and'' the public Internet are susceptible >> to correlation attacks and thus not perfectly hidden. Other pitfalls >> include misconfigured services (e.g. identifying information included >> by default in web server error responses), uptime and downtime >> statistics, intersection attacks, and user error.<ref >> name="torproject-hidden" /><ref name="register-embassy-passwd" /> The >> >> [[open-source software|open source]] OnionScan program, written by >> independent security researcher [[Sarah Jamie Lewis]], comprehensively >> examines onion services for numerous flaws and vulnerabilities.<ref >> name="OnionScan">{{cite web |last=Cox |first=Joseph |date=6 April 2016 >> >> |title=A Tool to Check If Your Dark Web Site Really Is Anonymous: >> 'OnionScan' will probe dark web sites for security weaknesses >> |url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/kb7bg3/onionscan-checks-if-your-dark-web-site-really-is-anonymous >> |access-date=7 July 2017 |website=Motherboard |archive-date=16 August >> 2017 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816012653/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/kb7bg3/onionscan-checks-if-your-dark-web-site-really-is-anonymous >> |url-status=live }}</ref> (Lewis has also pioneered the field of >> >> "Onion Dildonics", [[sex toy]]s which make use of Tor through the >> [[Ricochet (software)|Ricochet]] protocol)<ref name="Onion >> Dildonics">{{Cite magazine |last=Burgess |first=Matt |date=3 February >> >> 2018 |title=Smart Dildos and Vibrators Keep Getting Hacked – But Tor >> Could Be the Answer to Safer Connected Sex >> |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/sex-toy-bluetooth-hacks-security-fix >> |magazine=Wired UK |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-date=9 >> February 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182430/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/sex-toy-bluetooth-hacks-security-fix >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> Onion services can also be accessed from a standard web browser >> without [[client-side]] connection to the Tor network, using services >> like [[Tor2web]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Zetter |first=Kim |date=12 >> >> December 2008 |title=New Service Makes Tor Anonymized Content >> Available to All >> |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/12/tor-anonymized/ >> |magazine=Wired |access-date=22 February 2014 |archive-date=18 March >> 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318042302/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/12/tor-anonymized/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Popular sources of [[.onion]] links include >> >> [[Pastebin.com|Pastebin]], [[Twitter]], [[Reddit]], and other >> [[Internet forum]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koebler |first=Jason >> >> |date=23 February 2015 |title=The Closest Thing to a Map of the Dark >> Net: Pastebin |work=Motherboard >> |url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-closest-thing-to-a-map-of-the-dark-net-pastebin >> |access-date=14 July 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222205738/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/the-closest-thing-to-a-map-of-the-dark-net-pastebin >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> ===Nyx status monitor=== >> Nyx (formerly ARM) is a [[Command-line interface|command-line]] status >> monitor written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]] for >> Tor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nyx |url=https://nyx.torproject.org/ >> >> |website=nyx.torproject.org |language=en |access-date=19 June 2018 >> |archive-date=26 January 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126070143/https://nyx.torproject.org/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ubuntu Manpage: arm – >> >> Terminal Tor status monitor >> |url=http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/man1/arm.1.html >> |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-date=20 June >> 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620002955/http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/man1/arm.1.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> This functions much like [[Top >> >> (software)|top]] does for system usage, providing real time statistics >> for: >> >> * resource usage (bandwidth, CPU, and memory usage) >> * general relaying information (nickname, fingerprint, flags, >> or/dir/controlports) >> * event log with optional [[Regular expression|regex]] filtering and >> [[Data deduplication|deduplication]] >> * connections correlated against Tor's consensus data (IP address, >> connection types, relay details, etc.) >> * torrc configuration file with [[syntax highlighting]] and validation >> >> Most of Nyx's attributes are configurable through an optional >> [[configuration file]]. It runs on any platform supported by [[Curses >> (programming library)|curses]] including [[Linux]], [[macOS]], and >> other [[Unix-like]] variants. >> >> The project began in the summer of 2009,<ref name="arm introductory >> blog posting">{{cite web |title=Summer Conclusion (ARM Project) >> >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/summer-conclusion-arm-project >> |access-date=19 April 2015 |website=torproject.org |archive-date=20 >> April 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420152618/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/summer-conclusion-arm-project >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="arm interview">{{cite web >> >> |title=Interview with Damien Johnson by Brenno Winter >> |url=https://www.atagar.com/arm/resources/HFM_INT_0001.mp3 >> |url-status=dead >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004085010/https://www.atagar.com/arm/resources/HFM_INT_0001.mp3 >> |archive-date=4 October 2014 |access-date=4 June 2016 >> |website=atagar.com}}</ref> and since 18 July 2010 it has been an >> >> official part of the Tor Project. It is [[free software]], available >> under the [[GNU General Public License]].<ref name=license/> >> >> >> ==Weaknesses== >> {{Update|section|date=September 2020}} >> Like all current [[latency (engineering)|low-latency]] [[anonymity >> network]]s, Tor cannot and does not attempt to protect against >> monitoring of traffic at the boundaries of the Tor network (i.e., the >> traffic entering and exiting the network). While Tor does provide >> protection against [[traffic analysis]], it cannot prevent traffic >> confirmation (also called ''end-to-end correlation'').<ref >> name="torproject-one-cell" /><ref name="torproject-fail-both-ends" /> >> >> >> A 2009 study{{By whom|date=April 2022}} revealed that Tor and the >> alternative network system [[Java Anon Proxy|JonDonym]] (Java Anon >> Proxy, JAP) are considered more resilient to website fingerprinting >> techniques than other [[tunneling protocol]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal >> >> |last=Herrmann |first=Dominik |last2=Wendolsky |first2=Rolf >> |last3=Federrath |first3=Hannes |date=2009 |title=Website >> fingerprinting |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1655008.1655013 >> |journal=Proceedings of the 2009 ACM workshop on Cloud computing >> security - CCSW '09 |location=New York, New York, USA |publisher=ACM >> Press |doi=10.1145/1655008.1655013}}</ref> >> >> >> The reason for this is that conventional single-hop [[VPN]] protocols >> do not need to reconstruct packet data nearly as much as a multi-hop >> service like Tor or JonDonym. Website fingerprinting yielded greater >> than 90% accuracy for identifying [[HTTP]] packets on conventional VPN >> protocols versus Tor which yielded only 2.96% accuracy. However, some >> protocols like [[OpenSSH]] and [[OpenVPN]] required a large amount of >> data before HTTP packets were identified.<ref name="ccsw-attacking" /> >> >> >> Researchers from the [[University of Michigan]] developed a network >> scanner allowing identification of 86% of live Tor "bridges" with a >> single scan.<ref name="twe-zmap"/> >> >> >> ===Consensus blocking=== >> Like many decentralized systems, Tor relies on a [[consensus (computer >> science)|consensus mechanism]] to periodically update its current >> operating parameters, which for Tor are network parameters like which >> nodes are good/bad relays, exits, guards, and how much traffic each >> can handle. Tor's architecture for deciding the consensus relies on a >> small number of directory authority nodes voting on current network >> parameters. Currently, there are ten directory authority nodes, and >> their health is publicly monitored.<ref>{{cite >> >> web|url=https://consensus-health.torproject.org/ |title=Consensus >> health |publisher=Consensus-health.torproject.org |date= >> |access-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> The IP addresses of the authority >> >> nodes are [[hard coded]] into each Tor client. The authority nodes >> vote every hour to update the consensus, and clients download the most >> recent consensus on startup.<ref>{{cite web |title=Getting Started >> >> with Tor Development |author=George Tankersley |date=2017-10-04 >> |url=https://blog.gtank.cc/tor-dev-101/ |access-date=16 January 2021 >> |archive-date=22 January 2021 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001011/https://blog.gtank.cc/tor-dev-101/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web >> >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/introducing-bastet-our-new-directory-authority >> |title=Introducing Bastet, Our New Directory Authority |author=tommy >> |date=2017-11-02 |publisher=[[The Tor Project]] |access-date=16 >> January 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125230425/https://blog.torproject.org/introducing-bastet-our-new-directory-authority >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=10 years of collecting >> >> Tor directory data |author=Karsten Loesing |date=2014-05-15 >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/10-years-collecting-tor-directory-data >> |publisher=[[The Tor Project]] |access-date=16 January 2021 >> |archive-date=20 June 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620160219/https://blog.torproject.org/10-years-collecting-tor-directory-data >> |url-status=live }}</ref> A network congestion attack, such as a >> >> [[DDoS]], can prevent the consensus nodes from communicating and thus >> prevent voting to update the consensus.{{Citation needed|date=April >> 2022}} >> >> ===Eavesdropping=== >> >> ==== Autonomous system (AS) eavesdropping ==== >> If the same [[Autonomous system (Internet)|autonomous system]] (AS), >> responsible for routing packets at least partly, is present on both >> path segments from a client to entry relay and from exit relay to >> destination, such an AS can statistically correlate traffic on the >> entry and exit segments of the path (i.e. traffic confirmation) and >> potentially infer the destination with which the client communicated. >> In 2012, LASTor proposed a method to predict a set of potential ASes >> on these two segments and then avoid choosing this path during the >> path selection algorithm on the client side. In this paper, they also >> improve latency by choosing shorter geographical paths between a >> client and destination.<ref name="LASTor-2012" /> >> >> >> ==== Exit node eavesdropping ==== >> In September 2007, Dan Egerstad, a Swedish security consultant, >> revealed he had intercepted usernames and passwords for email accounts >> by operating and monitoring Tor exit nodes.<ref >> name="wired-rogue-nodes" /> As Tor cannot encrypt the traffic between >> >> an exit node and the target server, any exit node is in a position to >> capture traffic passing through it that does not use [[end-to-end >> encryption]] such as [[Secure Sockets Layer]] (SSL) or [[Transport >> Layer Security]] (TLS). While this may not inherently breach the >> anonymity of the source, traffic intercepted in this way by malicious >> Tor exit nodes operators can expose information about the source in >> either or both of payload and protocol data.<ref name="sf-tor-hack" /> >> >> Furthermore, Egerstad is circumspect about the possible subversion of >> Tor by intelligence agencies:<ref name="smh-hack-of-year" /> >> >> >> {{blockquote|If you actually look into where these Tor nodes are >> hosted and how big they are, some of these nodes cost thousands of >> dollars each month just to host because they're using lots of >> bandwidth, they're heavy-duty servers and so on. Who would pay for >> this and be anonymous?}} >> >> In October 2019, a Tor researcher revealed that since at least 2017, >> there were hundreds of highly suspicious entry, relay, and exit nodes, >> run by an unknown group, in an unprecedented scale.<ref >> name=":2">{{cite web|title=Someone Is Running Hundreds of Malicious >> >> Servers on the Tor Network and Might Be De-Anonymizing Users >> |url=https://gizmodo.com/someone-is-running-hundreds-of-malicious-servers-on-the-1848156630 >> |access-date=2021-12-05|website=Gizmodo |date=3 December 2021 >> |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite >> >> web|date=2021-12-03|title=A mysterious threat actor is running >> hundreds of malicious Tor relays >> |url=https://therecord.media/a-mysterious-threat-actor-is-running-hundreds-of-malicious-tor-relays/ >> |access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Record by Recorded >> Future|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-05-10|title=Over >> >> 25% Of Tor Exit Relays Spied On Users' Dark Web Activities >> |url=https://thehackernews.com/2021/05/over-25-of-tor-exit-relays-are-spying.html >> |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=The Hacker News |language=en}}</ref> >> >> It was alleged that this number of servers could pose the risk of a >> [[sybil attack]] as it could map Tor users' routes inside the network, >> increasing risk of deanonymization.<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Paganini >> >> | first1 = Pierluigi | date = 2021-12-03 | title = KAX17 threat actor >> is attempting to deanonymize Tor users running thousands of rogue >> relays | url = >> https://cybersecurityworldconference.com/2021/12/03/kax17-threat-actor-is-a… >> | publisher = cybersecurityworldconference.com | archiveurl = >> https://web.archive.org/web/20210623001008/https://cybersecurityworldconfer… >> | archivedate = 2021-06-23 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=":2" >> >> /><ref name=":3" /> At some point there were about 900 nodes running >> >> and by November 2021 about 600 of them were purged.<ref>{{cite web >> >> |last=Koppen |first=Georg |date=9 November 2021|title=[tor-relays] >> Recent rejection of relays >> |url=https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-relays/2021-November/019980.html >> |access-date=2021-12-05}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> >> >> Although described as being a deanonymization attempt, the motives and >> the achievements of this possibly on-going event are still >> unknown.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> >> >> >> ==== Internal communication attack ==== >> In October 2011, a research team from [[ESIEA (university)|ESIEA]] >> claimed to have discovered a way to compromise the Tor network by >> decrypting communication passing over it.<ref name="thn-compromised" >> /><ref name="01-chercheurs" /> The technique they describe requires >> >> creating a map of Tor network nodes, controlling one-third of them, >> and then acquiring their encryption [[Key (cryptography)|keys]] and >> algorithm [[Random seed|seeds]]. Then, using these known keys and >> seeds, they claim the ability to decrypt two encryption layers out of >> three. They claim to break the third key by a statistical attack. In >> order to redirect Tor traffic to the nodes they controlled, they used >> a [[denial-of-service]] attack. A response to this claim has been >> published on the official Tor Blog stating these rumors of Tor's >> compromise are greatly exaggerated.<ref >> name="torproject-rumors-exaggerated" /> >> >> >> ===Traffic-analysis attack=== >> There are two methods of traffic-analysis attack, passive and active. >> In the passive traffic-analysis method, the attacker extracts features >> from the traffic of a specific flow on one side of the network and >> looks for those features on the other side of the network. In the >> active traffic-analysis method, the attacker alters the timings of the >> packets of a flow according to a specific pattern and looks for that >> pattern on the other side of the network; therefore, the attacker can >> link the flows in one side to the other side of the network and break >> the anonymity of it.{{Failed verification | date = August 2022 | >> reason = The reference doesn't generally talk about active and passive >> analysis. It suggests 2 active analyses that match this description, >> but didn't say this is the only way active analysis can be done like >> this sentence does. It's questionable that this description is >> comprehensively right; see relay early traffic confirmation which is >> an active analysis.}}<ref name=":0">{{cite conference | last1=Soltani >> >> | first1=Ramin | last2=Goeckel | first2=Dennis | last3=Towsley | >> first3=Don | last4=Houmansadr | first4=Amir | title=2017 51st Asilomar >> Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers | chapter=Towards >> provably invisible network flow fingerprints | publisher=IEEE | date = >> 2017-11-27 | isbn = 978-1-5386-1823-3 | pages = 258–262 | arxiv = >> 1711.10079 | doi = 10.1109/ACSSC.2017.8335179 | s2cid = 4943955 | >> chapter-url = https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.10079.pdf | archiveurl = >> https://web.archive.org/web/20220505002059/https://arxiv.org/pdf/1711.10079… >> | archivedate = 2022-05-05 | url-status = live}}</ref> It is shown >> >> that, although timing noise is added to the packets, there are active >> traffic analysis methods that are robust against such a noise.{{Verify >> source | date = August 2022}}<ref name=":0" /> >> >> >> [[Steven Murdoch]] and George Danezis from [[University of Cambridge]] >> presented an article at the 2005 [[Institute of Electrical and >> Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] [[Symposium]] on security and privacy on >> traffic-analysis techniques that allow adversaries with only a partial >> view of the network to infer which nodes are being used to relay the >> anonymous streams.<ref name="ieee-low-cost" /> These techniques >> >> greatly reduce the anonymity provided by Tor. Murdoch and Danezis have >> also shown that otherwise unrelated streams can be linked back to the >> same initiator. This attack, however, fails to reveal the identity of >> the original user.<ref name="ieee-low-cost" /> Murdoch has been >> >> working with and has been funded by Tor since 2006.{{Citation >> needed|date=April 2022}} >> >> ===Tor exit node block=== >> Operators of Internet sites have the ability to prevent traffic from >> Tor exit nodes or to offer reduced functionality for Tor users. For >> example, it is not generally possible to edit [[Wikipedia]] when using >> Tor or when using an IP address also used by a Tor exit node. The >> [[BBC]] blocks the IP addresses of all known Tor exit nodes from its >> [[iPlayer]] service, although non-exit relays and bridges are not >> blocked.<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC iPlayer Help – Why does BBC iPlayer >> >> think I'm outside the UK? >> |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/help/troubleshooting/tv-games-consoles/in_the_uk_message >> |url-status=dead >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228212137/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/help/troubleshooting/tv-games-consoles/in_the_uk_message >> |archive-date=28 December 2017 |access-date=10 September 2017 >> |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> >> >> >> ===Bad apple attack=== >> In March 2011, researchers with the Rocquencourt [[French Institute >> for Research in Computer Science and Automation]] (''Institut national >> de recherche en informatique et en automatique'', INRIA), documented >> an attack that is capable of revealing the IP addresses of >> [[BitTorrent]] users on the Tor network. The "bad apple attack" >> exploits Tor's design and takes advantage of insecure application used >> to associate the simultaneous use of a secure application with the IP >> address of the Tor user in question. One method of attack depends on >> control of an exit node or hijacking tracker responses, while a >> secondary attack method is based in part on the statistical >> exploitation of [[distributed hash table]] tracking.<ref >> name="usenix-bad-apple" /> According to the study:<ref >> >> name="usenix-bad-apple" /> >> >> >> The results presented in the bad apple attack research paper are based >> on an attack launched against the Tor network by the authors of the >> study. The attack targeted six exit nodes, lasted for twenty-three >> days, and revealed a total of 10,000 IP addresses of active Tor users. >> This study is significant because it is the first documented attack >> designed to target [[Peer-to-peer|P2P]] file-sharing applications on >> Tor.<ref name="usenix-bad-apple" /> BitTorrent may generate as much as >> >> 40% of all traffic on Tor.<ref name="shining-light" /> Furthermore, >> >> the bad apple attack is effective against insecure use of any >> application over Tor, not just BitTorrent.<ref name="usenix-bad-apple" >> /> >> >> >> ===Some protocols exposing IP addresses=== >> {{Duplication|date=August 2022|section=yes|dupe=#Bad apple attack}} >> Researchers from the [[French Institute for Research in Computer >> Science and Automation]] (INRIA) showed that the Tor dissimulation >> technique in [[BitTorrent]] can be bypassed by attackers controlling a >> Tor exit node. The study was conducted by monitoring six exit nodes >> for a period of twenty-three days. Researches used three [[attack >> vector]]s:<ref name="manils-compromising" /> >> >> ;Inspection of BitTorrent control messages: Tracker announces and >> extension protocol handshakes may optionally contain a client [[IP >> address]]. Analysis of collected data revealed that 35% and 33% of >> messages, respectively, contained addresses of clients.<ref >> name="manils-compromising" />{{rp|3}} >> >> ;Hijacking trackers' responses: Due to lack of encryption or >> authentication in communication between the tracker and peer, typical >> [[man-in-the-middle attack]]s allow attackers to determine peer IP >> addresses and even verify the distribution of content. Such attacks >> work when Tor is used only for tracker communication.<ref >> name="manils-compromising" />{{rp|4}} >> >> ;Exploiting distributed hash tables (DHT): This attack exploits the >> fact that [[distributed hash table]] (DHT) connections through Tor are >> impossible, so an attacker is able to reveal a target's IP address by >> looking it up in the DHT even if the target uses Tor to connect to >> other peers.<ref name="manils-compromising" />{{rp|4–5}} >> >> >> With these techniques, researchers were able to identify other streams >> initiated by users, whose IP addresses were revealed.<ref >> name="manils-compromising" /> >> >> >> ===Sniper attack=== >> Jansen ''et al.''., describes a [[DDoS]] attack targeted at the Tor >> node software, as well as defenses against that attack and its >> variants. The attack works using a colluding client and server, and >> filling the queues of the exit node until the node runs out of memory, >> and hence can serve no other (genuine) clients. By attacking a >> significant proportion of the exit nodes this way, an attacker can >> degrade the network and increase the chance of targets using nodes >> controlled by the attacker.<ref name="andssy-sniper" /> >> >> >> ===Heartbleed bug=== >> The [[Heartbleed]] [[OpenSSL]] [[Software bug|bug]] disrupted the Tor >> network for several days in April 2014 while [[private key]]s were >> renewed. The Tor Project recommended Tor relay operators and onion >> service operators revoke and generate fresh keys after patching >> OpenSSL, but noted Tor relays use two sets of keys and Tor's multi-hop >> design minimizes the impact of exploiting a single relay.<ref >> name="torproject-openssl-cve" /> Five hundred eighty-six relays later >> >> found to be susceptible to the Heartbleed bug were taken offline as a >> precautionary measure.<ref name="ml-rejecting" /><ref >> >> name="torproject-news-20140416" /><ref name="ars-ranks-cut" /><ref >> >> name="tp-blacklisting" /> >> >> >> {{Anchor |Relay early attack}} >> >> >> === Relay early traffic confirmation attack === >> {{Further|CERT Coordination Center#Operation Onymous |Operation >> Onymous#Tor 0-day exploit}} >> {{POV section|date=February 2021}} >> >> On 30 July 2014, the Tor Project issued the security advisory "relay >> early traffic confirmation attack" in which the project discovered a >> group of relays that tried to de-anonymize onion service users and >> operators.<ref>{{harvp | Dingledine |2014}} "On July 4, 2014 we found >> >> a group of relays that we assume were trying to deanonymize users. >> They appear to have been targeting people who operate or access Tor >> hidden services."</ref> In summary, the attacking onion service >> >> directory node changed the headers of cells being relayed tagging them >> as "relay" or "relay early" cells differently to encode additional >> information and sent them back to the requesting user/operator. If the >> user's/operator's guard/entry node was also part of the attacking >> relays, the attacking relays might be able to capture the IP address >> of the user/operator along with the onion service information that the >> user/operator was requesting. The attacking relays were stable enough >> to be designated as "suitable as hidden service directory" and >> "suitable as entry guard"; therefore, both the onion service users and >> the onion services might have used those relays as guards and hidden >> service directory nodes.<ref name="relay-early-attack">{{cite web >> >> |last=Dingledine |first=Roger |date=30 July 2014 |title=Tor security >> advisory: "relay early" traffic confirmation attack >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/tor-security-advisory-relay-early-traffic-confirmation-attack >> |publisher=The Tor Project |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=24 >> May 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524031037/https://blog.torproject.org/tor-security-advisory-relay-early-traffic-confirmation-attack >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> The attacking nodes joined the network early in the year on 30 January >> and the project removed them on 4 July.<ref name=relay-early-attack /> >> >> Although the attack's beginning is unclear, the project implied that >> between February and July, IP addresses of onion service users and >> operators might have been exposed.<ref>{{harvp | Dingledine |2014}} >> >> "...we assume were trying to deanonymize users. They appear to have >> been targeting people who operate or access Tor hidden services... >> users who operated or accessed hidden services from early February >> through July 4 should assume they were affected... We know the attack >> looked for users who fetched hidden service descriptors... The attack >> probably also tried to learn who published hidden service descriptors, >> which would allow the attackers to learn the location of that hidden >> service... Hidden service operators should consider changing the >> location of their hidden service."</ref> >> >> >> The project mentioned the following mitigations besides removing the >> attacking relays from the network: >> >> * patched relay software to prevent relays from relaying cells with >> "relay early" headers that were not intended.<ref>{{harvp | Dingledine >> >> |2014}} "Relays should upgrade to a recent Tor release (0.2.4.23 or >> 0.2.5.6-alpha), to close the particular protocol vulnerability the >> attackers used..."</ref> >> >> * planned update for users' proxy software so that they could inspect >> if they received "relay early" cells from the relays (as they are not >> supposed to),<ref>{{harvp | Dingledine |2014}} "For expert users, the >> >> new Tor version warns you in your logs if a relay on your path injects >> any relay-early cells: look for the phrase 'Received an inbound >> RELAY_EARLY cell'"</ref> along with the settings to connect to just >> >> one guard node instead of selecting randomly from 3 to reduce the >> probability of connecting to an attacking relay<ref>{{harvp | >> >> Dingledine |2014}} "Clients that upgrade (once new Tor Browser >> releases are ready) will take another step towards limiting the number >> of entry guards that are in a position to see their traffic, thus >> reducing the damage from future attacks like this one... 3) Put out a >> software update that will (once enough clients have upgraded) let us >> tell clients to move to using one entry guard rather than three, to >> reduce exposure to relays over time."</ref> >> >> * recommended that onion services should consider changing their >> locations<ref>{{harvp | Dingledine |2014}} "Hidden service operators >> >> should consider changing the location of their hidden service."</ref> >> >> * reminded users and onion service operators that Tor could not >> prevent de-anonymization if the attacker controlled or could listen to >> both ends of the Tor circuit, like in this attack.<ref>{{harvp | >> >> Dingledine |2014}} "...but remember that preventing traffic >> confirmation in general remains an open research problem."</ref> >> >> >> In November 2014 there was speculation in the aftermath of [[Operation >> Onymous]], resulting in 17 arrests internationally, that a Tor >> weakness had been exploited. A representative of [[Europol]] was >> secretive about the method used, saying: "''This is something we want >> to keep for ourselves. The way we do this, we can't share with the >> whole world, because we want to do it again and again and >> again.''"<ref name="Wired-2014-11-07">{{Cite magazine |last=Greenberg >> >> |first=Andy |date=7 November 2014 |title=Global Web Crackdown Arrests >> 17, Seizes Hundreds Of Dark Net Domains >> |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/11/operation-onymous-dark-web-arrests >> |magazine=Wired |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=9 August 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809113102/http://www.wired.com/2014/11/operation-onymous-dark-web-arrests/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> A [[BBC]] source cited a "technical breakthrough"<ref >> name="BBC-2014-11-07">{{Cite news |last=Wakefield |first=Jane |date=7 >> >> November 2014 |title=Huge raid to shut down 400-plus dark net sites – >> |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29950946 >> |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-date=21 August 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821232538/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29950946 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> that allowed tracking physical locations of servers, and the initial >> number of infiltrated sites led to the exploit speculation. Andrew >> Lewman—a Tor Project representative—downplayed this possibility, >> suggesting that execution of more traditional police work was more >> likely.<ref name="crisis">{{cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Patrick >> >> Howell |date=7 November 2014 |title=The truth behind Tor's confidence >> crisis |website=[[The Daily Dot]] >> |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/tor-crisis-of-confidence/ >> |access-date=10 November 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110122301/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/tor-crisis-of-confidence/ >> |archive-date=10 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite >> >> web |last=Knight |first=Shawn |date=7 November 2014 |title=Operation >> Onymous seizes hundreds of darknet sites, 17 arrested globally >> |url=http://www.techspot.com/news/58751-operation-onymous-seizes-hundreds-darknet-sites-17-arrested.html >> |access-date=8 November 2014 |website=Techspot |archive-date=8 >> November 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108205443/http://www.techspot.com/news/58751-operation-onymous-seizes-hundreds-darknet-sites-17-arrested.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> In November 2015 court documents on the matter<ref >> name="Motherboard2015">{{cite web |date=11 November 2015 |title=Court >> >> Docs Show a University Helped FBI Bust Silk Road 2, Child Porn >> Suspects >> |url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/court-docs-show-a-university-helped-fbi-bust-silk-road-2-child-porn-suspects >> |access-date=20 November 2015 |website=Motherboard |archive-date=21 >> November 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121155246/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/court-docs-show-a-university-helped-fbi-bust-silk-road-2-child-porn-suspects >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> addressed concerns about security research ethics<ref >> name="tor-blog-FBI">{{cite web |date=11 November 2015 |title=Did the >> >> FBI Pay a University to Attack Tor Users? >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/did-fbi-pay-university-attack-tor-users >> |access-date=20 November 2015 |website=torproject.org |archive-date=18 >> November 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118131446/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/did-fbi-pay-university-attack-tor-users >> |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2021}} >> >> and the right of not being unreasonably searched as guaranteed by the >> US [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth >> Amendment]].<ref name="net-security-2015">{{cite web |last=Zorz >> >> |first=Zeljka |date=12 November 2015 |title=Tor Project claims FBI >> paid university researchers $1m to unmask Tor users >> |url=http://www.net-security.org/secworld.php?id=19097 |access-date=20 >> November 2015 |website=Help Net Security |archive-date=17 November >> 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020533/http://www.net-security.org/secworld.php?id=19097 >> |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2021}} >> >> Moreover, the documents, along with expert >> opinions,{{Who|date=February 2021}} may also show the connection >> between the network attack and the law enforcement operation >> including: >> >> * the search warrant for an administrator of Silkroad 2.0 indicated >> that from January 2014 until July, the FBI received information from a >> "university-based research institute" with the information being >> "reliable IP addresses for Tor and onion services such as SR2" that >> led to the identification of "at least another seventeen black markets >> on Tor" and "approximately 78 IP addresses that accessed a vendor >> [[.onion]] address." One of these IP addresses led to the arrest of >> the administrator<ref name=Motherboard2015 /> >> >> * the chronology and nature of the attack fitted well with the >> operation<ref name=Motherboard2015 /> >> >> * a senior researcher of [[International Computer Science Institute]], >> part of [[University of California, Berkeley]], said in an interview >> that the institute which worked with the FBI was "almost certainly" >> [[Carnegie Mellon University]] (CMU),<ref name=Motherboard2015 /> and >> >> this concurred with the Tor Project's assessment<ref name=tor-blog-FBI >> /> and with an earlier analysis of [[Edward Felten]], a computer >> >> security professor at [[Princeton University]], about researchers from >> CMU's [[CERT/CC]] being involved<ref name="Felton2014">{{cite web >> >> |last=Felten|first= Ed|date=31 July 2014 |title=Why were CERT >> researchers attacking Tor? |publisher=Freedom to Tinker, Center for >> Information Technology Policy, Princeton University >> |url=https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/felten/why-were-cert-researchers-attacking-tor/ >> |access-date=9 July 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905235550/https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/felten/why-were-cert-researchers-attacking-tor/ >> |archive-date=5 September 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> In his analysis published on 31 July, besides raising ethical issues, >> Felten also questioned the fulfillment of CERT/CC's purposes which >> were to prevent attacks, inform the implementers of vulnerabilities, >> and eventually inform the public. Because in this case, CERT/CC's >> staff did the opposite which was to carry out a large-scale >> long-lasting attack, withhold vulnerability information from the >> implementers, and withhold the same information from the public.<ref >> name=Felton2014 />{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2021}} CERT/CC is >> >> a non-profit, computer security research organization [[Government >> spending|publicly funded]] through the [[US federal >> government]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}<ref>{{Cite >> >> journal|last=Madnick |first=Stuart |author2=Xitong Li |author3=Nazli >> Choucri|date=2009|title=Experiences and challenges with using CERT >> data to analyze international cyber security|journal=MIT Sloan >> Research Paper}}</ref> >> >> >> ===Mouse fingerprinting=== >> In March 2016, a security researcher based in [[Barcelona]] >> demonstrated laboratory techniques using time measurement via >> [[JavaScript]] at the 1-[[millisecond]] level<ref name="Researcher >> finds new methods of deanonymizing Tor users">{{cite web |last=Cimpanu >> >> |first=Catalin |date=10 March 2016 |title=Tor Users Can Be Tracked >> Based on Their Mouse Movements >> |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/tor-users-can-be-tracked-based-on-their-mouse-movements-501602.shtml >> |access-date=11 March 2016 |website=Softpedia |archive-date=11 March >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311122218/http://news.softpedia.com/news/tor-users-can-be-tracked-based-on-their-mouse-movements-501602.shtml >> |url-status=live }}</ref> which could potentially identify and >> >> correlate a user's unique [[computer mouse|mouse]] movements, provided >> the user has visited the same "fingerprinting" website with both the >> Tor browser and a regular browser.{{citation needed|date=November >> 2020}} This [[proof of concept]] exploits the "time measurement via >> JavaScript" issue, which had been an open ticket on the Tor Project >> for ten months.<ref name="Open Ticket for Ten Months">{{cite web >> >> |last=Anonymous |date=10 March 2016 |title=Tor Users Can Be Tracked >> Based On Their Mouse Movements >> |url=http://news.slashdot.org/story/16/03/11/0045203/tor-users-can-be-tracked-based-on-their-mouse-movements >> |access-date=11 March 2016 |website=Slashdot |archive-date=12 March >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312071945/http://news.slashdot.org/story/16/03/11/0045203/tor-users-can-be-tracked-based-on-their-mouse-movements >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> ===Circuit fingerprinting attack=== >> In 2015, the administrators of [[Agora (online marketplace)|Agora]], a >> [[darknet market]], announced they were taking the site offline in >> response to a recently discovered security vulnerability in Tor. They >> did not say what the vulnerability was, but Wired speculated it was >> the "Circuit Fingerprinting Attack" presented at the Usenix security >> conference.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |date=26 >> >> August 2015 |title=Agora, the Dark Web's Biggest Drug Market, Is Going >> Offline >> |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/08/agora-dark-webs-biggest-drug-market-going-offline/ >> |magazine=Wired |access-date=13 September 2016 |archive-date=15 August >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815105345/https://www.wired.com/2015/08/agora-dark-webs-biggest-drug-market-going-offline/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Albert Kwon >> >> |author2=Mashael AlSabah |author3=David Lazar |author4=Marc Dacier >> |author5=Srinivas Devadas |date=August 2015 |title=Circuit >> Fingerprinting Attacks: Passive Deanonymization of Tor Hidden Services >> |url=https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity15/sec15-paper-kwon.pdf >> |access-date=14 July 2016 |archive-date=9 April 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409103456/https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity15/sec15-paper-kwon.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> ===Volume information=== >> A study showed "anonymization solutions protect only partially against >> target selection that may lead to efficient surveillance" as they >> typically "do not hide the volume information necessary to do target >> selection".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economics of Mass Surveillance >> >> and the Questionable Value of Anonymous Communications >> |url=http://www.econinfosec.org/archive/weis2006/docs/36.pdf|first1=George|last1=Danezis1|first2=Bettina|last2=Wittneben|via=ecoinfosec.org|access-date=27 >> April 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025002654/http://www.econinfosec.org/archive/weis2006/docs/36.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> ==Implementations== >> {{See also|The Tor Project#Tools|Guardian Project (software)#Projects}} >> The main implementation of Tor is written primarily in [[C >> (programming language)|C]]<ref name="tor-gitlab-repoanalytics" /> >> >> >> === Tor Browser === >>  >> >> {{Infobox software >> | name = Tor Browser >> | screenshot = File:Tor-9.png >> | caption = Tor Browser on [[Ubuntu]] showing its start page – about:tor >> | developer = Tor Project >> | ver layout = stacked >> | latest release version = {{Multiple releases >> |branch1=Android >> |version1={{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q94|P548=Q2804309}} >> |date1={{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q94|P548=Q2804309|P577}} >> |branch2=Linux >> |version2={{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q388|P548=Q2804309}} >> |date2={{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q388|P548=Q2804309|P577}} >> |branch3=macOS >> |version3={{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q14116|P548=Q2804309}} >> |date3={{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q14116|P548=Q2804309|P577}} >> |branch4=Windows >> |version4={{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q1406|P548=Q2804309}} >> |date4={{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q1406|P548=Q2804309|P577}} >> }} >> | latest preview version = {{Multiple releases >> |branch1=Android >> |version1={{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q94|P548=Q51930650}} >> |date1={{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q94|P548=Q51930650|P577}} >> |branch2=Linux >> |version2={{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q388|P548=Q51930650}} >> |date2={{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q388|P548=Q51930650|P577}} >> |branch3=macOS >> |version3={{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q14116|P548=Q51930650}} >> |date3={{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q14116|P548=Q51930650|P577}} >> |branch4=Windows >> |version4={{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q1406|P548=Q51930650}} >> |date4={{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q15397253|P348|P400=Q1406|P548=Q51930650|P577}} >> }} >> | repo = {{URL|https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-browser.git/}} >> | engine = [[Gecko (software)|Gecko]] >> | operating system = {{flatlist| >> * [[Windows XP]] and later >> * [[Unix-like]] (inc. [[macOS]]) >> * [[Android (operating system)|Android]]}} >> | size = {{Nowrap|65–90 MB}} >> | language = 36 languages<ref>{{cite >> >> web|url=https://www.torproject.org/download/languages/|title=Download >> Tor Browser in your language|publisher=[[The Tor Project, >> Inc.]]|access-date=7 July 2021}}</ref> >> >> | genre = [[Onion routing]], [[anonymity]], [[web browser]], [[feed >> reader]] >> | license = [[Mozilla Public License]]<ref name="license">{{cite >> >> web|title=Tor Project: FAQ >> |url=https://torproject.org/docs/faq.html.en |website=torproject.org >> |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324153623/https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq.html.en >> |url-status=live}}</ref> >> >> | website = {{URL|torproject.org}} >> }} >> >> [[File:Tor Browser icon.svg|90px|thumb|Tor Browser-Logo|left]] >> >> The Tor Browser<ref name="tbb">{{cite web |date=23 June 2014 >> >> |title=Tor Browser Bundle >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/projects/torbrowser.html.en >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623203436/https://www.torproject.org/projects/torbrowser.html.en >> |archive-date=23 June 2014 |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=Tor >> Project}}</ref> is the flagship product of the Tor Project. It was >> >> created as the Tor Browser Bundle by [[Steven J. Murdoch]]<ref >> name="torproject-corepeople" /> and announced in January 2008.<ref >> >> name="tbbannounce">{{Cite mailing list |last=Murdoch |first=Steven J. >> >> |author-link=Steven J. Murdoch |date=30 January 2008 |title=New Tor >> distribution for testing: Tor Browser Bundle |mailing-list=tor-talk >> |url=https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2008-January/007837.html >> |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=5 March 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305015731/https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-talk/2008-January/007837.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> The Tor Browser consists of a modified >> >> Mozilla [[Firefox]] ESR web browser, the TorButton, TorLauncher, >> [[NoScript]] and the Tor proxy.<ref name="tbb-design-document" /><ref >> >> name="wu8-ubuntu-ppa" /> Users can run the Tor Browser from >> >> [[removable media]]. It can operate under [[Microsoft Windows]], >> [[macOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[Linux]].<ref >> name="lj-portable" /> >> >> >> The default [[search engine]] is [[DuckDuckGo]] (until version 4.5, >> [[Startpage.com]] was its default). The Tor Browser automatically >> starts Tor background processes and routes traffic through the Tor >> network. Upon termination of a session the browser deletes >> privacy-sensitive data such as HTTP cookies and the browsing >> history.<ref name="wu8-ubuntu-ppa" /> This is effective in reducing >> >> [[web tracking]] and [[canvas fingerprinting]], and it also helps to >> prevent creation of a [[filter bubble]].{{citation needed|date=April >> 2022}} >> >> To allow download from places where accessing the Tor Project URL may >> be risky or blocked, a [[GitHub]] repository is maintained with links >> for releases hosted in other domains.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 >> >> September 2020 |title=This repository contains TorBrowser Releases. >> |website=[[GitHub]] >> |url=https://github.com/TheTorProject/gettorbrowser |access-date=23 >> September 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923155534/https://github.com/TheTorProject/gettorbrowser >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> {{Anchor|EgotisticalGiraffe}} >> >> ==== Firefox/Tor browser attack ==== >> In 2011, the [[Law enforcement in the Netherlands|Dutch authority]] >> investigating [[child pornography]] discovered the IP address of a Tor >> onion service site called "Pedoboard" from an unprotected >> administrator's account and gave it to the [[FBI]], who traced it to >> Aaron McGrath. After a year of surveillance, the FBI launched >> "[[Operation Torpedo]]" which resulted in McGrath's arrest and allowed >> them to install their [[Network Investigative Technique]] (NIT) >> malware on the servers for retrieving information from the users of >> the three onion service sites that McGrath controlled.<ref>{{Cite >> >> magazine |last=Poulsen |first=Kevin |date=8 May 2014 |title=Visit the >> Wrong Website, and the FBI Could End Up in Your Computer >> |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/08/operation_torpedo/ >> |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=12 March 2017 >> |archive-date=11 January 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111024650/https://www.wired.com/2014/08/operation_torpedo/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> The technique, exploiting a Firefox/Tor >> >> browser's vulnerability that had been patched and targeting users that >> had not updated, had a [[Adobe Flash|Flash]] application pinging a >> user's IP address directly back to an FBI server,<ref>{{cite web >> >> |date=16 July 2015 |title=Feds bust through huge Tor-hidden child porn >> site using questionable malware >> |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/07/feds-bust-through-huge-tor-hidden-child-porn-site-using-questionable-malware/ >> |website=Ars Technica |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=24 March >> 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324213851/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/07/feds-bust-through-huge-tor-hidden-child-porn-site-using-questionable-malware/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FBI Tor busting 227 1 >> >> |url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2124281-fbi-tor-busting-227-1.html >> |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204642/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2124281-fbi-tor-busting-227-1.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller >> >> |first1=Matthew |last2=Stroschein |first2=Joshua |last3=Podhradsky >> |first3=Ashley |date=25 May 2016 |title=Reverse Engineering a NIT That >> Unmasks Tor Users >> |url=https://commons.erau.edu/adfsl/2016/wednesday/10/ |journal=Annual >> ADFSL Conference on Digital Forensics, Security and Law >> |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702204544/https://commons.erau.edu/adfsl/2016/wednesday/10/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=16 December 2014 >> >> |title=The FBI Used the Web's Favorite Hacking Tool to Unmask Tor >> Users |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/12/fbi-metasploit-tor/ >> |magazine=Wired |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=22 February >> 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222011924/https://www.wired.com/2014/12/fbi-metasploit-tor/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> and resulted in revealing at least 25 US >> >> users as well as numerous users from other countries.<ref >> name="WiredDeFoggi">{{Cite magazine |date=27 August 2014 >> >> |title=Federal Cybersecurity Director Found Guilty on Child Porn >> Charges >> |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/08/federal-cybersecurity-director-guilty-child-porn-charges/ >> |magazine=Wired |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=23 February >> 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223085543/https://www.wired.com/2014/08/federal-cybersecurity-director-guilty-child-porn-charges/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> McGrath was sentenced to 20 years in prison >> >> in early 2014, with at least 18 other users including a former Acting >> [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]] Cyber >> Security Director being sentenced in subsequent cases.<ref>{{cite web >> >> |date=5 January 2015 |title=Former Acting HHS Cyber Security Director >> Sentenced to 25 Years in Prison for Engaging in Child Pornography >> Enterprise >> |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-acting-hhs-cyber-security-director-sentenced-25-years-prison-engaging-child >> |url-status=live >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702233127/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-acting-hhs-cyber-security-director-sentenced-25-years-prison-engaging-child >> |archive-date=2 July 2018 |publisher=US Department of >> Justice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=New York >> >> Man Sentenced to Six Years in Prison for Receiving and Accessing Child >> Pornography >> |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/new-york-man-sentenced-six-years-prison-receiving-and-accessing-child-pornography >> |url-status=live >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705062657/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/new-york-man-sentenced-six-years-prison-receiving-and-accessing-child-pornography >> |archive-date=5 July 2018 |publisher=US Department of Justice}}</ref> >> >> >> In August 2013 it was discovered<ref>{{Cite >> >> magazine|last=Poulsen|first=Kevin|date=2013-08-05|title=Feds Are >> Suspects in New Malware That Attacks Tor >> Anonymity|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/08/freedom-hosting/… >> March 2017|archive-date=29 April >> 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429202100/http://www.wire…</ref><ref>{{cite >> >> web|last=Krebs|first=Brian|date=2013-08-13|title=Firefox Zero-Day Used >> in Child Porn >> Hunt?|url=https://krebsonsecurity.com/2013/08/firefox-zero-day-used-in-chil… >> on Security|archive-date=13 December >> 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213180903/https://krebson…</ref> >> >> that the [[Firefox]] browsers in many older versions of the Tor >> Browser Bundle were vulnerable to a JavaScript-deployed [[shellcode]] >> attack, as NoScript was not enabled by default.<ref >> name="guardian-peeling" /> Attackers used this vulnerability to >> >> extract users' MAC and IP addresses and Windows computer names.<ref >> name="iw-info-stealing" /><ref name="wired-feds-are-suspects" /><ref >> >> name="ghowen-fby-analysis" /> News reports linked this to an [[Federal >> >> Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) operation targeting [[Freedom >> Hosting]]'s owner, Eric Eoin Marques, who was arrested on a >> provisional extradition warrant issued by a United States' court on 29 >> July.<ref>{{Cite >> >> news|last=O'Faolain|first=Aodhan|date=2013-08-08|title=Man sought in >> US on child porn charges further remanded in custody|newspaper=The >> Irish >> Times|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/man-sought-in-… >> August >> 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809222019/http://www.iris…</ref> >> >> The FBI extradited Marques from Ireland to the state of Maryland on 4 >> charges: distributing; conspiring to distribute; and advertising >> [[child pornography]], as well as aiding and abetting advertising of >> child >> pornography.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/16/man-behind-worlds-biggest-s… >> >> Man behind world's biggest source of child abuse imagery is jailed for >> 27 years], the guardian.com, 2021/09/16</ref> The warrant alleged that >> >> Marques was "the largest facilitator of child porn on the planet".<ref >> name="mirror-marques" /><ref name="torproject-old-vulnerable" >> >> />{{qn|date=December 2016}} The FBI acknowledged the attack in a 12 >> >> September 2013 court filing in [[Dublin]];<ref >> name="wired-fbi-controlled" /> further technical details from a >> >> training presentation leaked by [[Edward Snowden]] revealed the code >> name for the exploit as "EgotisticalGiraffe".<ref >> name="guardian-how-nsa" /> >> >> >> === Tor Messenger === >> {{Infobox software >> | name = Tor Messenger >> | logo = [[File:Tor-messenger.svg|128px]] >> | logo alt = >> | screenshot =  >> >> | caption = >> | author = >> | developer = The Tor Project >> | released = {{Start date and age|2015|10|29|df=yes}}<ref >> name="auto">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Sukhbir |date=29 October >> >> 2015 |title=Tor Messenger Beta: Chat over Tor, Easily >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-messenger-beta-chat-over-tor-easily >> |access-date=31 October 2015 |website=The Tor Blog |publisher=The Tor >> Project |archive-date=30 October 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030223028/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-messenger-beta-chat-over-tor-easily >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> | discontinued = yes >> | latest release version = 0.5.0-beta-1 >> >> | latest release date = {{Start date and >> age|2017|09|28|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Sukhbir >> >> |date=28 September 2017 |title=Tor Messenger 0.5.0b1 is released >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/tor-messenger-050b1-released >> |access-date=6 October 2017 |website=sukhbir's blog |publisher=The Tor >> Project |archive-date=6 October 2017 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006112837/https://blog.torproject.org/tor-messenger-050b1-released >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=sunset-tormes>{{cite web >> >> |last=Singh |first=Sukhbir |date=2 April 2018 |title=Sunsetting Tor >> Messenger |url=https://blog.torproject.org/sunsetting-tor-messenger >> |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=2 April 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402233906/https://blog.torproject.org/sunsetting-tor-messenger >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> | repo = https://gitweb.torproject.org/tor-messenger-build.git >> | programming language = [[C/C++]], [[JavaScript]], [[Cascading Style >> Sheets|CSS]], [[XUL]] >> | operating system = {{flatlist| >> * [[Windows XP]] and later >> * [[Unix-like]] (inc. [[macOS]])}} >> | size = >> | language = English >> | genre = >> | license = >> | website = >> {{URL|https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorMessenger}} >> }} >> >> On 29 October 2015, the Tor Project released Tor Messenger Beta, an >> instant messaging program based on [[Instantbird]] with Tor and >> [[Off-the-Record Messaging|OTR]] built in and used by default.<ref >> name="auto" /> Like [[Pidgin (software)|Pidgin]] and [[Adium]], Tor >> >> Messenger supports multiple different instant messaging protocols; >> however, it accomplishes this without relying on ''libpurple'', >> implementing all chat protocols in the memory-safe language JavaScript >> instead.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 July 2015 |title=Tor Messenger Design >> >> Document >> |url=https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorMessenger/DesignDoc >> |access-date=22 November 2015 |website=The Tor Project >> |archive-date=22 November 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122170840/https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorMessenger/DesignDoc >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunsetting Tor >> >> Messenger {{!}} Tor Project >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/sunsetting-tor-messenger/ >> |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=blog.torproject.org}}</ref> >> >> >> According to Lucian Armasu of Toms Hardware, in April 2018, the Tor >> Project shut down the Tor Messenger project for three reasons: the >> developers of "Instabird" {{sic}} discontinued support for their own >> software, limited resources and known metadata problems.<ref>{{cite >> >> web |last=Aemasu |first=Lucian |date=3 April 2018 |title=Tor Project >> Shuts Down Development Of Tor Messenger >> |url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/tor-project-ends-tor-messenger,36811.html >> |access-date=3 April 2018 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en}}</ref> >> >> The Tor Messenger developers explained that overcoming any >> vulnerabilities discovered in the future would be impossible due to >> the project relying on outdated software dependencies.<ref>{{cite web >> >> |last=Sharwood |first=Simon |date=3 April 2018 |title=Tor 'sunsets' >> secure Messenger that never exited beta >> |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/04/03/tor_messenger_sunset/ >> |url-status=live >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715115016/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/04/03/tor_messenger_sunset/ >> |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=2 October 2019 |website=The >> Register |language=en}}</ref> >> >> >> ===Tor Phone=== >> {{See also|Tor Phone}} >> In 2016, Tor developer Mike Perry announced a prototype tor-enabled >> smartphone bases on [[CopperheadOS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff >> >> |first=Ars |date=2016-11-22 |title=Tor phone is antidote to Google >> "hostility" over Android, says developer >> |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/11/tor-phone-prototype-google-hostility-android-open-source/ >> |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> >> >> It was meant as a direction for tor on mobile. The project was called >> 'Mission Improbable'. Copperhead's then lead developer Daniel Micah >> welcomed the prototype. >> >> ===Third-party applications=== >> The [[Vuze]] (formerly Azureus) [[BitTorrent]] client,<ref >> name="vuze-tor" /> [[Bitmessage]] anonymous messaging system,<ref >> >> name="bitmessage-faq" /> and [[TorChat]] instant messenger include Tor >> >> support. OnionShare allows users to share files using Tor.<ref >> name="Hassan2016">{{cite book |last1=Hassan |first1=Nihad >> >> |last2=Hijazi |first2=Rami |title=Data Hiding Techniques in Windows >> OS: A Practical Approach to Investigation and Defense |year=2016 >> |publisher=Syngress |isbn=978-0-12-804496-4 |page=184 >> |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sy2lCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184}}</ref> >> >> >> [[Guardian Project (software)|The Guardian Project]] is actively >> developing a free and open-source suite of applications and firmware >> for the [[Android (operating system)|Android operating system]] to >> improve the security of mobile communications.<ref >> name="guardianproject-about" /> The applications include the >> >> [[ChatSecure]] instant messaging client,<ref >> name="guardianproject-chatsecure" /> [[Orbot]] Tor implementation<ref >> >> name="guardianproject-orbot" /> (also available for >> >> iOS),<ref>{{Citation |title=Orbot iOS |date=2022-08-25 >> >> |url=https://github.com/guardianproject/orbot-ios |publisher=Guardian >> Project |access-date=2022-08-25}}</ref> Orweb (discontinued) >> >> privacy-enhanced mobile browser,<ref name="guardianproject-orweb" >> /><ref name="n8fr8">{{cite web |last=n8fr8 |date=30 June 2015 >> >> |title=Orfox: Aspiring to bring Tor Browser to Android >> |url=https://guardianproject.info/2015/06/30/orfox-aspiring-to-bring-tor-browser-to-android/ >> |access-date=17 August 2015 |website=guardianproject.info |quote=Our >> plan is to actively encourage users to move from Orweb to Orfox, and >> stop active development of Orweb, even removing to from the Google >> Play Store. |archive-date=13 September 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913130030/https://guardianproject.info/2015/06/30/orfox-aspiring-to-bring-tor-browser-to-android/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Orfox, the mobile counterpart of the Tor >> >> Browser, ProxyMob [[Firefox add-on]],<ref >> name="guardianproject-proxymob" /> and ObscuraCam.<ref >> >> name="guardianproject-obscuracam" /> >> >> >> [[Onion Browser]]<ref>[https://mtigas/OnionBrowser/blob/2.X/LICENSE >> >> Endless / Onion Browser License (OBL)]</ref> is open-source, >> >> privacy-enhancing web browser for [[iOS]], which uses Tor.<ref>{{cite >> >> web|title=Tor at the Heart: Onion Browser (and more iOS Tor) >> |publisher=The Tor Blog >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-heart-onion-browser-and-more-ios-tor|format=|access-date=|last=|date=|year=|language=|pages=}}</ref> >> >> It is available in the iOS [[App >> Store]],<ref>[https://apps.apple.com/en/app/onion-browser/id519296448 >> >> Onion Browser on the App Store]</ref> and source code is available on >> >> [[GitHub]].<ref name="github-OnionBro">{{cite >> >> web|title=OnionBrowser/OnionBrowser|periodical=GitHub|url=https://github.co…</ref> >> >> >> [[Brave (web browser)|Brave]] added support for [[Tor (anonymity >> network)|Tor]] in its desktop browser's [[private >> browsing|private-browsing]] mode.<ref>{{cite >> >> web|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|title=Brave advances browser privacy >> with Tor-powered >> tabs|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/brave-advances-browser-privacy-with-tor-… >> June 2018|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=27 September >> 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927204204/https://www.cne…</ref> >> >> Users can switch to Tor-enabled browsing by clicking on the hamburger >> menu on the top right corner of the browser.<ref>{{cite >> >> web|last=Brave|date=2020-10-05|title=Brave.com now has its own Tor >> Onion Service, providing more users with secure access to >> Brave|url=https://brave.com/new-onion-service/|access-date=2021-01-22|websi… >> Browser|archive-date=6 October >> 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006004823/https://brave.c…</ref> >> >> >> <gallery> >> >> File:Orbot-logo.svg|Orbot logo >> File:Onion Browser Icon 2017.png|Onion Browser logo >> File:Onion Browser on iPad.png|Onion Browser on [[iPad]] >> File:Onion Browser 2.8.1 on iPhone.png|Onion Browser 2.8.1 on [[iPhone]] >> </gallery> >> >> >> ===Security-focused operating systems=== >> Several [[security-focused operating system]]s make or made extensive >> use of Tor. These include [[Hardened Linux From Scratch]], [[Incognito >> (operating system)|Incognito]], [[Security-focused operating >> system#Liberté Linux|Liberté Linux]], [[Qubes OS]], [[Subgraph >> (operating system)|Subgraph]], [[Tails (operating system)|Tails]], >> Tor-ramdisk, and [[Whonix]].<ref name="xakep-whole-hog" /> >> >> >> == Reception, impact, and legislation == >> [[File:TorPluggable transports-animation.webm|thumb|A very brief >> animated primer on Tor pluggable transports,<ref name="Tor Project: >> Pluggable Transports">{{cite web |title=Tor Project: Pluggable >> >> Transports >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/docs/pluggable-transports.html.en >> |access-date=5 August 2016 |website=torproject.org |archive-date=13 >> August 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813004757/https://www.torproject.org/docs/pluggable-transports.html.en >> |url-status=live }}</ref> a method of accessing the anonymity >> >> network.]] >> >> Tor has been praised for providing privacy and anonymity to vulnerable >> Internet users such as political activists fearing surveillance and >> arrest, ordinary web users seeking to circumvent censorship, and >> people who have been threatened with violence or abuse by >> stalkers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brandom |first=Russell |date=9 May >> >> 2014 |title=Domestic violence survivors turn to Tor to escape abusers >> |work=The Verge >> |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/9/5699600/domestic-violence-survivors-turn-to-tor-to-escape-abusers >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=2 September 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902093440/http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/9/5699600/domestic-violence-survivors-turn-to-tor-to-escape-abusers >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gurnow |first=Michael >> >> |date=1 July 2014 |title=Seated Between Pablo Escobar and Mahatma >> Gandhi: The Sticky Ethics of Anonymity Networks |work=Dissident Voice >> |url=http://dissidentvoice.org/2013/06/seated-between-pablo-escobar-and-mahatma-gandhi/ >> |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101844/http://dissidentvoice.org/2013/06/seated-between-pablo-escobar-and-mahatma-gandhi/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) has >> >> called Tor "the king of high-secure, low-latency Internet >> anonymity",<ref name="guardian-nsa-target" /> and ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' >> >> magazine has described it as "perhaps the most effective means of >> defeating the online surveillance efforts of intelligence agencies >> around the world".<ref name=bw-tor-vs /> Other media have described >> >> Tor as "a sophisticated privacy tool",<ref>{{Cite magazine >> >> |last=Zetter |first=Kim |date=1 June 2010 |title=WikiLeaks Was >> Launched With Documents Intercepted From Tor |magazine=Wired >> |url=https://www.wired.com/2010/06/wikileaks-documents/ >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=12 August 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812114104/http://www.wired.com/2010/06/wikileaks-documents/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> "easy to use"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee >> >> |first=Timothy B. |date=10 June 2013 |title=Five ways to stop the NSA >> from spying on you |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] >> |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/06/10/five-ways-to-stop-the-nsa-from-spying-on-you/ >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=4 October 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004072624/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/06/10/five-ways-to-stop-the-nsa-from-spying-on-you/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> and "so secure that even the world's most >> >> sophisticated electronic spies haven't figured out how to crack >> it".<ref name="thecable">{{Cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Shane >> >> |last2=Hudson |first2=John |date=4 October 2014 |title=Not Even the >> NSA Can Crack the State Department's Favorite Anonymous Service >> |work=[[Foreign Policy]] >> |url=http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/10/04/not_even_the_nsa_can_crack_the_state_departments_online_anonymity_tool >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720045913/http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/10/04/not_even_the_nsa_can_crack_the_state_departments_online_anonymity_tool >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> Advocates for Tor say it supports [[freedom of expression]], including >> in countries where the Internet is censored, by protecting the privacy >> and anonymity of users. The mathematical underpinnings of Tor lead it >> to be characterized as acting "like a piece of [[infrastructure]], and >> governments naturally fall into paying for infrastructure they want to >> use".<ref>{{cite web |last=Norton |first=Quinn |date=9 December 2014 >> >> |title=Clearing the air around Tor >> |url=http://pando.com/2014/12/09/clearing-the-air-around-tor/ >> |website=[[PandoDaily]] |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-date=25 >> May 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525115617/https://pando.com/2014/12/09/clearing-the-air-around-tor/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> The project was originally developed on behalf of the U.S. >> intelligence community and continues to receive U.S. government >> funding, and has been criticized as "more resembl[ing] a spook project >> than a tool designed by a culture that values accountability or >> transparency".<ref name="pando">{{Cite >> >> news|last=Levine|first=Yasha|date=16 July 2014|title=Almost everyone >> involved in developing Tor was (or is) funded by the US >> government|work=Pando >> Daily|url=http://pando.com/2014/07/16/tor-spooks/|url-status=live|access-da… >> April >> 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411185901/https://pando.c… >> April 2016}}</ref> {{as of|2012}}, 80% of The Tor Project's $2M annual >> >> budget came from the [[United States government]], with the [[U.S. >> State Department]], the [[Broadcasting Board of Governors]], and the >> [[National Science Foundation]] as major contributors,<ref >> name="boston-free-speech-tech" /> aiming "to aid democracy advocates >> >> in authoritarian states".<ref name="NDR">{{Cite news|date=3 July >> >> 2014|title=NSA targets the >> privacy-conscious|work=Panorama|publisher=Norddeutscher >> Rundfunk|url=http://daserste.ndr.de/panorama/aktuell/nsa230_page-1.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 >> July >> 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703215350/http://daserste… >> July 2014|vauthors=Appelbaum J, Gibson A, Goetz J, Kabisch V, Kampf L, >> Ryge L}}</ref> Other public sources of funding include [[DARPA]], the >> >> [[United States Naval Research Laboratory|U.S. Naval Research >> Laboratory]], and the [[Government of Sweden]].<ref >> name="torproject-sponsors" /><ref name="wsj-anonymous-contraversial" >> >> /> Some have proposed that the government values Tor's commitment to >> >> free speech, and uses the darknet to gather intelligence.<ref>Moore, >> >> Daniel; Rid, Thomas. "Cryptopolitik and the Darknet". Survival. >> Feb2016, Vol. 58 Issue 1, p7-38. 32p.</ref>{{Request quotation | >> >> date=July 2018}} Tor also receives funding from [[Non-governmental >> organization|NGOs]] including [[Human Rights Watch]], and private >> sponsors including [[Reddit]] and [[Google]].<ref>Inc., The Tor >> >> Project,. "Tor: Sponsors". www.torproject.org. Retrieved 28 October >> 2016.</ref> Dingledine said that the [[United States Department of >> >> Defense]] funds are more similar to a [[research grant]] than a >> [[procurement|procurement contract]]. Tor executive director Andrew >> Lewman said that even though it accepts funds from the U.S. federal >> government, the Tor service did not collaborate with the NSA to reveal >> identities of users.<ref name="wp-feds-pay" /> >> >> >> Critics say that Tor is not as secure as it claims,<ref>{{Cite news >> >> |date=2 September 2013 |title=Tor is Not as Safe as You May Think >> |work=Infosecurity magazine >> |url=http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/tor-is-not-as-safe-as-you-may-think/ >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=27 August 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827203552/http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/tor-is-not-as-safe-as-you-may-think/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> pointing to U.S. law enforcement's >> >> investigations and shutdowns of Tor-using sites such as web-hosting >> company [[Freedom Hosting]] and online marketplace [[Silk Road >> (marketplace)|Silk Road]].<ref name="pando" /> In October 2013, after >> >> analyzing documents leaked by Edward Snowden, ''The Guardian'' >> reported that the NSA had repeatedly tried to crack Tor and had failed >> to break its core security, although it had had some success attacking >> the computers of individual Tor users.<ref name="guardian-nsa-target" >> /> ''The Guardian'' also published a 2012 NSA classified slide deck, >> >> entitled "Tor Stinks", which said: "We will never be able to >> de-anonymize all Tor users all the time", but "with manual analysis we >> can de-anonymize a very small fraction of Tor users".<ref>{{Cite news >> >> |date=4 October 2014 |title='Tor Stinks' presentation – read the full >> document |work=The Guardian >> |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/oct/04/tor-stinks-nsa-presentation-document >> |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=29 August 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829193451/http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/oct/04/tor-stinks-nsa-presentation-document >> |url-status=live }}</ref> When Tor users are arrested, it is typically >> >> due to human error, not to the core technology being hacked or >> cracked.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Patrick Howell |date=2 >> >> October 2014 |title=The real chink in Tor's armor >> |url=http://www.dailydot.com/crime/silk-road-tor-arrests/ |website=The >> Daily Dot |access-date=3 October 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525124144/https://www.dailydot.com/crime/silk-road-tor-arrests/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 November 2014, for example, a joint >> >> operation by the FBI, ICE Homeland Security investigations and >> European Law enforcement agencies led to 17 arrests and the seizure of >> 27 sites containing 400 pages.<ref name="arrests" />{{Dubious | >> >> reason=The operation is so successful most likely because of Tor's >> protocol weakness. Not a good example. (See "Relay early traffic >> confirmation attack" above.) |date=July 2018}} A late 2014 report by >> ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' using a new cache of Snowden leaks revealed, >> however, that {{as of|2012|lc=y}} the NSA deemed Tor on its own as a >> "major threat" to its mission, and when used in conjunction with other >> privacy tools such as [[Off-the-Record Messaging|OTR]], Cspace, >> [[ZRTP]], [[RedPhone]], [[Tails (operating system)|Tails]], and >> [[TrueCrypt]] was ranked as "catastrophic," leading to a "near-total >> loss/lack of insight to target communications, presence..."<ref >> name="spiegel1" /><ref name="spiegel2" /> >> >> >> === 2011 === >> In March 2011, The Tor Project received the [[Free Software >> Foundation]]'s 2010 Award for Projects of Social Benefit. The citation >> read, "Using free software, Tor has enabled roughly 36 million people >> around the world to experience freedom of access and expression on the >> Internet while keeping them in control of their privacy and anonymity. >> Its network has proved pivotal in dissident movements in both [[Iran]] >> and more recently [[Egypt]]."<ref name="fsf-award" /> >> >> >> === 2012 === >> In 2012, ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine named Dingledine, Mathewson, >> and Syverson among its Top 100 Global Thinkers "for making the web >> safe for whistleblowers".<ref name="fp-top100-thinkers" /> >> >> >> === 2013 === >> In 2013, [[Jacob Appelbaum]] described Tor as a "part of an ecosystem >> of software that helps people regain and reclaim their autonomy. It >> helps to enable people to have agency of all kinds; it helps others to >> help each other and it helps you to help yourself. It runs, it is open >> and it is supported by a large community spread across all walks of >> life."<ref name="verge-applebaum" /> >> >> >> In June 2013, whistleblower [[Edward Snowden]] used Tor to send >> information about [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]] to ''[[The >> Washington Post]]'' and ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name="erste-darknet" >> /> >> >> >> === 2014 === >> In 2014, the Russian government offered a $111,000 contract to "study >> the possibility of obtaining technical information about users and >> users' equipment on the Tor anonymous network".<ref name="ars-111k" >> /><ref name="pcw-111k" /> >> >> >> In September 2014, in response to reports that [[Comcast]] had been >> discouraging customers from using the Tor Browser, [[Comcast]] issued >> a public statement that "We have no policy against Tor, or any other >> browser or software."<ref>{{cite web >> >> |url=https://corporate.comcast.com/comcast-voices/setting-the-record-straight-on-tor >> |title=Setting the Record Straight on Tor |first=Jason |last=Livingood >> |date=2014-09-15 |quote=The report may have generated a lot of clicks >> but is totally inaccurate. Comcast is not asking customers to stop >> using Tor, or any other browser for that matter. We have no policy >> against Tor, or any other browser or software. Customers are free to >> use their Xfinity Internet service to visit any website, use any app, >> and so forth. ... Comcast doesn't monitor our customer's browser >> software, web surfing or online history. |access-date=5 January 2021 >> |archive-date=4 January 2021 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104165011/https://corporate.comcast.com/comcast-voices/setting-the-record-straight-on-tor >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> In October 2014, The Tor Project hired the public relations firm >> Thomson Communications to improve its public image (particularly >> regarding the terms "Dark Net" and "hidden services," which are widely >> viewed as being problematic) and to educate journalists about the >> technical aspects of Tor.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Patrick >> >> Howell |date=26 March 2015 |title=Tor's great rebranding >> |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/tor-media-public-relations-perception/ >> |access-date=19 April 2015 |website=The Daily Dot |archive-date=12 >> April 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412172355/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/tor-media-public-relations-perception/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> === 2015 === >> In June 2015, the [[United Nations special rapporteur|special >> rapporteur]] from the United Nations' [[Office of the High >> Commissioner for Human Rights]] specifically mentioned Tor in the >> context of the debate in the U.S. about allowing so-called [[backdoor >> (computing)|backdoors]] in encryption programs for law enforcement >> purposes<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=Andrea |date=28 May >> >> 2015 |title=U.N. report: Encryption is important to human rights — and >> backdoors undermine it >> |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/05/28/un-report-encryption-is-important-to-human-rights-and-backdoors-undermine-it >> |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=17 September 2017 >> |archive-date=23 June 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623030700/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/05/28/un-report-encryption-is-important-to-human-rights-and-backdoors-undermine-it/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> in an interview for ''The Washington Post''. >> >> >> In July 2015, the Tor Project announced an alliance with the [[Library >> Freedom Project]] to establish exit nodes in public >> libraries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tor Exit Nodes in Libraries – Pilot >> >> (phase one) >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-exit-nodes-libraries-pilot-phase-one >> |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=Tor Project.org >> |archive-date=8 September 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908012811/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-exit-nodes-libraries-pilot-phase-one >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Library Freedom >> >> Project |url=https://libraryfreedomproject.org/ |access-date=15 >> September 2015 |website=libraryfreedomproject.org |archive-date=19 >> September 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919100044/https://libraryfreedomproject.org/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> The pilot program, which established a >> >> middle relay running on the excess bandwidth afforded by the Kilton >> Library in [[Lebanon, New Hampshire]], making it the first library in >> the U.S. to host a Tor node, was briefly put on hold when the local >> city manager and deputy sheriff voiced concerns over the cost of >> defending search warrants for information passed through the Tor exit >> node. Although the <abbr title="US. Department of Homeland >> Security">DHS</abbr> had alerted New Hampshire authorities to the fact >> >> that Tor is sometimes used by criminals, the Lebanon Deputy Police >> Chief and the Deputy City Manager averred that no pressure to >> strong-arm the library was applied, and the service was re-established >> on 15 September 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Doyle-Burr |first=Nora >> >> |date=16 September 2015 |title=Despite Law Enforcement Concerns, >> Lebanon Board Will Reactivate Privacy Network Tor at Kilton Library >> |url=http://www.vnews.com/photos/inthenews/18620952-95/despite-law-enforcement-concerns-lebanon-board-will-reactivate-privacy-network-tor-at-kilton-library >> |url-status=dead >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918031540/http://www.vnews.com/photos/inthenews/18620952-95/despite-law-enforcement-concerns-lebanon-board-will-reactivate-privacy-network-tor-at-kilton-library >> |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 >> |website=Valley News}}</ref> U.S. Rep. [[Zoe Lofgren]] (D-Calif) >> >> released a letter on 10 December 2015, in which she asked the <abbr >> title="US. Department of Homeland Security">DHS</abbr> to clarify its >> >> procedures, stating that "While the Kilton Public Library's board >> ultimately voted to restore their Tor relay, I am no less disturbed by >> the possibility that <abbr title="US. Department of Homeland >> Security">DHS</abbr> employees are pressuring or persuading public and >> >> private entities to discontinue or degrade services that protect the >> privacy and anonymity of U.S. citizens."<ref>{{cite web |date=10 >> >> December 2015 |title=Lofgren questions DHS policy towards Tor Relays >> |url=https://lofgren.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=398038 >> |url-status=dead >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603144959/https://lofgren.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=398038 >> |archive-date=3 June 2016 |access-date=4 June 2016 >> |website=house.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Geller |first=Eric >> >> |date=11 December 2015 |title=Democratic lawmaker wants to know if DHS >> is sabotaging plans for Tor exit relays >> |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/tor-libraries-dhs-zoe-lofgren-letter/ >> |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=The Daily Dot |archive-date=10 June >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610194930/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/tor-libraries-dhs-zoe-lofgren-letter/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kopstein2015">{{cite web >> >> |last=Kopfstein |first=Janus |date=12 December 2015 >> |title=Congresswoman Asks Feds Why They Pressured a Library to Disable >> Its Tor Node >> |url=https://motherboard.vice.com/read/congresswoman-asks-feds-why-they-pressured-a-library-to-disable-its-tor-node >> |url-status=live >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222171028/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/congresswoman-asks-feds-why-they-pressured-a-library-to-disable-its-tor-node >> |archive-date=22 December 2015 |website=Motherboard}}</ref> In a 2016 >> >> interview, Kilton Library IT Manager Chuck McAndrew stressed the >> importance of getting libraries involved with Tor: "Librarians have >> always cared deeply about protecting privacy, intellectual freedom, >> and [[access to information]] (the freedom to read). Surveillance >> has a very well-documented chilling effect on intellectual freedom. It >> is the job of librarians to remove barriers to >> information."<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2016 |title=Tor crusader >> >> discuss privacy, freedom with ExpressVPN |language=en-US |work=Home of >> internet privacy >> |url=https://www.expressvpn.com/blog/chuck-mcandrew-defends-tor/ >> |access-date=11 September 2017 }}</ref> The second library to host a >> >> Tor node was the Las Naves Public Library in [[Valencia]], Spain, >> implemented in the first months of 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gonzalo >> >> |first=Marilín |date=26 January 2016 |title=Esta biblioteca valenciana >> es la segunda del mundo en unirse al proyecto Tor |language=es >> |work=El Diario >> |url=http://www.eldiario.es/cultura/tecnologia/privacidad/biblioteca-Valencia-primera-Unidos-Tor_0_476303147.html >> |access-date=4 March 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307091514/http://www.eldiario.es/cultura/tecnologia/privacidad/biblioteca-Valencia-primera-Unidos-Tor_0_476303147.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> In August 2015, an [[IBM]] security research group, called "X-Force", >> put out a quarterly report that advised companies to block Tor on >> security grounds, citing a "steady increase" in attacks from Tor exit >> nodes as well as botnet traffic.<ref>{{cite web |last=Broersma >> >> |first=Matthew |date=26 August 2015 |title=IBM Tells Companies To >> Block Tor Anonymisation Network >> |url=http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/security/ibm-companies-tor-175468 >> |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=TechWeekEurope UK >> |archive-date=10 September 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910211854/http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/security/ibm-companies-tor-175468 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> In September 2015, Luke Millanta created OnionView, a web service that >> plots the location of active Tor relay nodes onto an interactive map >> of the world. The project's purpose was to detail the network's size >> and escalating growth rate.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Greenberg >> >> |first=Andy |date=14 September 2015 |title=Mapping How Tor's Anonymity >> Network Spread Around the World >> |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/mapping-tors-anonymity-network-spread-around-world/ >> |magazine=Wired |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=3 February >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203154307/http://www.wired.com/2015/09/mapping-tors-anonymity-network-spread-around-world >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> In December 2015, [[Daniel Ellsberg]] (of the [[Pentagon >> Papers]]),<ref>{{cite web |date=26 December 2015 |title=This is What a >> >> Tor Supporter Looks Like: Daniel Ellsberg >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-daniel-ellsberg >> |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=The Tor Blog |archive-date=4 March >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100212/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-daniel-ellsberg >> |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cory Doctorow]] (of [[Boing >> >> Boing]]),<ref>{{cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=This is What a >> >> Tor Supporter Looks Like: Cory Doctorow >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-cory-doctorow >> |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=The Tor Blog |archive-date=16 June >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616210816/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-cory-doctorow >> |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Edward Snowden]],<ref>{{cite web |date=30 >> >> December 2015 |title=This is What a Tor Supporter Looks Like: Edward >> Snowden >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-edward-snowden >> |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=The Tor Blog |archive-date=9 April >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409024736/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-edward-snowden >> |url-status=live }}</ref> and artist-activist [[Molly >> >> Crabapple]],<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2015 |title=This is what >> >> a Tor Supporter looks like: Molly Crabapple >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-molly-crabapple >> |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=The Tor Blog |archive-date=16 June >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616210748/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/what-tor-supporter-looks-molly-crabapple >> |url-status=live }}</ref> amongst others, announced their support of >> >> Tor. >> >> === 2016 === >> In March 2016, New Hampshire state representative [[Keith Ammon]] >> introduced a bill<ref>{{cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=House Bill >> >> 1508: An Act allowing public libraries to run certain privacy software >> |url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/bill_status/billText.aspx?id=796&txtFormat=html >> |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=New Hampshire State Government >> |archive-date=11 April 2017 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411043230/http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/bill_status/billText.aspx?id=796&txtFormat=html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> allowing public libraries to run privacy >> >> software. The bill specifically referenced Tor. The text was crafted >> with extensive input from [[Alison Macrina]], the director of the >> [[Library Freedom Project]].<ref name="Proposed New Hampshire >> bill">{{cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Patrick Howell |date=18 February >> >> 2016 |title=New Hampshire bill allows for libraries' usage of >> encryption and privacy software >> |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/new-hampshire-tor-library-legislation/ >> |access-date=10 March 2016 |website=The Daily Dot |archive-date=11 >> March 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311073326/http://www.dailydot.com/politics/new-hampshire-tor-library-legislation/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill was passed by the House >> >> 268–62.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Hampshire HB1508 – 2016 – Regular >> >> Session |url=https://legiscan.com/NH/text/HB1508/id/1288060 >> |access-date=4 June 2016 |website=legiscan.com |archive-date=29 July >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729171429/https://legiscan.com/NH/text/HB1508/id/1288060 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> Also in March 2016, the first Tor node, specifically a middle relay, >> was established at a library in Canada, the Graduate Resource Centre >> (GRC) in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies (FIMS) at the >> [[University of Western Ontario]].<ref name="Western FIMS >> relay">{{cite web |date=14 March 2016 |title=Library in FIMS joins >> >> global network fighting back against digital surveillance, censorship, >> and the obstruction of information >> |url=http://www.fims.uwo.ca/news/2016/library_in_fims_joins_global_network_fighting_back_against_digital_surveillance_censorship_and_the_obstruction_of_information.html >> |access-date=16 March 2016 |website=FIMS News |archive-date=20 March >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320112332/http://www.fims.uwo.ca/news/2016/library_in_fims_joins_global_network_fighting_back_against_digital_surveillance_censorship_and_the_obstruction_of_information.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Given that the running of a Tor exit node is >> >> an unsettled area of Canadian law,<ref name="Legality of running a Tor >> exit node in Canada">{{cite web |last=Pearson |first=Jordan |date=25 >> >> September 2015 |title=Can You Be Arrested for Running a Tor Exit Node >> In Canada? >> |url=https://motherboard.vice.com/read/can-you-be-arrested-for-running-a-tor-exit-node-in-canada >> |access-date=16 March 2016 |website=Motherboard |archive-date=23 March >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323231601/https://motherboard.vice.com/read/can-you-be-arrested-for-running-a-tor-exit-node-in-canada >> |url-status=live }}</ref> and that in general institutions are more >> >> capable than individuals to cope with legal pressures, Alison Macrina >> of the Library Freedom Project has opined that in some ways she would >> like to see intelligence agencies and law enforcement attempt to >> intervene in the event that an exit node were established.<ref >> name="Fighting the Feds on running a Tor node">{{cite web >> >> |last=Pearson |first=Jordan |date=16 March 2016 |title=Canadian >> Librarians Must Be Ready to Fight the Feds on Running a Tor Node >> |url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_ca/read/canadian-librarians-must-be-ready-to-fight-the-feds-on-running-a-tor-node-western-library-freedom-project >> |access-date=16 March 2016 |website=Motherboard |archive-date=19 March >> 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319083936/http://motherboard.vice.com/en_ca/read/canadian-librarians-must-be-ready-to-fight-the-feds-on-running-a-tor-node-western-library-freedom-project >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> On 16 May 2016, [[CNN]] reported on the case of core Tor developer >> isis agora lovecruft,<ref name="lovecruft 2020 tweet">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://twitter.com/isislovecruft/status/1258515495851921408 >> |last=lovecruft |first=isis agora |title=May 7, 2020 Tweet >> |date=2020-05-07 |quote=my name is isis agora lovecruft not Isis Agora >> Lovecruft}}</ref> who had fled to Germany under the threat of a >> >> subpoena by the FBI during the Thanksgiving break of the previous >> year. The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] legally represented >> lovecruft.<ref name="Harassment of Isis Agora Lovecruft">{{cite web >> >> |last=Pagliery |first=Jose |date=17 May 2016 |title=Developer of >> anonymous Tor software dodges FBI, leaves US >> |url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/05/17/technology/tor-developer-fbi/index.html >> |access-date=17 May 2016 |website=CNN |archive-date=17 May 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517153400/http://money.cnn.com/2016/05/17/technology/tor-developer-fbi/index.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> On 2 December 2016, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' reported on burgeoning >> [[digital privacy]] and security workshops in the [[San Francisco Bay >> Area]], particularly at the [[hackerspace]] [[Noisebridge]], in the >> wake of the [[2016 United States presidential election]]; downloading >> the Tor browser was mentioned.<ref name="Trump Preparerdness">{{Cite >> >> magazine |last=Weiner |first=Anna |date=2 December 2016 |title=Trump >> Preparedness: Digital Security 101 >> |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/trump-preparedness-digital-security-101 >> |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=20 February 2020 >> |archive-date=25 October 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025144947/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/trump-preparedness-digital-security-101 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Also, in December 2016, Turkey has blocked >> >> the usage of Tor, together with ten of the most used [[VPN]] services >> in Turkey, which were popular ways of accessing banned social media >> sites and services.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2016 >> >> |title=Turkey Partially Blocks Access to Tor and Some VPNs >> |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/government/turkey-partially-blocks-access-to-tor-and-some-vpns/}}</ref> >> >> >> Tor (and [[Bitcoin]]) was fundamental to the operation of the darkweb >> marketplace [[AlphaBay]], which was taken down in an international law >> enforcement operation in July 2017.<ref name="forfeit">{{cite web >> >> |date=20 July 2017 |title=Forfeiture Complaint >> |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/982821/download >> |publisher=Justice.gov |page=27 |access-date=28 July 2017 >> |archive-date=23 September 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923012828/https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/982821/download >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite federal claims that Tor would not >> >> shield a user, however,<ref name="Ten times the size of Silk >> Road.">{{cite web |last=Leyden |first=John |date=20 July 2017 >> >> |title=Cops harpoon two dark net whales in megabust: AlphaBay and >> Hansa : Tor won't shield you, warn Feds >> |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/07/20/dark_net_megabust/ >> |access-date=21 July 2017 |website=The Register |archive-date=23 May >> 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523085637/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/07/20/dark_net_megabust/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> elementary [[operational security]] errors >> >> outside of the ambit of the Tor network led to the site's >> downfall.<ref name="Operational Security Nonexistant">{{cite web >> >> |last=McCarthy |first=Kieren |date=20 July 2017 |title=Alphabay >> shutdown: Bad boys, bad boys, what you gonna do? Not use your >> Hotmail... ...or the Feds will get you ♪ >> |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/07/20/alphabay_hotmail_fbi/ >> |access-date=21 July 2017 |website=The Register |archive-date=23 May >> 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523085638/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/07/20/alphabay_hotmail_fbi/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> === 2017 === >> In June 2017 the [[Democratic Socialists of America]] recommended >> intermittent Tor usage.<ref>{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.dsausa.org/organize/info_security/ |title=Information >> Security Memo for Members |date=2017-07-11 |publisher=[[Democratic >> Socialists of America]] |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=20 >> January 2021 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120104155/https://www.dsausa.org/organize/info_security/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.dsausa.org/files/2017/07/DSAInformationSecurityRecommendations_June2017.pdf >> |title=INFORMATION SECURITY RECOMMENDATIONS |date=June 2017 >> |publisher=[[Democratic Socialists of America]] |access-date=20 >> January 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907193927/https://www.dsausa.org/files/2017/07/DSAInformationSecurityRecommendations_June2017.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> And in August 2017, according to reportage >> >> cybersecurity firms which specialize in monitoring and researching the >> dark Web (which relies on Tor as its infrastructure) on behalf of >> banks and retailers routinely share their findings with the [[FBI]] >> and with other law enforcement agencies "when possible and necessary" >> regarding illegal content. The Russian-speaking underground offering a >> crime-as-a-service model is regarded as being particularly robust.<ref >> name="Dark Web Mainstream Media Coverage">{{cite web |last=Johnson >> >> |first=Tim |date=2 August 2017 |title=Shocked by gruesome crime, cyber >> execs help FBI on dark web >> |url=http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/nation-world/national/article164797842.html >> |website=Idaho Statesman}}</ref> >> >> >> === 2018 === >> In June 2018, Venezuela blocked access to the Tor network. The block >> affected both direct connections to the network and connections being >> made via bridge relays.<ref name="Venezuela Blocks Tor">{{cite web >> >> |last=Brandom |first=Russell |date=25 June 2018 |title=Venezuela is >> blocking access to the Tor network 16 Just days after new web blocks >> were placed on local media outlets >> |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/25/17503680/venezuela-tor-blocked-web-censorship >> |access-date=26 June 2018 |website=The Verge |archive-date=26 June >> 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626000651/https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/25/17503680/venezuela-tor-blocked-web-censorship >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> On 20 June 2018, Bavarian police raided the homes of the board members >> of the non-profit Zwiebelfreunde, a member of [[torservers.net]] >> which handles the European financial transactions of [[riseup]].net in >> connection with a blog post there which apparently promised violence >> against the upcoming [[Alternative for Germany]] convention.<ref >> name="June 2018 Bavarian Raid">{{cite web |last=Grauer |first=Yael >> >> |date=4 July 2018 |title=German police raid homes of Tor-linked >> group's board members One board member described the police's >> justification for the raids as a "tenuous" link between the privacy >> group, a blog, and its email address >> |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/german-police-raid-homes-of-tor-linked-groups-board-members/ >> |access-date=6 July 2018 |website=ZDNet |archive-date=6 July 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706000125/https://www.zdnet.com/article/german-police-raid-homes-of-tor-linked-groups-board-members/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Police searches homes of >> >> Zwiebelfreunde board members as well as OpenLab in Augsburg">{{cite >> >> web |last=n/a |first=46halbe |date=4 July 2018 |title=Police searches >> homes of "Zwiebelfreunde" board members as well as "OpenLab" in >> Augsburg >> |url=https://www.ccc.de/en/updates/2018/hausdurchsuchungen-bei-vereinsvorstanden-der-zwiebelfreunde-und-im-openlab-augsburg >> |access-date=6 July 2018 |website=Chaos Computer Club |archive-date=4 >> July 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704101613/https://www.ccc.de/en/updates/2018/hausdurchsuchungen-bei-vereinsvorstanden-der-zwiebelfreunde-und-im-openlab-augsburg >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Tor came out strongly against the raid >> >> against its support organization, which provides legal and financial >> aid for the setting up and maintenance of high-speed relays and exit >> nodes.<ref name="In Support of Torservers">{{cite web |last=Stelle >> >> |first=Sharon |date=5 July 2018 |title=In Support of Torservers >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/support-torservers |access-date=6 >> July 2018 |website=TorProject.org |archive-date=7 July 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707042439/https://blog.torproject.org/support-torservers >> |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Torservers.net, on 23 August >> >> 2018 the German court at Landgericht München ruled that the raid and >> seizures were illegal. The hardware and documentation seized had been >> kept under seal, and purportedly were neither analyzed nor evaluated >> by the Bavarian police.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 August 2018 >> >> |title=Gericht urteilt: Durchsuchung bei Zwiebelfreunden war >> rechtswidrig [Update] >> |url=https://netzpolitik.org/2018/gericht-urteilt-durchsuchung-bei-zwiebelfreunden-war-rechtswidrig/ >> |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012011235/https://netzpolitik.org/2018/gericht-urteilt-durchsuchung-bei-zwiebelfreunden-war-rechtswidrig/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LG München I: >> >> Hausdurchsuchungen bei Verein Zwiebelfreunde waren rechtswidrig >> |url=https://rsw.beck.de/aktuell/meldung/lg-muenchen-i-hausdurchsuchungen-bei-netzaktivisten-rechtswidrig >> |website=Aktuell |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-date=15 >> February 2021 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215083404/https://rsw.beck.de/aktuell/daily/meldung/detail/lg-muenchen-i-hausdurchsuchungen-bei-netzaktivisten-rechtswidrig >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> Since October 2018, [[internet in China|Chinese online communities]] >> within Tor have begun to dwindle due to increased efforts to stop them >> by the Chinese government.<ref>{{cite web |year=2018 |title=China's >> >> clampdown on Tor pushes its hackers into foreign backyards >> |website=[[The Register]] >> |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/10/10/russia_china_hacker_forum_comparison >> |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010184728/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/10/10/russia_china_hacker_forum_comparison/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> === 2019 === >> In November 2019, [[Edward Snowden]] called for a full, unabridged >> [[simplified Chinese]] translation of his autobiography, ''[[Permanent >> Record (autobiography)|Permanent Record]]'', as the Chinese publisher >> had violated their agreement by expurgating all mentions of Tor and >> other matters deemed politically sensitive by the [[Chinese Communist >> Party]].<ref name="Edward Snowden blew the whistle on how Chinese >> censors scrubbed his book">{{cite web |last=Stegner |first=Isabella >> >> |date=12 November 2019 |title=Edward Snowden blew the whistle on how >> Chinese censors scrubbed his book >> |url=https://qz.com/1746780/edward-snowden-calls-out-chinese-censorship-of-his-book/ >> |url-status=live >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115103544/https://qz.com/1746780/edward-snowden-calls-out-chinese-censorship-of-his-book/ >> |archive-date=15 November 2019 |access-date=12 November 2019 >> |website=Quartz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Snowden |first=Edward >> >> |date=11 November 2019 |title=The Chinese edition of my new book, >> #PermanentRecord, has just been censored. >> |url=https://twitter.com/Snowden/status/1194092273170038784 >> |url-status=live >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112032031/https://twitter.com/Snowden/status/1194092273170038784 >> |archive-date=12 November 2019 |access-date=8 December 2019 >> |website=Twitter (@Snowden) |language=en }}</ref> >> >> >> === 2021 === >> On 8 December 2021, the Russian government agency [[Federal Service >> for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass >> Media|Roskomnadzor]] announced it has banned Tor and six VPN services >> for failing to abide by the [[Russian Internet blacklist]].<ref>{{cite >> >> web|date=2021-12-08|title=Russia Bans More VPN Products and TOR - >> December 8, >> 2021|url=https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/12/08/russia-bans-more-vpn-product… >> NewsBrief|language=en-US}}</ref> Russian ISPs unsuccessfully attempted >> >> to block Tor's main website as well as several bridges beginning on 1 >> December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia Ratchets up Internet >> >> Control by Blocking Privacy Service Tor >> |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/technology/articles/2021-12-08/russia-ratchets-up-internet-crackdown-with-block-of-privacy-service-tor >> |website=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=8 December 2021 >> |language=en}}</ref> The Tor Project has appealed to Russian courts >> >> over this ban.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tor Project appeals Russian >> >> court's decision to block access to Tor >> |url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/tor-project-appeals-russian-courts-decision-to-block-access-to-tor/ >> |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=BleepingComputer >> |language=en-us}}</ref> >> >> >> === 2022 === >> In response to [[Internet censorship]] in the [[Russo-Ukraine War]] >> the [[BBC]] and [[VOA]] have directed Russian audiences to >> Tor.<ref>{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-rolls-down-internet-iron-curtain-but-gaps-remain-11647087321 >> |title=Russia Rolls Down Internet Iron Curtain, but Gaps Remain >> |work=The Wall Street Journal |last1=Schechner |first1=Sam >> |last2=Hagey |first2=Keach |date=12 March 2022 |access-date=17 March >> 2022}}</ref> The Russian government increased efforts to block access >> >> to Tor through technical and political means, and the network reported >> an increase in traffic from Russia using its anti-censorship >> [[Snowflake (software)|Snowflake tool]].<ref name=wired>{{cite >> >> magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/tor-browser-russia-blocks/ >> |title=How Tor Is Fighting—and Beating—Russian Censorship |first=Matt >> |last=Burgess |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|WIRED]] |date=July 28, 2022 >> |access-date=2022-07-30}}</ref> >> >> >> Iran implemented rolling internet blackouts during the [[Mahsa Amini >> protests]], and Tor and Snowflake were used to circumvent them.<ref >> name=skyrocket>{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Ryan |title=VPN use >> >> skyrockets in Iran as citizens navigate internet censorship under >> Tehran's crackdown >> |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/07/vpn-use-skyrockets-in-iran-as-citizens-navigate-internet-censorship.html >> |work=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref name=FAZ>{{cite news >> >> |last1=Küchemann |first1=Fridtjof |title=Per Snowflake ins >> TOR-Netzwerk: Online-Gasse für Menschen in Iran >> |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/zugang-fuer-iraner-per-snowflake-ins-tor-netzwerk-18346679.html >> |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |date=27.09.2022 >> |language=de}}</ref><ref name=rnd>{{cite news |last1=Schwarzer >> >> |first1=Matthias |title=Netzsperre im Iran umgehen: Wie "Snowflake" >> einen Weg ins freie Internet ermöglicht - so kann der Westen helfen >> |url=https://www.rnd.de/digital/netzsperre-im-iran-umgehen-wie-snowflake-einen-weg-ins-freie-internet-ermoeglicht-so-kann-der-westen-SE3LNI5BKNHJHGJJK2UZHWHXRA.html >> |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=[[Redaktions Netzwerk Deutschland]] >> |publisher=www.rnd.de |date=30.09.2022, 09:00 Uhr >> |language=de}}</ref><ref name=EFF>{{cite web |last1=Quintin >> >> |first1=Cooper |title=Snowflake Makes It Easy For Anyone to Fight >> Censorship >> |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/10/snowflake-makes-it-easy-anyone-fight-censorship >> |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en |date=4 October >> 2022}}</ref> >> >> >> China, with its highly centralized control of its internet, had >> effectively blocked Tor.<ref name=wired/> >> >> >> == Improved security == >> Tor responded to earlier vulnerabilities listed above by patching them >> and improving security. In one way or another, human (user) errors can >> lead to detection. The Tor Project website provides the best practices >> (instructions) on how to properly use the Tor browser. When improperly >> used, Tor is not secure. For example, Tor warns its users that not all >> traffic is protected; only the traffic routed through the Tor browser >> is protected. Users are also warned to use [[HTTPS]] versions of >> websites, not to [[BitTorrent|torrent]] with Tor, not to enable >> browser plugins, not to open documents downloaded through Tor while >> online, and to use safe bridges.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tor Project >> >> | Privacy & Freedom Online |url=https://torproject.org/ >> |website=torproject.org |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=31 >> October 2019 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195458/https://www.torproject.org/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> Users are also warned that they cannot >> >> provide their name or other revealing information in web forums over >> Tor and stay anonymous at the same time.<ref name="stayan">{{cite web >> >> |title=Tor: Overview – Staying anonymous >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en |access-date=21 >> September 2016 |archive-date=6 June 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606002957/https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> Despite intelligence agencies' claims that 80% of Tor users would be >> de-anonymized within 6 months in the year 2013,<ref >> name="arstechnica.com">{{cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Building >> >> a new Tor that can resist next-generation state surveillance >> |url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2016/08/building-a-new-tor-that-withstands-next-generation-state-surveillance/ >> |access-date=13 September 2016 |website=arstechnica.com >> |archive-date=11 September 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911030754/http://arstechnica.com/security/2016/08/building-a-new-tor-that-withstands-next-generation-state-surveillance/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> that has still not happened. In fact, as >> >> late as September 2016, the FBI could not locate, de-anonymize and >> identify the Tor user who hacked into the email account of a staffer >> on [[Hillary Clinton]]'s email server.<ref>{{cite web |last=Francis >> >> |first=Elias Groll, David |title=FBI: An Account on Clinton's Private >> Email Server Was Hacked >> |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/02/fbi-an-account-on-clintons-private-email-server-was-hacked/ >> |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US >> |archive-date=31 October 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031022316/https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/02/fbi-an-account-on-clintons-private-email-server-was-hacked/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> The best tactic of law enforcement agencies to de-anonymize users >> appears to remain with Tor-relay adversaries running poisoned nodes, >> as well as counting on the users themselves using the Tor browser >> improperly. For example, downloading a video through the Tor browser >> and then opening the same file on an unprotected hard drive while >> online can make the users' real IP addresses available to >> authorities.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2016 |title=Aussie cops >> >> ran child porn site for months, revealed 30 US IPs >> |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/08/aussie-cops-ran-child-porn-site-for-months-revealed-30-us-ips/ >> |access-date=13 September 2016 |website=arstechnica.com >> |archive-date=8 September 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908002444/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/08/aussie-cops-ran-child-porn-site-for-months-revealed-30-us-ips/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> === Odds of detection === >> When properly used, odds of being de-anonymized through Tor are said >> to be extremely low. Tor project's co-founder [[Nick Mathewson]] >> explained that the problem of "Tor-relay adversaries" running poisoned >> nodes means that a theoretical adversary of this kind is not the >> network's greatest threat: >> >> {{quotation|"No adversary is truly global, but no adversary needs to >> be truly global," he says. "Eavesdropping on the entire Internet is a >> several-billion-dollar problem. Running a few computers to eavesdrop >> on a lot of traffic, a selective denial of service attack to drive >> traffic to your computers, that's like a tens-of-thousands-of-dollars >> problem." At the most basic level, an attacker who runs two poisoned >> Tor nodes—one entry, one exit—is able to analyse traffic and thereby >> identify the tiny, unlucky percentage of users whose circuit happened >> to cross both of those nodes. In 2016 the Tor network offers a total >> of around 7,000 relays, around 2,000 guard (entry) nodes and around >> 1,000 exit nodes. So the odds of such an event happening are one in >> two million ({{Frac|1|2000}} × {{Frac|1|1000}}), give or take."<ref >> name="arstechnica.com" />}} >> >> >> Tor does not provide protection against [[Timing attack|end-to-end >> timing attack]]s: if an attacker can watch the traffic coming out of >> the target computer, and also the traffic arriving at the target's >> chosen destination (e.g. a server hosting a .onion site), that >> attacker can use statistical analysis to discover that they are part >> of the same circuit.<ref name=stayan/> >> >> >> === Levels of security === >> {{More citations needed section|date=December 2021}} >> >> Depending on individual user needs, Tor browser offers three levels of >> security located under the Security Level (the small gray shield at >> the top-right of the screen) icon > Advanced Security Settings. In >> >> addition to encrypting the data, including constantly changing an IP >> address through a virtual circuit comprising successive, randomly >> selected Tor relays, several other layers of security are at a user's >> disposal: >> >> # '''Standard (default) – at this security level, all browser features >> are enabled.''' >> #* This level provides the most usable experience, and the lowest >> level of security. >> # '''Safer – at this security level, the following changes apply:''' >> #* JavaScript is disabled on non-HTTPS sites. >> #* On sites where JavaScript is enabled, performance optimizations are >> disabled. Scripts on some sites may run slower. >> #* Some mechanisms of displaying math equations are disabled. >> #* Audio and video (HTML5 media), and WebGL are click-to-play. >> # '''Safest – at this security level, these additional changes apply:''' >> #* JavaScript is disabled by default on all sites. >> #* Some fonts, icons, math symbols, and images are disabled. >> #* Audio and video (HTML5 media), and WebGL are click-to-play. >> >> ==See also== >>  >> >> {{Div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}} >> * [[.onion]] >> * [[Anonymous P2P]] >> * [[Anonymous web browsing]] >> * [[Briar (software)|Briar: messaging app on Tor network]] >> * [[Crypto-anarchism]] >> * [[Darknet]] >> * [[Dark web]] >> * [[Deep web]] >> * [[Freedom of information]] >> * [[Freenet]] >> * [[GNUnet]] >> * [[I2P]] >> * [[Internet censorship]] >> * [[Internet censorship circumvention]] >> * [[Internet privacy]] >> * [[Privoxy]] >> * [[Proxy server]] >> * [[Psiphon]] >> * [[Tor2web]] >> * [[Tor Phone]] >> * [[torservers.net]] >> {{div col end}} >>  >> >> {{Portal bar| Anarchism |Free and open-source software |Freedom of >> speech |Internet }} >> >> == Citations == >> {{Reflist|refs= >> >> <ref name="spiegel2">{{Cite news |date=28 December 2014 >> >> |title=Presentation from the SIGDEV Conference 2012 explaining which >> encryption protocols and techniques can be attacked and which not >> |work=Der Spiegel |url=http://www.spiegel.de/media/media-35535.pdf >> |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=8 October 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008114248/http://www.spiegel.de/media/media-35535.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="spiegel1">{{Cite news |last=SPIEGEL Staff |date=28 December >> >> 2014 |title=Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA's War on Internet Security >> |work=Der Spiegel >> |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html >> |access-date=23 January 2015 |archive-date=24 January 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124202809/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/inside-the-nsa-s-war-on-internet-security-a-1010361.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="01-chercheurs">{{cite web |title=Des chercheurs Francais >> >> cassent le reseau d'anonymisation Tor >> |url=http://pro.01net.com/editorial/544024/des-chercheurs-francais-cassent-le-reseau-danonymisation-tor/ >> |access-date=17 October 2011 |website=01net.com |language=fr >> |archive-date=16 October 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016155325/http://pro.01net.com/editorial/544024/des-chercheurs-francais-cassent-le-reseau-danonymisation-tor/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="andssy-sniper">{{Cite conference |last1=Jansen |first1=Rob >> >> |last2=Tschorsch |first2=Florian |last3=Johnson |first3=Aaron >> |last4=Scheuermann |first4=Björn |year=2014 |title=The Sniper Attack: >> Anonymously Deanonymizing and Disabling the Tor Network >> |url=http://www.robgjansen.com/publications/sniper-ndss2014.pdf >> |conference=21st Annual Network & Distributed System Security >> Symposium |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-date=30 June 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630044050/http://www.robgjansen.com/publications/sniper-ndss2014.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="ars-111k">{{cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |date=25 >> >> July 2014 |title=Russia publicly joins war on Tor privacy with >> $111,000 bounty >> |url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2014/07/russia-publicly-joins-war-on-tor-privacy-with-111000-bounty/ >> |access-date=26 July 2014 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |archive-date=26 >> July 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726214634/http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/07/russia-publicly-joins-war-on-tor-privacy-with-111000-bounty/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="ars-feds-narcotics">{{cite web |last=Goodin |first=Dan >> >> |date=16 April 2012 |title=Feds shutter online narcotics store that >> used Tor to hide its tracks >> |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/04/feds-shutter-online-narcotics-store-that-used-tor-to-hide-its-tracks.ars?src=fbk >> |access-date=20 April 2012 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |archive-date=19 >> April 2012 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419165308/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/04/feds-shutter-online-narcotics-store-that-used-tor-to-hide-its-tracks.ars?src=fbk >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="ars-ranks-cut">{{cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Sean >> >> |date=18 April 2014 |title=Tor network's ranks of relay servers cut >> because of Heartbleed bug >> |url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2014/04/tor-networks-ranks-of-relay-servers-cut-because-of-heartbleed-bug/ >> |access-date=28 April 2014 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |archive-date=1 >> May 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501163047/http://arstechnica.com/security/2014/04/tor-networks-ranks-of-relay-servers-cut-because-of-heartbleed-bug/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="bitmessage-faq">{{cite web |title=Bitmessage FAQ >> >> |url=https://bitmessage.org/wiki/FAQ |access-date=17 July 2013 >> |website=Bitmessage |archive-date=18 August 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818092419/https://bitmessage.org/wiki/FAQ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="bbr-cleaning-up">{{cite web |last=Bode |first=Karl |date=12 >> >> March 2007 |title=Cleaning up Tor >> |url=http://www.broadbandreports.com/shownews/Cleaning-Up-Tor-82218 >> |access-date=28 April 2014 |website=Broadband.com |archive-date=21 >> October 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021185626/http://www.broadbandreports.com/shownews/Cleaning-Up-Tor-82218 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="bw-tor-vs">{{Cite news |last=Lawrence |first=Dune |date=23 >> >> January 2014 |title=The Inside Story of Tor, the Best Internet >> Anonymity Tool the Government Ever Built |work=[[Bloomberg >> Businessweek]] >> |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-23/tor-anonymity-software-vs-dot-the-national-security-agency >> |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-date=29 March 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329174719/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-23/tor-anonymity-software-vs-dot-the-national-security-agency >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="boston-domestic-abuse">{{cite web |last=LeVines >> >> |first=George |date=7 May 2014 |title=As domestic abuse goes digital, >> shelters turn to counter-surveillance with Tor >> |url=http://betaboston.com/news/2014/05/07/as-domestic-abuse-goes-digital-shelters-turn-to-counter-surveillance-with-tor/ >> |access-date=8 May 2014 |website=[[Boston Globe]] |archive-date=14 >> September 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914153110/http://betaboston.com/news/2014/05/07/as-domestic-abuse-goes-digital-shelters-turn-to-counter-surveillance-with-tor/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="boston-free-speech-tech">{{cite web |last=McKim >> >> |first=Jenifer B. |date=8 March 2012 |title=Privacy software, criminal >> use >> |url=http://articles.boston.com/2012-03-08/business/31136655_1_law-enforcement-free-speech-technology/2 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312225054/http://articles.boston.com/2012-03-08/business/31136655_1_law-enforcement-free-speech-technology/2 >> |archive-date=12 March 2012 |website=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="ccsw-attacking">{{Cite conference |last1=Herrmann >> >> |first1=Dominik |last2=Wendolsky |first2=Rolf |last3=Federrath >> |first3=Hannes |date=13 November 2009 |title=Website Fingerprinting: >> Attacking Popular {{sic|hide=y|Privacy Enhancing}} Technologies with >> the Multinomial Naïve-Bayes Classifier >> |url=http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/11919/1/authorsversion-ccsw09.pdf >> |conference=Cloud Computing Security Workshop |location=New York, USA >> |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |access-date=2 >> September 2010 |book-title=Proceedings of the 2009 ACM Cloud Computing >> Security Workshop (CCSW) |archive-date=22 April 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422121714/http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/11919/1/authorsversion-ccsw09.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="cnet-arrested">{{Cite news |last=Soghoian |first=Chris >> >> |date=16 September 2007 |title=Tor anonymity server admin arrested >> |work=[[CNET Networks|CNET News]] >> |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13739_3-9779225-46.html |access-date=17 >> January 2011 |archive-date=10 December 2010 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210151708/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13739_3-9779225-46.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="compaint-ulbricht">{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Serrin >> >> |date=27 September 2013 |title=Sealed compaint >> |url=http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~nweaver/UlbrichtCriminalComplaint.pdf >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002221530/http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~nweaver/UlbrichtCriminalComplaint.pdf >> |archive-date=2 October 2013 |website=United States of America v. Ross >> William Ulbricht}}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="cso-black-market">{{cite web |last=Gregg |first=Brandon >> >> |date=30 April 2012 |title=How online black markets work >> |url=http://www.csoonline.com/article/705316/how-online-black-markets-work >> |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=CSO Online |archive-date=13 August >> 2012 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813131253/http://www.csoonline.com/article/705316/how-online-black-markets-work >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="economist-bitcoin">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2012 >> >> |title=Bitcoin: Monetarists Anonymous |newspaper=[[The Economist]] >> |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21563752 |access-date=19 May 2013 >> |archive-date=20 October 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020192331/http://www.economist.com/node/21563752 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="eff-silk-road">{{cite web |last=Higgins |first=Parker >> >> |date=3 October 2013 |title=In the Silk Road Case, Don't Blame the >> Technology >> |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/10/silk-road-case-dont-blame-technology >> |access-date=22 December 2013 |website=[[Electronic Frontier >> Foundation]] |archive-date=26 January 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126154932/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/10/silk-road-case-dont-blame-technology >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="eff-ssd-tor">{{cite web |title=Surveillance Self-Defense: >> >> Tor |url=https://ssd.eff.org/tech/tor |access-date=28 April 2014 >> |website=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] |archive-date=26 June 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626031133/https://ssd.eff.org/tech/tor >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="erste-darknet">{{Cite news |last=Gaertner |first=Joachim >> >> |date=1 July 2013 |title=Darknet – Netz ohne Kontrolle |language=de >> |work=[[Das Erste]] >> |url=http://www.daserste.de/information/wissen-kultur/ttt/sendung/br/20130630-ttt-darknet-102.html >> |url-status=dead |access-date=28 August 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704075422/http://www.daserste.de/information/wissen-kultur/ttt/sendung/br/20130630-ttt-darknet-102.html >> |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="fsf-award">{{cite web |title=2010 Free Software Awards >> >> announced >> |url=http://www.fsf.org/news/2010-free-software-awards-announced >> |access-date=23 March 2011 |website=[[Free Software Foundation]] >> |archive-date=1 May 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501135149/http://www.fsf.org/news/2010-free-software-awards-announced >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="fp-top100-thinkers">{{cite web |last=Wittmeyer >> >> |first=Alicia P.Q. |date=26 November 2012 |title=The FP Top 100 Global >> Thinkers >> |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/26/the_fp_100_global_thinkers?page=0,48 >> |url-status=dead >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130221322/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/26/the_fp_100_global_thinkers?page=0,33 >> |archive-date=30 November 2012 |access-date=28 November 2012 >> |website=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="gawker-any-drug">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian >> >> |date=1 June 2011 |title=The Underground Website Where You Can Buy Any >> Drug Imaginable >> |url=http://gawker.com/5805928/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable >> |url-status=dead >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603015735/http://gawker.com/5805928/the-underground-website-where-you-can-buy-any-drug-imaginable >> |archive-date=3 June 2011 |access-date=20 April 2012 >> |website=Gawker}}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="gawker-kiddie-porn">{{cite web |last=Chen |first=Adrian >> >> |date=11 June 2012 |title='Dark Net' Kiddie Porn Website Stymies FBI >> Investigation >> |url=http://gawker.com/5916994/dark-net-kiddie-porn-website-stymies-fbi-investigation >> |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=Gawker |archive-date=14 August >> 2012 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814195308/http://gawker.com/5916994/dark-net-kiddie-porn-website-stymies-fbi-investigation >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="ghowen-fby-analysis">{{cite web |last=Owen |first=Gareth >> >> |title=FBI Malware Analysis >> |url=http://ghowen.me/fbi-tor-malware-analysis |url-status=dead >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417081750/http://ghowen.me/fbi-tor-malware-analysis/ >> |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=6 May >> 2014}}</ref>{{self-published inline |date=April 2014}} >> >> >> <ref name="guardian-how-nsa">{{Cite news |last=Schneier |first=Bruce >> >> |date=4 October 2013 |title=Attacking Tor: how the NSA targets users' >> online anonymity |work=[[The Guardian]] >> |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/04/tor-attacks-nsa-users-online-anonymity >> |access-date=22 December 2013 |archive-date=7 August 2017 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807074531/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/04/tor-attacks-nsa-users-online-anonymity >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="guardian-nsa-target">{{Cite news |last1=Ball |first1=James >> >> |last2=Schneier |first2=Bruce |last3=Greenwald |first3=Glenn |date=4 >> October 2013 |title=NSA and GCHQ target Tor network that protects >> anonymity of web users |work=[[The Guardian]] >> |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/04/nsa-gchq-attack-tor-network-encryption >> |url-status=live |access-date=5 October 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228060200/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/04/nsa-gchq-attack-tor-network-encryption >> |archive-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="guardian-peeling">{{Cite news |date=4 October 2013 >> >> |title=Peeling back the layers of Tor with EgotisticalGiraffe >> |work=[[The Guardian]] >> |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/oct/04/egotistical-giraffe-nsa-tor-document >> |access-date=5 October 2013 |archive-date=5 October 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005030818/http://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/oct/04/egotistical-giraffe-nsa-tor-document >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="guardianproject-about">{{cite web |title=About >> >> |url=https://guardianproject.info/ |access-date=10 May 2011 >> |website=The Guardian Project |archive-date=16 April 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416232400/http://guardianproject.info/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="guardianproject-chatsecure">{{cite web |title=ChatSecure: >> >> Private Messaging |url=https://guardianproject.info/apps/chatsecure/ >> |access-date=20 September 2014 |website=The Guardian Project >> |archive-date=24 September 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924064840/https://guardianproject.info/apps/chatsecure/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="guardianproject-orbot">{{cite web |title=Orbot: Mobile >> >> Anonymity + Circumvention >> |url=https://guardianproject.info/apps/orbot/ |access-date=10 May 2011 >> |website=The Guardian Project |archive-date=11 May 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074732/https://guardianproject.info/apps/orbot/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="guardianproject-orweb">{{cite web |title=Orweb: Privacy >> >> Browser |url=https://guardianproject.info/apps/orweb/ |access-date=10 >> May 2011 |website=The Guardian Project |archive-date=11 May 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074727/https://guardianproject.info/apps/orweb/ >> |url-status=dead }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="guardianproject-proxymob">{{cite web |title=ProxyMob: >> >> Firefox Mobile Add-on >> |url=https://guardianproject.info/apps/proxymob-firefox-add-on/ >> |access-date=10 May 2011 |website=The Guardian Project >> |archive-date=11 May 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511074722/https://guardianproject.info/apps/proxymob-firefox-add-on/ >> |url-status=dead }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="guardianproject-obscuracam">{{cite web |title=Obscura: >> >> Secure Smart Camera |url=https://guardianproject.info/apps/obscuracam/ >> |access-date=19 September 2014 |website=The Guardian Project >> |archive-date=24 September 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040527/https://guardianproject.info/apps/obscuracam/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="ieee-low-cost">{{Cite conference|last1=Murdoch >> >> |first1=Steven J. |last2=Danezis |first2=George |date=19 January 2006 >> |chapter=Low-Cost Traffic Analysis of Tor >> |chapter-url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~sjm217/papers/oakland05torta.pdf >> |access-date=21 May 2007 |conference=IEEE Symposium 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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050524/http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/tor-browser-bundle-tor-goes-portable >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="manils-compromising">{{Cite conference |last1=Manils >> >> |first1=Pere |last2=Abdelberri |first2=Chaabane |last3=Le Blond >> |first3=Stevens |last4=Kaafar |first4=Mohamed Ali |last5=Castelluccia >> |first5=Claude |last6=Legout |first6=Arnaud |last7=Dabbous >> |first7=Walid |date=April 2010 |title=Compromising Tor Anonymity >> Exploiting P2P Information Leakage >> |url=http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/47/15/56/PDF/TorBT.pdf >> |conference=7th USENIX Symposium on Network Design and Implementation >> |arxiv=1004.1461 |bibcode=2010arXiv1004.1461M |access-date=28 April >> 2014 |archive-date=6 September 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906211542/http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/47/15/56/PDF/TorBT.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="mirror-marques">{{Cite news |last=Best |first=Jessica >> >> |date=21 January 2014 |title=Man branded 'largest facilitator of child >> porn on the planet' remanded in custody again |work=[[Daily Mirror]] >> |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/eric-eoin-marques-man-branded-3046701 >> |access-date=29 April 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529103734/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/eric-eoin-marques-man-branded-3046701 >> |archive-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="ml-rejecting">{{Cite mailing list >> >> |url=https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-relays/2014-April/004336.html >> |title=Rejecting 380 vulnerable guard/exit keys |date=16 April 2014b >> |mailing-list=tor-relays |last=Dingledine |first=Roger |access-date=28 >> April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419172640/https://lists.torproject.org/pipermail/tor-relays/2014-April/004336.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="muckrock-hunting-porn">{{cite web |last=Morisy >> >> |first=Michael |date=8 June 2012 |title=Hunting for child porn, FBI >> stymied by Tor undernet >> |url=http://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2012/jun/08/hunting-child-porn-fbi-stymied-tor-undernet/ >> |access-date=6 August 2012 |website=Muckrock >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616185438/http://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2012/jun/08/hunting-child-porn-fbi-stymied-tor-undernet/ >> |archive-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="openhub-tor">{{cite web |url=https://www.openhub.net/p/tor >> >> |title=Tor |website=Open HUB |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=3 >> September 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903192951/https://www.openhub.net/p/tor >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="or-locating">{{cite conference >> >> |chapter-url=http://www.onion-router.net/Publications/locating-hidden-servers.pdf >> |chapter=Locating Hidden Servers |first1=Lasse |last1=Øverlier >> |first2=Paul |last2=Syverson |title=2006 IEEE Symposium on Security >> and Privacy (S&P'06) |conference=IEEE Symposium on Security and >> Privacy |conference-url=http://www.ieee-security.org/TC/SP-Index.html >> |book-title=Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Symposium on Security and >> Privacy |page=1 |publisher=IEEE CS Press |date=21 June 2006 >> |location=Oakland, Calif. |doi=10.1109/SP.2006.24  |isbn=0-7695-2574-1 >> >> |url=http://www.onion-router.net/Publications/locating-hidden-servers.pdf >> |archive-date=10 August 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810105459/http://www.onion-router.net/Publications/locating-hidden-servers.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="pcw-111k">{{cite web >> >> |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2458420/russian-government-offers-money-for-identifying-tor-users.html >> |title=Russian government offers huge reward for help unmasking >> anonymous Tor users |first=Constantin |last=Lucian |website=[[PC >> World]] |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=26 July 2014 |archive-date=26 >> July 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726073307/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2458420/russian-government-offers-money-for-identifying-tor-users.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name=prealpha>{{cite mailing list >> >> |url=http://archives.seul.org/or/dev/Sep-2002/msg00019.html >> |title=Pre-alpha: run an onion proxy now! |last=Dingledine >> |first=Roger |mailing-list=or-dev(a)freehaven.net |date=20 September >> 2002 |access-date=17 July 2008 |url-status=live |archive-date=26 July >> 2011 |archive-url= >> https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062025/http://archives.seul.org/or/dev/…</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="register-embassy-passwd">{{cite web |title=Tor at heart of >> >> embassy passwords leak |last=Goodin |first=Dan |website=[[The >> Register]] |date=10 September 2007 |access-date=20 September 2007 >> |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/10/misuse_of_tor_led_to_embassy_password_breach/ >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925124202/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/10/misuse_of_tor_led_to_embassy_password_breach/ >> |archive-date=25 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="scm-egyptians">{{cite web >> >> |url=http://www.scmagazine.com.au/News/246707,egyptians-turn-to-tor-to-organise-dissent-online.aspx >> |title=Egyptians turn to Tor to organise dissent online |first=Nate >> |last=Cochrane |website=[[SC Magazine]] |date=2 February 2011 >> |access-date=10 December 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213154629/http://www.scmagazine.com.au/News/246707,egyptians-turn-to-tor-to-organise-dissent-online.aspx >> |archive-date=13 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="shining-light">{{cite conference >> >> |chapter-url=http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/Tor/PETS2008_37.pdf >> |chapter=Shining Light in Dark Places: Understanding the Tor Network >> |first=Damon |last1=McCoy |first2=Kevin |last2=Bauer |first3=Dirk >> |last3=Grunwald |first4=Tadayoshi |last4=Kohno |first5=Douglas >> |last5=Sicker |title=Privacy Enhancing Technologies |series=Lecture >> Notes in Computer Science |conference=8th International Symposium on >> Privacy Enhancing Technologies |book-title=Proceedings of the 8th >> International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies |pages=63–76 >> |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin, Germany |year=2008 >> |volume=5134 |isbn=978-3-540-70629-8 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70630-4_5 >> |url=http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/Tor/PETS2008_37.pdf >> |access-date=13 April 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515200650/http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/yoshi/papers/Tor/PETS2008_37.pdf >> |archive-date=15 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="sf-tor-hack">{{cite web >> >> |url=http://www.securityfocus.com/news/11447 |title=Tor hack proposed >> to catch criminals |first=Robert |last=Lemos |website=SecurityFocus >> |date=8 March 2007 |access-date=3 February 2008 |archive-date=10 >> February 2019 |archive-url= >> https://web.archive.org/web/20190210044509/https://www.securityfocus.com/ne… >> |url-status=live}}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="smh-hack-of-year">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/security/the-hack-of-the-year/2007/11/12/1194766589522.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 >> |title=The hack of the year |first=Patrick |last=Gray >> |website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=13 November 2007 >> |access-date=28 April 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418230200/http://www.smh.com.au/news/security/the-hack-of-the-year/2007/11/12/1194766589522.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 >> |archive-date=18 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="tbb-design-document">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/projects/torbrowser/design/ |title=The >> Design and Implementation of the Tor Browser [DRAFT] >> |first1=Mike |last1=Perry |first2=Erinn |last2=Clark |first3=Steven >> |last3=Murdoch |website=Tor Project |date=15 March 2013 >> |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=15 August >> 2014 |archive-url= >> https://web.archive.org/web/20140815233238/https://www.torproject.org/proje…</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="thn-compromised">{{cite web >> >> |url=http://thehackernews.com/2011/10/tor-anonymizing-network-compromised-by.html >> |title=Tor anonymizing network compromised by French researchers >> |website=The Hacker News |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=10 >> December 2011 |archive-date=7 December 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207111204/http://thehackernews.com/2011/10/tor-anonymizing-network-compromised-by.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-bridges">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/docs/bridges |title=Tor: Bridges >> |website=Tor Project |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-date=12 May >> 2012 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512012603/https://www.torproject.org/docs/bridges >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-conf-hidden">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/docs/tor-onion-service >> |title=Configuring Onion Services for Tor |website=Tor Project >> |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215205835/https://www.torproject.org/docs/tor-onion-service >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-corepeople">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/corepeople |title=Tor Project: >> Core People |website=Tor Project |access-date=17 July 2008 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118075745/http://www.torproject.org/about/corepeople >> |archive-date=18 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-fail-both-ends">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://wiki.torproject.org/noreply/TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ?action=recall&rev=554#EntryGuards >> |title=TheOnionRouter/TorFAQ |access-date=18 September 2007 |quote=Tor >> (like all current practical low-latency anonymity designs) fails when >> the attacker can see both ends of the communications channel >> |archive-date=16 September 2020 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916073309/https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorFAQ?action=recall&rev=554#EntryGuards >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-faq">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq#WhyCalledTor |title=Tor FAQ: >> Why is it called Tor? |website=Tor Project |access-date=1 July 2011 >> |archive-date=17 January 2016 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117155232/https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq#WhyCalledTor >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-faq-abuse">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq-abuse.html.en#WhatAboutCriminals >> |title=Doesn't Tor enable criminals to do bad things? |website=Tor >> Project |access-date=28 August 2013 |archive-date=17 August 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817133027/https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq-abuse.html.en#WhatAboutCriminals >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-hidden">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/docs/onion-services.html |title=Tor: >> Onion Service Protocol |website=Tor Project |access-date=13 December >> 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2018 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223204417/https://www.torproject.org/docs/onion-services.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >>  >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-news-20140416">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-weekly-news-—-april-16th-2014 >> |title=Tor Weekly News — 16 April 2014 |author=Lunar |website=Tor >> Project |date=16 April 2014 |access-date=28 April 2014 >> |archive-date=19 April 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419165608/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-weekly-news-—-april-16th-2014 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-old-vulnerable">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-security-advisory-old-tor-browser-bundles-vulnerable >> |title=Tor security advisory: Old Tor Browser Bundles vulnerable >> |first=Roger |last=Dingledine |website=Tor Project |date=5 August 2013 >> |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-date=26 March 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326223617/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/tor-security-advisory-old-tor-browser-bundles-vulnerable >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-one-cell">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/one-cell-enough |title=One cell >> is enough to break Tor's anonymity |first=Roger |last=Dingledine >> |website=Tor Project |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=9 January >> 2011 |archive-date=20 September 2010 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920113629/http://blog.torproject.org/blog/one-cell-enough >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-openssl-cve">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/openssl-bug-cve-2014-0160 >> |title=OpenSSL bug CVE-2014-0160 |first=Roger |last=Dingledine >> |website=Tor Project |date=7 April 2014a |access-date=28 April 2014 >> |archive-date=10 July 2017 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710101031/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/openssl-bug-cve-2014-0160 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >>  >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-rumors-exaggerated">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://blog.torproject.org/blog/rumors-tors-compromise-are-greatly-exaggerated >> |title=Rumors of Tor's compromise are greatly exaggerated |last=phobos >> |website=Tor Project |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=20 April 2012 >> |archive-date=30 January 2012 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130020255/https://blog.torproject.org/blog/rumors-tors-compromise-are-greatly-exaggerated >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torproject-sponsors">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.torproject.org/about/sponsors.html.en |title=Tor: >> Sponsors |website=Tor Project |access-date=11 December 2010 >> |archive-date=27 July 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727154342/https://www.torproject.org/about/sponsors.html.en >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="torstatus">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://metrics.torproject.org/networksize.html |title=Tor Server >> Status |publisher=Tor Project - Metrics |access-date=7 July >> 2021}}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="tp-blacklisting">{{cite web >> >> |url=http://threatpost.com/tor-begins-blacklisting-exit-nodes-vulnerable-to-heartbleed/105519 >> |title=Tor begins blacklisting exit nodes vulnerable to Heartbleed >> |first=Michael |last=Mimoso |website=Threat Post |date=17 April 2014 >> |access-date=28 April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419155907/http://threatpost.com/tor-begins-blacklisting-exit-nodes-vulnerable-to-heartbleed/105519 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="twe-zmap">{{cite >> >> web|url=http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/zmap-internet-scan-zero-day-125374|title=Zmap's >> Fast Internet Scan Tool Could Spread Zero Days In >> Minutes|last=Judge|first=Peter|date=20 August 2013|website=TechWeek >> Europe|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/201308241420… >> August 2013}}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="usenix-bad-apple">{{cite conference >> >> |url=https://www.usenix.org/events/leet11/tech/full_papers/LeBlond.pdf >> |title=One Bad Apple Spoils the Bunch: Exploiting P2P Applications to >> Trace and Profile Tor Users |first1=Stevens |last1=Le Blond >> |first2=Pere |last2=Manils |first3=Abdelberi |last3=Chaabane >> |first4=Mohamed |last4=Ali Kaafar |first5=Claude |last5=Castelluccia >> |first6=Arnaud |last6=Legout |first7=Walid |last7=Dabbous >> |conference=4th USENIX Workshop on Large-Scale Exploits and Emergent >> Threats (LEET '11) |publisher=National Institute for Research in >> Computer Science and Control |date=March 2011 |access-date=13 April >> 2011 |archive-date=27 April 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427023454/https://www.usenix.org/events/leet11/tech/full_papers/LeBlond.pdf >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="usenix-design">{{cite conference |last1=Dingledine >> >> |first1=Roger |last2=Mathewson |first2=Nick |last3=Syverson >> |first3=Paul |title=Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router >> |book-title=Proc. 13th USENIX Security Symposium |place=San Diego, >> California |date=13 August 2004 >> |url=http://www.usenix.org/events/sec04/tech/dingledine.html >> |access-date=17 November 2008 |conference= |archive-date=9 August 2011 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809060244/http://www.usenix.org/events/sec04/tech/dingledine.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="vuze-tor">{{cite web |url=http://wiki.vuze.com/w/Tor >> >> |title=Tor |website=Vuze |access-date=3 March 2010 |archive-date=30 >> April 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430035208/http://wiki.vuze.com/w/Tor >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="verge-applebaum">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/11/4091186/interview-uncut-jacob-appelbaum >> |title=Interview uncut: Jacob Appelbaum |author=Sirius, R. U. >> |website=theverge.com |date=11 March 2013 |access-date=17 September >> 2017 |archive-date=20 October 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223354/http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/11/4091186/interview-uncut-jacob-appelbaum >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="wired-fbi-controlled">{{cite magazine >> >> |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/09/freedom-hosting-fbi/ >> |title=FBI Admits It Controlled Tor Servers Behind Mass Malware Attack >> |first=Kevin |last=Poulsen |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] >> |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=22 December 2013 |archive-date=21 >> December 2013 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221024649/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/09/freedom-hosting-fbi/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="wired-feds-are-suspects">{{cite magazine >> >> |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/08/freedom-hosting/ |title=Feds Are >> Suspects in New Malware That Attacks Tor Anonymity |first=Kevin >> |last=Poulsen |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=8 May 2013 >> |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429202100/http://www.wired.com/2013/08/freedom-hosting/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="wired-rogue-nodes">{{cite news >> >> |url=https://www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2007/09/embassy_hacks?currentPage=all >> |title=Rogue Nodes Turn Tor Anonymizer Into Eavesdropper's Paradise >> |first1=Kim |last1=Zetter |author-link=Kim Zetter |newspaper=[[Wired >> (magazine)|Wired]] |date=10 September 2007 |access-date=16 September >> 2007 |archive-date=31 December 2008 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231175940/http://www.wired.com/politics/security/news/2007/09/embassy_hacks?currentPage=all >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="wp-feds-pay">{{cite news >> >> |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/09/06/the-feds-pays-for-60-percent-of-tors-development-can-users-trust-it/ >> |title=The feds pay for 60 percent of Tor's development. Can users >> trust it? |first=Brian |last=Fung |work=The Switch >> |publisher=Washington Post |date=6 September 2013 |access-date=6 >> February 2014 |archive-date=9 September 2013 >> |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130909202619/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/09/06/the-feds-pays-for-60-percent-of-tors-development-can-users-trust-it/ >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="wsj-anonymous-contraversial">{{cite news >> >> |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324677204578185382377144280 >> |title=Tor: an anonymous, and controversial, way to web-surf >> |first=Geoffrey A. |last=Fowler |work=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=17 >> December 2012 |access-date=19 May 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2015 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311064250/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324677204578185382377144280 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="wu8-ubuntu-ppa">{{cite web >> >> |url=http://www.webupd8.org/2013/12/tor-browser-bundle-ubuntu-ppa.html >> |title=Tor Browser Bundle Ubuntu PPA |first=Andrei |last=Alin >> |website=Web Upd8 |date=2 December 2013 |access-date=28 April 2014 >> |archive-date=21 April 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421220450/http://www.webupd8.org/2013/12/tor-browser-bundle-ubuntu-ppa.html >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="xakep-whole-hog">{{cite web >> >> |url=http://eng.xakep.ru/link/51074/ |title=Включаем Tor на всю >> катушку |trans-title=Make Tor go the whole hog |first=Антон >> |last=Жуков |website=Xakep |date=15 December 2009 |access-date=28 >> April 2014 |url-status=dead >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901035137/http://eng.xakep.ru/link/51074/ >> |archive-date=1 September 2013 }}</ref> >> >> >> <ref name="arrests">{{Cite news >> >> |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29987373 |title=Dark net >> experts trade theories on 'de-cloaking' after raids |date=7 November >> 2014 |access-date=12 November 2014 |newspaper=BBC News |last1=Lee >> |first1=Dave |archive-date=12 November 2014 >> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112165655/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29987373 >> |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >>  >> >> >> <ref name="tor-gitlab-repoanalytics">{{cite web >> >> |url=https://gitlab.torproject.org/tpo/core/tor/-/graphs/main/charts >> |title=Repository Analytics |website=Tor Project GitLab >> |access-date=24 August 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> >> >> >> }} >> >> == General and cited references == >> {{Refbegin}} >> * {{Cite book |title=Computer Privacy Handbook |first=Andre >> |last=Bacard |isbn=978-1-56609-171-8|date=1 January 1995 }} >> * {{cite journal |last1=Lund |first1=Brady |first2=Matt >> |last2=Beckstrom |date=2021 |title=The Integration of Tor into Library >> Services: An Appeal to the Core Mission and Values of Libraries >> |journal=Public Library Quarterly |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=60–76 >> |doi=10.1080/01616846.2019.1696078 |s2cid=214213117 }} >> * {{Cite book |title=Understanding the Usage of Anonymous Onion >> Services: Empirical Experiments to Study Criminal Activities in the >> Tor Network |first=Juha |last=Nurmi |isbn=978-952-03-1091-2 |date=24 >> May 2019 }} >> * {{Cite book |title=Applied Cryptography |first=Bruce |last=Schneier >> |author-link=Bruce Schneier |isbn=978-0-471-11709-4|date=1 November >> 1995 }} >> * {{Cite book |title=Email Security |first=Bruce |last=Schneier >> |author-link=Bruce Schneier |isbn=978-0-471-05318-7 |date=25 January >> 1995 |url-access=registration >> |url=https://archive.org/details/emailsecurityhow0000schn }} >> {{Refend}} >> >> ==External links== >> {{Commons category|Tor project}} >> * {{Official website}} >> * [http://freehaven.net/anonbib/ Anonymity Bibliography] >> * [https://2019.www.torproject.org Old website] >> * >> [https://web.archive.org/web/20171220172642/https://www.torproject.org/getin… >> Archived: Official List of mirror websites] >> * >> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWII85UlzKw&index=1&list=PLwyU2dZ3LJErtu3GG… >> Animated introduction] >> * >> [https://media.ccc.de/v/31c3_-_6112_-_en_-_saal_2_-_201412301715_-_tor_hidde… >> Tor: Hidden Services and Deanonymisation] presentation at the 31st >> Chaos Computer Conference >> * [https://torflow.uncharted.software/ TorFlow], a dynamic >> visualization of data flowing over the Tor network >> * >> [https://media.ccc.de/v/32c3-7322-tor_onion_services_more_useful_than_you_th… >> Tor onion services: more useful than you think] in a 2016 presentation >> at the 32nd Annual [[Chaos Communication Congress]] >> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGIE7KTJiBY A core Tor developer >> lectures at the] [[Radboud University Nijmegen]] in The Netherlands on >> anonymity systems in 2016 >> * >> [https://web.archive.org/web/20161019151220/https://people.torproject.org/~i… >> A technical presentation given at the] [[University of Waterloo]] in >> Canada: Tor's Circuit-Layer Cryptography: Attacks, Hacks, and >> Improvements >> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShrZ4B9R3NQ A Presentation at the >> March 2017 BSides Vancouver Conference on security practices on Tor's >> hidden services given by] [[Sarah Jamie Lewis]] >> >> {{Tor project}} >> {{Tor hidden services}} >> {{Internet censorship circumvention technologies}} >> {{Navboxes|list= >> {{Cryptographic software}} >> {{Privacy}} >> {{Routing software}} >> {{Web browsers|desktop}} >> }} >> >> [[Category:Tor (anonymity network)| ]] >> [[Category:Tor onion services|.]] >> [[Category:2002 software]] >> [[Category:Anonymity networks]] >> [[Category:Application layer protocols]] >> [[Category:Computer networking]] >> [[Category:Cross-platform free software]] >> [[Category:Cross-platform software]] >> [[Category:Cryptographic protocols]] >> [[Category:Cryptographic software]] >> [[Category:Cryptography]] >> [[Category:Dark web]] >> [[Category:File sharing]] >> [[Category:Free network-related software]] >> [[Category:Free routing software]] >> [[Category:Free software programmed in C]] >> [[Category:Free software programmed in Rust]] >> [[Category:Hash based data structures]] >> [[Category:Internet privacy software]] >> [[Category:Internet properties established in 2002]] >> [[Category:Internet protocols]] >> [[Category:Internet security]] >> [[Category:Internet Standards]] >> [[Category:Key-based routing]] >> [[Category:Mix networks]] >> [[Category:Onion routing]] >> [[Category:Overlay networks]] >> [[Category:Proxy servers]] >> [[Category:Secure communication]] >> [[Category:Software using the BSD license]] >

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Fwd: Your Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) Request FOIL-2022-092039-018266
by Gunnar Larson 12 Oct '22

12 Oct '22

2022-092039: “Bank.org demands any and all records concerning the Superintendent's said DFS role with Brex (Declaration on said disclosure form).” Expected due date: 10.12.22. ---------- Forwarded message --------- From: <Edward.Meltzer(a)dfs.ny.gov> Date: Wed, Oct 12, 2022, 9:19 AM Subject: Your Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) Request FOIL-2022-092039-018266 To: <g(a)xny.io> Good morning, Attached please find correspondence from the NYS Department of Financial Services, pertaining to your FOIL request. Thank you. Tracking Number:FOIL-2022-092039-018266

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Re: Your Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) Request FOIL-2022-092039-018266
by Gunnar Larson 12 Oct '22

12 Oct '22

Dear DFS Records: Thank you for the update concerning, 2022-092039: “Bank.org demands any and all records concerning the Superintendent's said DFS role with Brex (Declaration on said disclosure form).” Expected due date: 10.12.22. Dear EXEC Records: We have the same FOIL request pending with your office (attached). Do you have any updates on this important Interlocking directorates type FOIL request? We are concerned that the Brex role has association with the PayPal Mafia. Thank you, Gunnar Gunnar Larson xNY.io - Bank.org 646-454-9107 On Wed, Oct 12, 2022, 9:19 AM <Edward.Meltzer(a)dfs.ny.gov> wrote: > Good morning, > > > > Attached please find correspondence from the NYS Department of Financial > Services, pertaining to your FOIL request. > > > > Thank you. > > Tracking Number:FOIL-2022-092039-018266 >

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Re: Response to NY FOIL request FOIL-2022-090440-018156
by Gunnar Larson 12 Oct '22

12 Oct '22

Mr. Bogdan: We would like to appeal this FOIL determination. Specific to scholarships in Africa, Goldman Sachs has issued advertisements as principal funder of Africa's largest online University. DFS having no records associated with 'one of the world's largest minority scholarship programs...' that is funded out of New York would allude to willful negligence on behalf of New York's financial regulators. Recently, we received a FOIL denial for any and all records related to DFS' approach to obstruction of justice as part of the FOIL process. DFS responded, saying we are making "incoherent and general" records requests. So please let me clarify: As a Bill and Melinda Gates Scholar, I personally have an obligation to make sure our firm does not willfully ignore DFS having no records related to potentially the world's largest scholarship fraud funded out of New York. Warm regards, Gunnar Gunnar Larson xNY.io - Bank.org 646-454-9107 On Mon, Sep 19, 2022, 2:36 PM <George.Bogdan(a)dfs.ny.gov> wrote: > Dear Mr. Larson: > > My response to your FOIL concerning Goldman Sachs and interlocking > directorates is attached. > > Sincerely, > > George Bogdan > DFS Records Access Officer > > Tracking Number:FOIL-2022-090440-018156 >

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Twitter Investor Says Musk Intentionally Tanked Its Stock Price ... Musk Says Twitter Whistleblower Told To Burn, Delete Records
by Gunnar Larson 12 Oct '22

12 Oct '22

Does anyone think the PayPal Mafia is trying to manipulate markets? ---------- Forwarded message --------- From: Delaware Law360 <news-alt(a)law360.com> Date: Wed, Oct 12, 2022, 3:35 AM Subject: Twitter Investor Says Musk Intentionally Tanked Its Stock Price To: <g(a)xny.io> Twitter investors have hit Elon Musk with a putative securities class action over his oscillating approach to the $44 billion purchase of Twitter, an ordeal that one stockholder characterized as a ploy designed to drive down Twitter's stock price. [image: Law360 Delaware] <https://www.law360.com/delaware?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450b5301d81&…> DELAWARE <https://www.law360.com/delaware?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450b5301d81&…> [image: Law360 Delaware] <https://www.law360.com/delaware?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450b5301d81&…> DELAWARE <https://www.law360.com/delaware?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450b5301d81&…> ------------------------------ Wednesday, October 12, 2022 [image: Follow Law360] <https://twitter.com/Law360> ------------------------------ <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735347&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735348&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735350&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> TOP NEWS ------------------------------ Twitter Investor Says Musk Intentionally Tanked Its Stock Price <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538587/twitter-investor-says-musk…> Twitter investors have hit Elon Musk with a putative securities class action over his oscillating approach to the $44 billion purchase of Twitter, an ordeal that one stockholder characterized as a ploy designed to drive down Twitter's stock price. Complaint attached | Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538587/twitter-investor-says-musk…> Musk Says Twitter Whistleblower Told To Burn, Delete Records <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538671/musk-says-twitter-whistleb…> Elon Musk has accused Twitter Inc. of ordering a former high-level security employee and whistleblower to burn or delete notes and electronic files potentially damaging to Twitter and its Delaware suit to force his closing on a $44 billion go-private deal. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538671/musk-says-twitter-whistleb…> Yankees Broadcaster Loses COVID Insurance Coverage Suit <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538961/yankees-broadcaster-loses-…> A Delaware federal judge on Tuesday threw out a COVID-19 coverage lawsuit from the broadcaster of the New York Yankees and Brooklyn Nets, finding that the court lacks jurisdiction over the matter. Opinion attached | Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538961/yankees-broadcaster-loses-…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735335&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735336&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735338&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> SeeCubic, Stream TV Clash On Chancery Asset Control Rules <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538874/seecubic-stream-tv-clash-o…> A high-tech television venture that won a court order for the return of its key assets for at least 10 days after the Delaware Chancery Court invalidated a unilateral creditor takeover on Tuesday disputed creditor demands for a $1 million bond and other restrictions while the fight continues. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538874/seecubic-stream-tv-clash-o…> Justices Asked To Keep Staying Novartis' Gilenya IP Loss <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538806/justices-asked-to-keep-sta…> Novartis has urged the U.S. Supreme Court to continue blocking a Federal Circuit mandate invalidating its patent on multiple sclerosis drug Gilenya, arguing that the stay petition is not just an effort to postpone invalidation. 1 document attached | Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538806/justices-asked-to-keep-sta…> COURT OF CHANCERY ------------------------------ Chancery Awards $900K Fee For Biopharma Co. Settlement <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538850/chancery-awards-900k-fee-f…> A shareholder who negotiated a settlement with Sage Therapeutics Inc. after suing in Delaware Chancery Court over alleged "grossly excessive" director pay was awarded $900,000 for his efforts Tuesday, nearly three times what the company wanted but shy of the $1.25 million he sought. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538850/chancery-awards-900k-fee-f…> BANKRUPTCY ------------------------------ Justices Won't Hear HSBC Debtor's Ch. 13 Fight <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538640/justices-won-t-hear-hsbc-d…> The U.S. Supreme Court on Tuesday declined to hear a case rebutting a bankruptcy court's decision not to allow a Chapter 13 debtor to make up missed payments to HSBC after the expiration of a five-year payment plan. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538640/justices-won-t-hear-hsbc-d…> Packable Cleared For Ch. 11 Restructuring Officer Hires <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538945/packable-cleared-for-ch-11…> E-commerce venture Packable Holdings received permission to hire a chief restructuring officer and associated staff Tuesday after telling a Delaware bankruptcy judge it had reached an agreement on the hire with its unsecured creditors. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538945/packable-cleared-for-ch-11…> NewAge To Get OK For $28M Ch. 11 Credit Bid Sale <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538638/newage-to-get-ok-for-28m-c…> A Delaware bankruptcy judge said on Tuesday that she was prepared to approve the $28 million sale of health and wellness product distributor NewAge Inc., after the company said it received no offers that beat its stalking horse credit bid. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538638/newage-to-get-ok-for-28m-c…> Ch. 11 Cheat Sheet: Kabbage Inc. <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538404/ch-11-cheat-sheet-kabbage-…> Atlanta-based small business lender Kabbage filed for Chapter 11 protection in Delaware on Oct. 3, saying it's seeking to wind down and liquidate the portions of its business not purchased by American Express in 2020. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538404/ch-11-cheat-sheet-kabbage-…> THIRD CIRCUIT ------------------------------ Justices Undo OK Of Undated Mail-In Ballots <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538693/justices-undo-ok-of-undate…> The U.S. Supreme Court on Tuesday vacated a Third Circuit decision holding that a Pennsylvania county should tally mail-in ballots lacking a proper date on the outer envelope in an already-decided judicial election, at the same time ordering the lower court to dismiss the case as moot. 1 document attached | Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538693/justices-undo-ok-of-undate…> 3rd Circ. Halts Deportation For Haitian Man, Cites Bad Counsel <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538875/3rd-circ-halts-deportation…> The Third Circuit on Tuesday reversed a Board of Immigration Appeals order to deport a Haitian national, ruling he had ineffective counsel and that a lower court judge failed to consider evidence showing he would face physical danger upon returning to his home country following a politically motivated attack in 2014. Opinion attached | Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538875/3rd-circ-halts-deportation…> 3rd Circ. Upholds Pa. Theft Statute In Deportation Case <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538865/3rd-circ-upholds-pa-theft-…> The Third Circuit on Tuesday upheld the deportation of a Moroccan man who pled guilty to stealing $1,000 worth of drills from Home Depot, saying the state statute for theft does not unconstitutionally force a defendant to prove that they didn't have intent to steal. Opinion attached | Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538865/3rd-circ-upholds-pa-theft-…> DISTRICT COURT ------------------------------ DOJ Overhauls Walmart Opioid Suit After High Court Decree <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538770/doj-overhauls-walmart-opio…> Amid the U.S. Supreme Court's new standards for Controlled Substances Act cases, the U.S. Department of Justice is striving to salvage a sweeping suit targeting Walmart's sales of prescription narcotics, insisting that company officials "routinely ignored" their own suspicions about opioid orders. 3 documents attached | Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538770/doj-overhauls-walmart-opio…> DEALS ------------------------------ EU Clears $11B Celanese Deal For DuPont Unit With Fix <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538810/eu-clears-11b-celanese-dea…> European enforcers on Tuesday cleared a deal for industrial chemical company Celanese to pick up DuPont's mobility and materials business for $11 billion, conditioned on the sale of a global thermoplastics business over concerns about competition for automotive customers. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538810/eu-clears-11b-celanese-dea…> PEOPLE ------------------------------ DLA Piper Adds Ex-Federal Prosecutor In Wilmington Office <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538569/dla-piper-adds-ex-federal-…> DLA Piper is growing its litigation practice by hiring the corruption and civil rights section chief in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania to be a new litigation partner in its Wilmington, Delaware, office, the firm announced. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538569/dla-piper-adds-ex-federal-…> EXPERT ANALYSIS ------------------------------ Permitting Reform: Electric Transmission Implications <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538217/permitting-reform-electric…> While Sen. Joe Manchin recently withdrew his energy infrastructure permitting reform proposal, it is likely that it will remain high on the congressional agenda — especially given its potential to transform authorizations and reviews for electric transmission projects, say attorneys at Steptoe & Johnson. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538217/permitting-reform-electric…> Risk Mitigation In Face Of Rising Legal Malpractice Claims <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1537067/risk-mitigation-in-face-of…> As the recent rise in frequency and cost of legal malpractice claims is expected to continue amid global high inflation and economic uncertainty, law firms and insurers would be wise to evaluate key risk areas and consider six steps to minimize exposure, say Nicole Shapiro and Cory Stumpf at Atheria Law. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1537067/risk-mitigation-in-face-of…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735323&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735324&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735326&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://www.law360.com/sponsors/click/5350?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-34…> LEGAL INDUSTRY ------------------------------ Feds To Pay $125M To End PACER Users' Overcharge Suit <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538978/feds-to-pay-125m-to-end-pa…> The U.S. government has agreed to pay $125 million to end a class action from a group of nonprofits that allege the judiciary charges users excessive fees to run the Public Access to Electronic Court Records system, the class said in D.C. federal court Tuesday. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538978/feds-to-pay-125m-to-end-pa…> Renowned EDNY Judge Sterling Johnson Dead At 88 <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538989/renowned-edny-judge-sterli…> Brooklyn federal Judge Sterling Johnson Jr., who served for over 30 years on the bench in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York, died Monday at the age of 88, following a storied career as a jurist and in law enforcement. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538989/renowned-edny-judge-sterli…> DOJ Asks Justices To Skip Trump Classified Doc Appeal <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538953/doj-asks-justices-to-skip-…> The Justice Department asked the U.S. Supreme Court on Tuesday to reject former President Donald Trump's request to reinstate special master review of classified documents seized from his Mar-a-Lago estate, arguing that the Eleventh Circuit clearly had jurisdiction to carve the sensitive documents out of the review. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538953/doj-asks-justices-to-skip-…> Judicial Security Bill Added To Senate Defense Measure <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538972/judicial-security-bill-add…> A bill to protect federal judges' personal information online was added to annual defense authorization legislation in the Senate Tuesday, giving the long-stalled judicial security measure a potential path to become law before the end of this year. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538972/judicial-security-bill-add…> Ga. State Bar Says It Uncovered A Second Data Breach <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538420/ga-state-bar-says-it-uncov…> The State Bar of Georgia says its systems were breached by an "unauthorized person," just over five months after it had to take down its website and shutter its email service upon the discovery of another cybersecurity incident. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538420/ga-state-bar-says-it-uncov…> Dentons Unveils Landmark Combination With Indian Firm <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538571/dentons-unveils-landmark-c…> Dentons is becoming the first global law firm to combine with a firm based in India. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538571/dentons-unveils-landmark-c…> 21 Orrick Attys Leave Firm In Italy For New Venture <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538580/21-orrick-attys-leave-firm…> An Orrick Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP renewable energy partner has left the firm's Milan office along with 20 other attorneys to launch a new entity called Green Horse Advisory. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538580/21-orrick-attys-leave-firm…> Senior DOJ National Security Official Joins Paul Weiss In DC <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538660/senior-doj-national-securi…> One of the U.S. Department of Justice's highest ranking national security lawyers has joined Paul Weiss Rifkind Wharton & Garrison LLP as co-head of the firm's cybersecurity and data protection practice and as a partner in the litigation department. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538660/senior-doj-national-securi…> Ga. Judge Orders 5 Trump Allies To Testify In Election Probe <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538621/ga-judge-orders-5-trump-al…> The judge overseeing an investigation into possible criminal interference in Georgia's 2020 presidential election by former President Donald Trump and others has ordered five Trump allies to testify in the case, including former U.S. House Speaker Newt Gingrich and former National Security Adviser Michael Flynn. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538621/ga-judge-orders-5-trump-al…> Justices Remand US Trustee's Fee Hike Suit To 2nd Circ. <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538602/justices-remand-us-trustee…> The U.S. Supreme Court remanded a suit over an increase in fees charged by the Office of the United States Trustee on Tuesday, saying the case needs to be reconsidered by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in light of the high court's June ruling finding the hike unconstitutional. Read full article » <https://www.law360.com/delaware/articles/1538602/justices-remand-us-trustee…> *JOBS* *Search full listings* <http://jobs.law360.com/> or *advertise your job opening* <http://jobsearch.law360.com/jobs/products> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735307&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735308&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://sli.law360news.com/click?s=735310&li=156&m=9f998b7695d367427670a564…> <https://www.law360.com/sponsors/click/5349?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-34…> [image: Law360 War in Ukraine coverage] <https://www.law360.com/ukraine?from_newsletter=1> <https://www.law360.com/ukraine?from_newsletter=1> LAW FIRMS IN TODAY'S NEWS Atheria Law <https://www.law360.com/firms/atheria-law?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450…> Ballard Spahr <https://www.law360.com/firms/ballard-spahr?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-34…> Beldock Levine <https://www.law360.com/firms/beldock-levine?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3…> Berken Cloyes <https://www.law360.com/firms/berken-cloyes?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-34…> Chipman Brown <https://www.law360.com/firms/chipman-brown?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-34…> Cleary Gottlieb <https://www.law360.com/firms/cleary-gottlieb?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-…> Consovoy McCarthy <https://www.law360.com/firms/consovoy-mccarthy?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2e…> Continental PLLC <https://www.law360.com/firms/continental-pllc?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef…> Cooch & Taylor <https://www.law360.com/firms/cooch-taylor?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-345…> Cooley LLP <https://www.law360.com/firms/cooley-llp?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450b…> Cotchett Pitre <https://www.law360.com/firms/cotchett-pitre?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3…> Cuti Hecker <https://www.law360.com/firms/cuti-hecker?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450…> DLA Piper <https://www.law360.com/firms/dla-piper?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450b5…> Dentons <https://www.law360.com/firms/dentons?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450b530…> Gibson Dunn <https://www.law360.com/firms/gibson-dunn?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-3450…> Goodwin Procter <https://www.law360.com/firms/goodwin-procter?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2ef-…> Greenberg Traurig <https://www.law360.com/firms/greenberg-traurig?nl_pk=da98042a-2571-48bf-b2e…>

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The Twitter Deal Has Pierced Elon Musk’s Reality Distortion Field
by Gunnar Larson 11 Oct '22

11 Oct '22

The Twitter Deal Has Pierced Elon Musk’s Reality Distortion Field https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-11/elon-musk-twitter-twtr-s…

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