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July 2022
- 16 participants
- 590 discussions
Thank you very much.
On Fri, Jul 22, 2022, 3:18 PM Tomczak, Christine (DFS) <
christine.tomczak(a)dfs.ny.gov> wrote:
> Mr. Larson,
>
>
>
> My apologies, it was simply a typo.
>
>
>
> Christine Tomczak
>
>
>
> *From:* Gunnar Larson <g(a)xny.io>
> *Sent:* Friday, July 22, 2022 2:58 PM
> *To:* Tomczak, Christine (DFS) <christine.tomczak(a)dfs.ny.gov>
> *Cc:* cypherpunks <cypherpunks(a)lists.cpunks.org>; Harris, Adrienne A
> (DFS) <Adrienne.Harris(a)dfs.ny.gov>; Weber, Richard (DFS) <
> Richard.Weber(a)dfs.ny.gov>
> *Subject:* Re: FOIL # 2022-089938 Appeal
>
>
>
> *ATTENTION: This email came from an external source. Do not open
> attachments or click on links from unknown senders or unexpected emails.*
>
>
>
> Ms. Tomczak:
>
>
>
> G(a)xny.io is the email on file.
>
>
>
> Can you advise why the letter from you today says different?
>
>
>
> Gunnar Larson
>
>
>
> On Fri, Jul 22, 2022, 2:36 PM Tomczak, Christine (DFS) <
> christine.tomczak(a)dfs.ny.gov> wrote:
>
> Dear Mr. Larson.
>
>
>
> See attached.
>
>
>
>
>
> Christine M. Tomczak
>
> Assistant Counsel
>
>
>
> New York State Department of Financial Services
>
> 1 State Street, New York, New York 10004
>
>
>
>
>
>
1
0
Re: response to courtesy copy to DFS FOIL #2022-09119 FOIL-2022-091109-017853
by Gunnar Larson 22 Jul '22
by Gunnar Larson 22 Jul '22
22 Jul '22
Hello:
Ms. Tomczak:
G(a)xny.io is the email on file.
Can you advise why the letter from you today says different?
Gunnar Larson
On Fri, Jul 22, 2022, 2:57 PM <George.Bogdan(a)dfs.ny.gov> wrote:
> Dear Mr. Larson:
>
> You made a FOIL request to Executive Chamber and cc'd the DFS. Our
> response letter is attached.
>
> Sincerely,
>
> George Bogdan
> DFS Records Access Officer
>
> Tracking Number:FOIL-2022-091109-017853
>
1
0
Ms. Tomczak:
G(a)xny.io is the email on file.
Can you advise why the letter from you today says different?
Gunnar Larson
On Fri, Jul 22, 2022, 2:36 PM Tomczak, Christine (DFS) <
christine.tomczak(a)dfs.ny.gov> wrote:
> Dear Mr. Larson.
>
>
>
> See attached.
>
>
>
>
>
> Christine M. Tomczak
>
> Assistant Counsel
>
>
>
> New York State Department of Financial Services
>
> 1 State Street, New York, New York 10004
>
>
>
>
>
1
0
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Tomczak, Christine (DFS) <christine.tomczak(a)dfs.ny.gov>
Date: Fri, Jul 22, 2022, 2:36 PM
Subject: FOIL # 2022-089938 Appeal
To: g(a)xny.io <g(a)xny.io>
Dear Mr. Larson.
See attached.
Christine M. Tomczak
Assistant Counsel
New York State Department of Financial Services
1 State Street, New York, New York 10004
1
0
1
2
ESG Litigation / Google & Apple Class Action / New Aussie Funder, and more...
by Gunnar Larson 22 Jul '22
by Gunnar Larson 22 Jul '22
22 Jul '22
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From: Litigation Finance Journal <info(a)litigationfinancejournal.com>
Date: Fri, Jul 22, 2022, 10:14 AM
Subject: ESG Litigation / Google & Apple Class Action / New Aussie Funder,
and more...
To: <g(a)xny.io>
View this email in your browser
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Special Feature
*What Lloyd v. Google Means for UK Class Actions and Litigation Funders*
The Lloyd v. Google claim has given rise to some thought-provoking
questions:
- Has Google breached its duties as a data controller? If so, have class
members of the ensuing collective action suffered quantifiable damages?
- How should “same interest” be determined regarding the misuse of data?
- Do individual members of a class have to demonstrate material harm in
order to receive recompense?
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Deals
*ESG Litigation Gains Traction With Investors*
The ever-growing focus on ESG for companies around the world looks to be a
double-edged sword, as investors may soon switch from rewarding companies
pursuing ESG strategies with capital to instead funding litigation against
those that fail to deliver on their promises.
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<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
*US Investors Face Wide Array Of Funding Opportunities Abroad*
The US remains the market with the highest volume of class action
litigation, and has been the go-to market for investors looking to
capitalize, but this does not mean they should restrict themselves to
American cases.
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*Brown Rudnick advises on £100m litigation funding partnership between
North Wall Capital and PGMBM*
International law firm Brown Rudnick has advised alternative investment
firm North Wall Capital on a £100m litigation funding partnership with
PGMBM.
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<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
*Litigation Funding in Poland: A Closer Look*
Poland has seen tremendous economic growth in recent decades, and now
stands out as one of the business powerhouses within Europe.
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<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
*Deminor’s Research Reports ESG Bump *
Legal Futures profiles Deminor’s ESG insights in a new report. Deminor says
that ESG legal investment has a high likelihood of becoming one of the
United Kingdom’s most investable lines of business for litigation
financiers.
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<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
Fundraising
*Aristata Capital Drives Meritorious Funding Innovation Banking £40MM
Investment *
Aristata Capital is proud to announce a £40MM capital injection to fund a
portfolio of impact investments. Such investment will include funding legal
expenses for cases involving human rights, equality, indigenous law and ESG
litigation.
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Case Developments
*Johnson and Johnson’s ‘Texas Two Step’ Talc Restructuring *
Johnson and Johnson (J&J) has engaged a restructuring vehicle to leverage
bankruptcy protection for its talcum claim awards.
Read More
<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
*LegalPay Continues To Dominate Indian Market With Latest Case*
LegalPay is continuing to trail blaze with its latest funding for Just
Deliveries to pursue claims against Coffee by Di Bella India.
Read More
<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
*Finnish Investor Argues He Is Not Required To Pay Funder*
In a high-profile dispute between litigant and litigation funder, a mining
investor who successfully sued the Egyptian government has refused to
compensate Buttonwood Legal Capital after claiming the funding agreement is
invalid.
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<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
*Deception And Fraud By Solicitor Led To Collapse Of Axiom, SFO Alleges*
Investment in litigation finance does not come without risks, however, few
investors would expect to see these funds taken for personal and criminal
gain by the lawyers they were meant to support.
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<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
*Bundled Class Against Apple APP and Google PLAY Stores*
Czech-based funder LitFin has announced a bundled action against Google and
Apple concerning their application store download purchase agreements.
LitFin alleges that Google and Apple have abused their market dominance by
inflating in-app commissions at or above 30%.
Read More
<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
Legal Innovation
*Innovative Australian Funder Launches Service With New Approach*
The vibrant and growing litigation finance market in Australia continues to
expand, with the launch of a new funder in Juel Litigation Finance. With a
goal to shake-up the industry, Juel is aiming to operate as a traditional
litigation funder, and also bring a more holistic approach to legal
financing that considers the individual behind the case as important as the
case itself.
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<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
Regulatory Issues
*The Role of Superannuation Funds in Litigation Finance*
The role of superannuation funds in litigation finance (specifically in
funding class action claims) has been highlighted by industry insiders in
Australia, who point to it as a benefit to the funds themselves and also an
encouragement of good corporate governance.
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<https://gmail.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=85715013dc245c9809dc8d987&i…>
*Nigeria’s New Arbitration Legislation Opens The Door For Third-Party
Funding*
While the litigation funding industry continues its rapid growth in many
territories around the globe, we are starting to see similar patterns
emerging in Africa.
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*The Argument Against Forced Legal Finance Agreement Disclosure *
Keith Sharfman (Professor at St. John’s University School of Law) has a new
feature arguing against mandatory litigation finance agreement disclosure
in the 94 New York State Bar Journal 36. Mr. Sharfman’s article covers
unique approaches to legislation targeted at third party funders and their
clients.
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Career Opportunities
*Lex Ferenda Litigation Funding is looking for a Managing Director for
Underwriting and Risk*
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*Idex Consulting is looking for an Investment Manager | Litigation Funding*
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London*
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*Woodsford is recruiting an Investment Officer and VP of Business
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From the Secret Service to the Fed, Inspectors General Are Enablers to Corruption at the Agencies they Oversee
by Gunnar Larson 22 Jul '22
by Gunnar Larson 22 Jul '22
22 Jul '22
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Pam Martens <alerts(a)wallstreetonparade.com>
Date: Fri, Jul 22, 2022, 11:02 AM
Subject: Once Daily Digest Email
To: <alerts(a)wallstreetonparade.com>
Wall Street On Parade has posted a new item:
>From the Secret Service to the Fed, Inspectors General Are Enablers to
Corruption at the Agencies they Oversee
https://wallstreetonparade.com/2022/07/from-the-secret-service-to-the-fed-i…
By Pam Martens and Russ Martens: July 22, 2022 ~
Joseph Cuffari, Inspector General, Department of Homeland Security
The Inspectors General of federal agencies are supposed to be the first line
of defense against corruption within that agency. Increasingly, they have
become part of the problem of corruption, coverups and cronyism.
The January 6 House Select Committee has now [...]
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Calling all winners, superspies, Special Ops assassins, and world-historical gatekeepers
by professor rat 22 Jul '22
by professor rat 22 Jul '22
22 Jul '22
Ratcheting up the technology, The Candy House fully embraces a science-fiction conceit, and implies that some of Egan’s minor Goon Squad characters not only invented social media and seized control of music streaming, but have made good on a new technology, Own Your Unconscious, which uploads the totality of each participant’s memories to the cloud.
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:iymhI6OEopQJ:https://w…
Reposts etc
1
0
Blockchain’s use in healthcare ‘essential’ to protect sensitive data: Zelis CTO
Zelis CTO Kali Durgampudi has called on healthcare providers to utilize blockchain tech to protect customer data
https://cointelegraph.com/news/blockchain-s-use-in-healthcare-essential-to-…
Reposts etc
1
0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind
Quantum mind
The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses proposing that [classical mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics) cannot explain [consciousness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness).[1](https://en.… It posits that [quantum-mechanical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanical) phenomena, such as [entanglement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement) and [superposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition), may play an important part in the brain's function and could explain consciousness.
The hypotheses assert that consciousness is somehow quantum-mechanical and can overlap with [quantum mysticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mysticism), a [pseudoscientific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience) movement that assigns supernatural characteristics to various quantum phenomena such as [nonlocality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality) and the [observer effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)).[2](https:…
Contents
- [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#History)
- [2 Approaches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Approaches)
- [2.1 Bohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Bohm)
- [2.2 Penrose and Hameroff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Penrose_and_Hameroff)
- [2.3 Umezawa, Vitiello, Freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Umezawa,_Vitiello,_Free…
- [2.4 Pribram, Bohm, Kak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Pribram,_Bohm,_Kak)
- [2.5 Stapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Stapp)
- [2.6 David Pearce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#David_Pearce)
- [3 Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Criticism)
- [3.1 Conceptual problems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Conceptual_problems)
- [3.2 Practical problems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Practical_problems)
- [3.3 Ethical problems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Ethical_problems)
- [4 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#See_also)
- [5 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#References)
- [6 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Further_reading)
- [7 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#External_links)
History
[Eugene Wigner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner) developed the idea that quantum mechanics has something to do with the workings of the mind. He proposed that the [wave function collapses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse) due to its interaction with consciousness. [Freeman Dyson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson) argued that "mind, as manifested by the capacity to make choices, is to some extent inherent in every electron".[3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-3)
Other contemporary physicists and philosophers considered these arguments unconvincing.[4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-4) [Victor Stenger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Stenger) characterized quantum consciousness as a "myth" having "no scientific basis" that "should take its place along with gods, unicorns and dragons".[5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-5)
[David Chalmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers) argues against quantum consciousness. He instead discusses how [quantum mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics) may relate to [dualistic consciousness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism).[6]… Chalmers is skeptical that any new physics can resolve the [hard problem of consciousness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness)…
Approaches
Bohm
[David Bohm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm) viewed [quantum theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics) and [relativity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity) as contradictory, which implied a more fundamental level in the universe.[9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Bohm1980-… He claimed that both quantum theory and relativity pointed to this deeper theory, which he formulated as a quantum field theory. This more fundamental level was proposed to represent an undivided wholeness and an [implicate order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicate_order), from which arises the [explicate order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicate_order) of the universe as we experience it.
Bohm's proposed order applies both to matter and consciousness. He suggested that it could explain the relationship between them. He saw mind and matter as projections into our explicate order from the underlying implicate order. Bohm claimed that when we look at matter, we see nothing that helps us to understand consciousness.
Bohm discussed the experience of listening to music. He believed that the feeling of movement and change that make up our experience of music derive from holding the immediate past and the present in the brain together. The musical notes from the past are transformations rather than memories. The notes that were implicated in the immediate past become explicate in the present. Bohm viewed this as consciousness emerging from the implicate order.
Bohm saw the movement, change or flow, and the coherence of experiences, such as listening to music, as a manifestation of the implicate order. He claimed to derive evidence for this from [Jean Piaget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget)'s work on infants.[10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Piaget195… He held these studies to show that young children learn about time and space because they have a "hard-wired" understanding of movement as part of the implicate order. He compared this hard-wiring to [Chomsky's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky) theory that grammar is hard-wired into human brains.
Bohm never proposed a specific means by which his proposal could be falsified, nor a neural mechanism through which his "implicate order" could emerge in a way relevant to consciousness.[9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Bohm… He later collaborated on [Karl Pribram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram)'s [holonomic brain theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory) as a model of quantum consciousness.[11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-11)
According to philosopher [Paavo Pylkkänen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavo_Pylkk%C3%A4nen), Bohm's suggestion "leads naturally to the assumption that the physical correlate of the [logical thinking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_thinking) process is at the classically describable level of the brain, while the basic thinking process is at the quantum-theoretically describable level".[12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-12)
Penrose and Hameroff
Main article: [Orchestrated objective reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction)
Theoretical physicist [Roger Penrose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose) and [anaesthesiologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthesiologist) [Stuart Hameroff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff) collaborated to produce the theory known as "[orchestrated objective reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction)" (Orch-OR). Penrose and Hameroff initially developed their ideas separately and later collaborated to produce Orch-OR in the early 1990s. They reviewed and updated their theory in 2013.[13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-13)[14](http…
Penrose's argument stemmed from [Gödel's incompleteness theorems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theor…. In his first book on consciousness, [The Emperor's New Mind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind) (1989),[15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Emperor-15) he argued that while a formal system cannot prove its own consistency, Gödel's unprovable results are provable by human mathematicians.[16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Go… Penrose took this to mean that human mathematicians are not formal proof systems and not running a computable algorithm. According to Bringsjord and Xiao, this line of reasoning is based on fallacious [equivocation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivocation) on the meaning of computation.[17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-17) In the same book, Penrose wrote: "One might speculate, however, that somewhere deep in the brain, cells are to be found of single quantum sensitivity. If this proves to be the case, then quantum mechanics will be significantly involved in brain activity."[15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Emperor-15): 400
Penrose determined that [wave function collapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse) was the only possible physical basis for a non-computable process. Dissatisfied with its randomness, he proposed a new form of wave function collapse that occurs in isolation and called it objective reduction. He suggested each quantum superposition has its own piece of spacetime curvature and that when these become separated by more than one [Planck length](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_length), they become unstable and collapse.[18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-emperorn… Penrose suggested that objective reduction represents neither randomness nor algorithmic processing but instead a non-computable influence in [spacetime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime) geometry from which mathematical understanding and, by later extension, consciousness derives.[18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-emperorne…
Hameroff provided a hypothesis that [microtubules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule) would be suitable hosts for quantum behavior.[19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-19) Microtubules are composed of [tubulin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin) [protein dimer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dimer) subunits. The dimers each have [hydrophobic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic) pockets that are 8 nm apart and may contain delocalized [π electrons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0_electrons). Tubulins have other smaller non-polar regions that contain π-electron-rich [indole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole) rings separated by about 2 nm. Hameroff proposed that these electrons are close enough to become entangled.[20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Hamerof… He originally suggested that the tubulin-subunit electrons would form a [Bose–Einstein condensate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate), but this was discredited.[21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penro… He then proposed a Frohlich condensate, a hypothetical coherent oscillation of dipolar molecules, but this too was experimentally discredited.[22](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-22)
Orch-OR has made numerous false biological predictions and is not an accepted model of brain physiology.[23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-23) In other words, there is a missing link between physics and neuroscience.[24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-24) For instance, the proposed predominance of A-lattice microtubules, more suitable for information processing, was falsified by Kikkawa et al.,[25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Kikkawa1994-2… who showed that all in vivo microtubules have a B lattice and a seam. The proposed existence of gap junctions between neurons and [glial cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia) was also falsified.[27](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Binmoll… Orch-OR predicted that microtubule coherence reaches the synapses through dendritic lamellar bodies (DLBs), but De Zeeuw et al. proved this impossible[28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-DeZeeuw… by showing that DLBs are micrometers away from gap junctions.[29](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-29)
In 2014, Hameroff and Penrose claimed that the discovery of quantum vibrations in microtubules by Anirban Bandyopadhyay of the [National Institute for Materials Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Materials_Sci… in Japan in March 2013[30](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-30) corroborates Orch-OR theory.[14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-elsevier-1…
Although these theories are stated in a scientific framework, it is difficult to separate them from scientists' personal opinions. The opinions are often based on intuition or subjective ideas about the nature of consciousness. For example, Penrose wrote:[32](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-32)
> [M]y own point of view asserts that you can't even simulate conscious activity. What's going on in conscious thinking is something you couldn't properly imitate at all by computer.... If something behaves as though it's conscious, do you say it is conscious? People argue endlessly about that. Some people would say, "Well, you've got to take the operational viewpoint; we don't know what consciousness is. How do you judge whether a person is conscious or not? Only by the way they act. You apply the same criterion to a computer or a computer-controlled robot." Other people would say, "No, you can't say it feels something merely because it behaves as though it feels something." My view is different from both those views. The robot wouldn't even behave convincingly as though it was conscious unless it really was—which I say it couldn't be, if it's entirely computationally controlled.
Penrose continues:[33](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penrose…
> A lot of what the brain does you could do on a computer. I'm not saying that all the brain's action is completely different from what you do on a computer. I am claiming that the actions of consciousness are something different. I'm not saying that consciousness is beyond physics, either—although I'm saying that it's beyond the physics we know now.... My claim is that there has to be something in physics that we don't yet understand, which is very important, and which is of a noncomputational character. It's not specific to our brains; it's out there, in the physical world. But it usually plays a totally insignificant role. It would have to be in the bridge between quantum and classical levels of behavior—that is, where quantum measurement comes in.
[W. Daniel Hillis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Daniel_Hillis) responded: "Penrose has committed the classical mistake of putting humans at the center of the universe. His argument is essentially that he can't imagine how the mind could be as complicated as it is without having some magic elixir brought in from some new principle of physics, so therefore it must involve that. It's a failure of Penrose's imagination.... It's true that there are unexplainable, uncomputable things, but there's no reason whatsoever to believe that the complex behavior we see in humans is in any way related to uncomputable, unexplainable things."[33](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penroseedge-33)
Lawrence Krauss is also blunt in criticizing Penrose's ideas. He has said: "Roger Penrose has given lots of new-age crackpots ammunition by suggesting that at some fundamental scale, quantum mechanics might be relevant for consciousness. When you hear the term 'quantum consciousness', you should be suspicious.... Many people are dubious that Penrose's suggestions are reasonable, because the brain is not an isolated quantum-mechanical system."[2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Krauss-2)
Umezawa, Vitiello, Freeman
[Hiroomi Umezawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroomi_Umezawa) and collaborators proposed a quantum field theory of memory storage.[34](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-34)[35](h… Giuseppe Vitiello and [Walter Freeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Jackson_Freeman_III) proposed a dialog model of the mind. This dialog takes place between the classical and the quantum parts of the brain.[36](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-36)[37](htt… Their quantum field theory models of [brain dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_brain_dynamics) are fundamentally different from the Penrose–Hameroff theory.
Pribram, Bohm, Kak
[Karl Pribram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram)'s [holonomic brain theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory) (quantum holography) invoked quantum mechanics to explain higher-order processing by the mind.[39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-39)[40](http… He argued that his holonomic model solved the [binding problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_problem).[41](https://en.wik… Pribram collaborated with Bohm in his work on quantum approaches to mind and he provided evidence on how much of the processing in the brain was done in wholes.[42](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-42) He proposed that ordered water at [dendritic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite) membrane surfaces might operate by structuring Bose–Einstein condensation supporting quantum dynamics.[43](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-43)
Stapp
[Henry Stapp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stapp) proposed that quantum waves are reduced only when they interact with consciousness. He argues from the orthodox quantum mechanics of [John von Neumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann)[[clarify](https://…] that the quantum state collapses when the observer selects one among the alternative quantum possibilities as a basis for future action. The collapse, therefore, takes place in the expectation that the observer associated with the state. Stapp's work drew criticism from scientists such as David Bourget and Danko Georgiev.[44](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Bourget-… Georgiev[45](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Georgiev2… criticized Stapp's model in two respects:
- Stapp's mind does not have its own [wavefunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefunction) or [density matrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix), but nevertheless can act upon the brain using [projection operators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(linear_algebra)). Such usage is not compatible with standard quantum mechanics because one can attach any number of ghostly minds to any point in space that act upon physical quantum systems with any projection operators. Stapp's model therefore negates "the prevailing principles of physics".[45](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Georgiev2012-45)
- Stapp's claim that [quantum Zeno effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Zeno_effect) is robust against environmental decoherence directly contradicts a basic theorem in [quantum information theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_theory): that acting with projection operators upon the density matrix of a quantum system can only increase the system's [von Neumann entropy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_entropy).[45](https://en…
Stapp has responded to both of Georgiev's objections.[[specify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_source…
David Pearce
British philosopher [David Pearce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)) defends what he calls physicalistic idealism ("the non-materialist physicalist claim that reality is fundamentally experiential and that the natural world is exhaustively described by the equations of physics and their solutions") and has conjectured that unitary conscious minds are physical states of [quantum coherence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_coherence) (neuronal superpositions).[50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-5…) This conjecture is, according to Pearce, amenable to falsification, unlike most theories of consciousness, and Pearce has outlined an experimental protocol describing how the hypothesis could be tested using [matter-wave interferometry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry) to detect [nonclassical interference patterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_interference) of [neuronal superpositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition) at the onset of [thermal decoherence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence).[54](https:… Pearce admits that his ideas are "highly speculative", "counterintuitive", and "incredible".[52](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Pearcevideo-52)
Criticism
These hypotheses of the quantum mind remain hypothetical speculation, as Penrose and Pearce admit in their discussions. Until they make a prediction that is tested by experimentation, the hypotheses aren't based on empirical evidence. According to Krauss, "It is true that quantum mechanics is extremely strange, and on extremely small scales for short times, all sorts of weird things happen. And in fact, we can make weird quantum phenomena happen. But what quantum mechanics doesn't change about the universe is, if you want to change things, you still have to do something. You can't change the world by thinking about it."[2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Krauss-2)
The process of testing the hypotheses with experiments is fraught with conceptual/theoretical, practical, and ethical problems.
Conceptual problems
The idea that a quantum effect is necessary for consciousness to function is still in the realm of philosophy. Penrose proposes that it is necessary, but other theories of consciousness do not indicate that it is needed. For example, [Daniel Dennett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett) proposed a theory called [multiple drafts model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drafts_model), which doesn't indicate that quantum effects are needed, in his 1991 book [Consciousness Explained](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained).[55](http… A philosophical argument on either side isn't scientific proof, although philosophical analysis can indicate key differences in the types of models and show what type of experimental differences might be observed. But since there isn't a clear consensus among philosophers, it isn't conceptual support that a quantum mind theory is needed.
There are computers that are specifically designed to compute using quantum-mechanical effects. [Quantum computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing) is [computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation) using [quantum-mechanical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics) [phenomena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomena), such as [superposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition) and [entanglement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement).[56](http… They are different from [binary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number) [digital electronic computers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronic_computer) based on [transistors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor). Whereas common digital computing requires that the data be encoded into binary digits ([bits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit)) each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses [quantum bits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit), which can be in [superpositions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition) of states. One of the greatest challenges is controlling or removing [quantum decoherence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence). This usually means isolating the system from its environment, as interactions with the external world cause the system to decohere. Some quantum computers require their qubits to be cooled to 20 millikelvins in order to prevent significant decoherence.[57](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-57) As a result, time-consuming tasks may render some quantum algorithms inoperable, as maintaining the state of qubits long enough eventually corrupts the superpositions.[58](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-58) There aren't any obvious analogies between the functioning of quantum computers and the human brain. Some hypothetical models of quantum mind have proposed mechanisms for maintaining quantum coherence in the brain, but they have not been shown to operate.
[Quantum entanglement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement) is a physical phenomenon often invoked for quantum mind models. This effect occurs when pairs or groups of [particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle) interact so that the [quantum state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state) of each particle cannot be described independently of the other(s), even when the particles are separated by a large distance. Instead, a quantum state has to be described for the whole system. [Measurements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement#Quantum_mechanics) of physical properties such as [position](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(vector)), [momentum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum), [spin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)), and [polarization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)), performed on entangled particles are found to be [correlated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation). If one particle is measured, the same property of the other particle immediately adjusts to maintain the conservation of the physical phenomenon. According to the formalism of quantum theory, the effect of measurement happens instantly, no matter how far apart the particles are.[59](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-59)[60](https… It is not possible to use this effect to transmit classical information at faster-than-light speeds[61](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-61) (see [Faster-than-light § Quantum mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light#Quantum_mechanic…) Entanglement is broken when the entangled particles [decohere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence) through interaction with the environment—for example, when a measurement is made[62](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Peres1993-62) or the particles undergo random collisions or interactions. According to Pearce, "In neuronal networks, ion–ion scattering, ion–water collisions, and long-range Coulomb interactions from nearby ions all contribute to rapid decoherence times; but thermally induced decoherence is even harder experimentally to control than collisional decoherence." He anticipated that quantum effects would have to be measured in femtoseconds, a trillion times faster than the rate at which neurons function (milliseconds).[54](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Pea…)
Another possible conceptual approach is to use quantum mechanics as an analogy to understand a different field of study like consciousness, without expecting that the laws of quantum physics will apply. An example of this approach is the idea of [Schrödinger's cat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat). [Erwin Schrödinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger) described how one could, in principle, create entanglement of a large-scale system by making it dependent on an elementary particle in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's survival depended on the state of a [radioactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay) atom—whether it had decayed and emitted radiation. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat is both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.[63](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Schrodi… But since Schrödinger's time, physicists have given other [interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechani…, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.[64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Polkinghorne… Schrödinger's famous [thought experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_experiment) poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" In the same way, one can ask whether the act of making a decision is analogous to having a superposition of states of two decision outcomes, so that making a decision means "opening the box" to reduce the brain from a combination of states to one state. This analogy about decision-making uses a formalism derived from quantum mechanics, but doesn't indicate the actual mechanism by which the decision is made. In this way, the idea is similar to [quantum cognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cognition). This field clearly distinguishes itself from the quantum mind, as it is not reliant on the hypothesis that there is something micro-physical quantum-mechanical about the brain. Quantum cognition is based on the quantum-like paradigm,[66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-66)[67](… generalized quantum paradigm,[68](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-68) or quantum structure paradigm[69](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-69) that information processing by complex systems such as the brain can be mathematically described in the framework of quantum information and quantum probability theory. This model uses quantum mechanics only as an analogy, but doesn't propose that quantum mechanics is the physical mechanism by which it operates. For example, quantum cognition proposes that some decisions can be analyzed as if there is interference between two alternatives, but it is not a physical quantum interference effect.
Practical problems
The demonstration of a quantum-mind effect by experiment is necessary. Is there a way to show that consciousness is impossible without a quantum effect? Can a sufficiently complex digital, non-quantum computer be shown to be incapable of consciousness? Perhaps a quantum computer will show that quantum effects are needed. In any case, complex computers that are either digital or quantum computers may be built. These could demonstrate which type of computer is capable of conscious, intentional thought. But they don't exist yet, and no experimental test has been demonstrated.
Quantum mechanics is a mathematical model that can provide some extremely accurate numerical predictions. [Richard Feynman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman) called quantum electrodynamics, based on the quantum-mechanics formalism, "the jewel of physics" for its [extremely accurate predictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_tests_of_QED) of quantities like the [anomalous magnetic moment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_moment) of the electron and the [Lamb shift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_shift) of the [energy levels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level) of [hydrogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen).[70](https://en.wikipedia…: Ch. 1 So it is not impossible that the model could provide an accurate prediction about consciousness that would confirm that a quantum effect is involved. If the mind depends on quantum mechanical effects, the true proof is to find an experiment that provides a calculation that can be compared to experimental measurement. It has to show a measurable difference between a classical computation result in a brain and one that involves quantum effects.
The main theoretical argument against the quantum-mind hypothesis is the assertion that quantum states in the brain would lose coherency before they reached a scale where they could be useful for neural processing. This supposition was elaborated by [Max Tegmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Tegmark). His calculations indicate that quantum systems in the brain decohere at sub-picosecond timescales.[71](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Tegmar… No response by a brain has shown computational results or reactions on this fast of a timescale. Typical reactions are on the order of milliseconds, trillions of times longer than sub-picosecond timescales.[73](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-73)
Daniel Dennett uses an experimental result in support of his [multiple drafts model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drafts_model) of [an optical illusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_phi_phenomenon) that happens on a time scale of less than a second or so. In this experiment, two different-colored lights, with an angular separation of a few degrees at the eye, are flashed in succession. If the interval between the flashes is less than a second or so, the first light that is flashed appears to move across to the position of the second light. Furthermore, the light seems to change color as it moves across the visual field. A green light will appear to turn red as it seems to move across to the position of a red light. Dennett asks how we could see the light change color before the second light is observed.[55](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-dennett1… Velmans argues that the [cutaneous rabbit illusion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_rabbit_illusion), another illusion that happens in about a second, demonstrates that there is a delay while modelling occurs in the brain and that this delay was discovered by [Libet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Libet).[74](https://en.wikipe… These slow illusions that happen at times of less than a second don't support a proposal that the brain functions on the picosecond time scale.
According to David Pearce, a demonstration of picosecond effects is "the fiendishly hard part – feasible in principle, but an experimental challenge still beyond the reach of contemporary molecular matter-wave interferometry. [...] The conjecture predicts that we'll discover the interference signature of sub-femtosecond macro-superpositions."[54](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Pearce-54)
Penrose says:[33](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penroseedge-…
> The problem with trying to use quantum mechanics in the action of the brain is that if it were a matter of quantum nerve signals, these nerve signals would disturb the rest of the material in the brain, to the extent that the quantum coherence would get lost very quickly. You couldn't even attempt to build a quantum computer out of ordinary nerve signals, because they're just too big and in an environment that's too disorganized. Ordinary nerve signals have to be treated classically. But if you go down to the level of the microtubules, then there's an extremely good chance that you can get quantum-level activity inside them.
>
> For my picture, I need this quantum-level activity in the microtubules; the activity has to be a large-scale thing that goes not just from one microtubule to the next but from one nerve cell to the next, across large areas of the brain. We need some kind of coherent activity of a quantum nature which is weakly coupled to the computational activity that Hameroff argues is taking place along the microtubules.
>
> There are various avenues of attack. One is directly on the physics, on quantum theory, and there are certain experiments that people are beginning to perform, and various schemes for a modification of quantum mechanics. I don't think the experiments are sensitive enough yet to test many of these specific ideas. One could imagine experiments that might test these things, but they'd be very hard to perform.
A demonstration of a quantum effect in the brain has to explain this problem or explain why it is not relevant, or that the brain somehow circumvents the problem of the loss of quantum coherency at body temperature. As Penrose proposes, it may require a new type of physical theory.
Ethical problems
According to Lawrence Krauss, "You should be wary whenever you hear something like 'Quantum mechanics connects you with the universe' ... or 'quantum mechanics unifies you with everything else'. You can begin to be skeptical that the speaker is somehow trying to use quantum mechanics to argue fundamentally that you can change the world by thinking about it."[2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Krauss-2) A subjective feeling is not sufficient to make this determination. Humans don't have a reliable subjective feeling for how we do a lot of functions. According to Daniel Dennett, "On this topic, Everybody's an expert... but they think that they have a particular personal authority about the nature of their own conscious experiences that can trump any hypothesis they find unacceptable."[75](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-75)
Since humans are the only animals that can verbally communicate their conscious experience, performing experiments to demonstrate quantum effects in consciousness requires experimentation on a living human brain.[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)] This is not automatically excluded or impossible, but it seriously limits the kinds of experiments that can be done. Studies of the ethics of brain studies are being actively solicited[76](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-76) by the [BRAIN Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAIN_Initiative), a U.S. Federal Government funded effort to document the connections of neurons in the brain.
An ethically objectionable practice by proponents of quantum mind theories involves the practice of using quantum-mechanical terms in an effort to make the argument sound more impressive, even when they know that those terms are irrelevant. Dale DeBakcsy notes that "trendy parapsychologists, academic relativists, and even the [Dalai Lama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama) have all taken their turn at robbing modern physics of a few well-sounding phrases and stretching them far beyond their original scope in order to add scientific weight to various pet theories".[77](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-77) At the very least, these proponents must make a clear statement about whether quantum formalism is being used as an analogy or as an actual physical mechanism, and what evidence they are using for support. An ethical statement by a researcher should specify what kind of relationship their hypothesis has to the physical laws.
Misleading statements of this type have been given by, for example, [Deepak Chopra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Chopra). Chopra has commonly referred to topics such as [quantum healing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_healing) or quantum effects of consciousness. Seeing the human body as being undergirded by a "quantum-mechanical body" composed not of matter but of energy and information, he believes that "human aging is fluid and changeable; it can speed up, slow down, stop for a time, and even reverse itself", as determined by one's state of mind.[78](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-ageless-78) [Robert Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll) states that Chopra attempts to integrate [Ayurveda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda) with quantum mechanics to justify his teachings.[79](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-skepdic… Chopra argues that what he calls "quantum healing" cures any manner of ailments, including cancer, through effects that he claims are literally based on the same principles as quantum mechanics.[80](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-AshmanB… This has led physicists to object to his use of the term quantum in reference to medical conditions and the human body.[80](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-AshmanBarrin… Chopra said: "I think quantum theory has a lot of things to say about the [observer effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)), about non-locality, about correlations. So I think there’s a school of physicists who believe that consciousness has to be equated, or at least brought into the equation, in understanding quantum mechanics."[81](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-dawkins1-81) On the other hand, he also claims that "[quantum effects are] just a metaphor. Just like an electron or a photon is an indivisible unit of information and energy, a thought is an indivisible unit of consciousness."[81](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-dawkins1-81) In his book Quantum Healing, Chopra stated the conclusion that [quantum entanglement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement) links everything in the Universe, and therefore it must create consciousness.[82](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-dne… In either case, the references to the word "quantum" don't mean what a physicist would claim, and arguments that use the word "quantum" shouldn't be taken as scientifically proven.
Chris Carter includes statements in his book Science and Psychic Phenomena[83](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-83) of quotes from quantum physicists in support of psychic phenomena. In a review of the book, Benjamin Radford wrote that Carter used such references to "quantum physics, which he knows nothing about and which he (and people like Deepak Chopra) love to cite and reference because it sounds mysterious and paranormal.... Real, actual physicists I've spoken to break out laughing at this crap.... If Carter wishes to posit that quantum physics provides a plausible mechanism for psi, then it is his responsibility to show that, and he clearly fails to do so."[84](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-84) Sharon Hill has studied amateur paranormal research groups, and these groups like to use "vague and confusing language: ghosts 'use energy', are made up of 'magnetic fields', or are associated with a 'quantum state'".[85](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-85)[86](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-86)
Statements like these about quantum mechanics indicate a temptation to misinterpret technical, mathematical terms like entanglement in terms of mystical feelings. This approach can be interpreted as a kind of [scientism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism), using the language and authority of science when the scientific concepts don't apply.
Perhaps the final question is, what difference does it make if quantum effects are involved in computations in the brain? It is already known that quantum mechanics plays a role in the brain since quantum mechanics determines the shapes and properties of molecules like [neurotransmitters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitters) and [proteins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins), and these molecules affect how the brain works. This is the reason that drugs such as [morphine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine) affect consciousness. As Daniel Dennett said, "quantum effects are there in your car, your watch, and your computer. But most things — most macroscopic objects — are, as it were, oblivious to quantum effects. They don't amplify them; they don't hinge on them."[33](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penroseedge-33) Lawrence Krauss said: "We're also connected to the universe by gravity, and we're connected to the planets by gravity. But that doesn't mean that astrology is true.... Often, people who are trying to sell whatever it is they're trying to sell try to justify it on the basis of science. Everyone knows quantum mechanics is weird, so why not use that to justify it? ... I don't know how many times I've heard people say, 'Oh, I love quantum mechanics because I'm really into meditation, or I love the spiritual benefits that it brings me.' But quantum mechanics, for better or worse, doesn't bring any more spiritual benefits than gravity does."[2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Krauss-2)
See also
- [Artificial consciousness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness)
- [Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohm_interpretation)
- [Coincidence detection in neurobiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence_detection_in_neurob…
- [Electromagnetic theories of consciousness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_co…
- [Evolutionary neuroscience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience)
- [Many-minds interpretation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-minds_interpretation)
- [Hameroff-Penrose Orchestrated Objective Reduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orch-OR)
- [Hard problem of consciousness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness)
- [Holonomic brain theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory)
- [Mechanism (philosophy)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy))
- [Quantum cognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cognition)
- [Quantum neural network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_neural_network)
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- Matson, John (13 August 2012). ["Quantum teleportation achieved over record distances"](http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-teleportation-achieved-over-record-distances-1.11163). Nature. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nature.2012.1…. [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) [124852641](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124852641).
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- Griffiths, David J. (2004), Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.), Prentice Hall, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-13-111892-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-11189….
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- [Roger Penrose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose), The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, London, 2004, p. 603.
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- Asher Peres, [Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Theory:_Concepts_and_Methods), Kluwer, 1993; [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7923-2549-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-254… p. 115.
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- [Schrödinger, Erwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger) (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)". [Naturwissenschaften](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturwissenschaften) (in German). 23 (48): 807–812. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1935NW.....23…. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/BF01491891](h…. [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) [206795705](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206795705).
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- Polkinghorne, J. C. (1985). [The Quantum World](https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&q=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead&pg=PA67). Princeton University Press. p. 67. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0691023883](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691023883). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.c…'s+cat%22+%22alive+dead) from the original on 2015-05-19.
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- Tetlow, Philip (2012). [Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science](https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&q=%22alive+and+dead…. Gower Publishing, Ltd. p. 321. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1409440406](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14094…. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.c… from the original on 2015-05-19.
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- Khrennikov, A (2006). ""Quantum-like brain: "Interference of minds". Biosystems. 84 (3): 225–241. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.biosystems.…. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) [16427733](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16427733).
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- Khrennikov, A. Information Dynamics in Cognitive, Psychological, Social, and Anomalous Phenomena (Fundamental Theories of Physics) (Volume 138), Kluwer, 2004.
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- [Feynman, Richard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman) (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-691-12575-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-….
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- Tegmark, M. (2000). "Importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes". Physical Review E. 61 (4): 4194–4206. [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)):[quant-ph/9907009]…. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2000PhRvE..61…. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1103/PhysRevE.61.4…. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) [11088215](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11088215). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) [17140058](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17140058).
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- Charles Seife (4 February 2000). "Cold Numbers Unmake the Quantum Mind". Science. 287 (5454): 791. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.287.5…. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) [10691548](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10691548). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) [33761196](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33761196).
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- Dennett, Daniel (Feb 2017). From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton and Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0393242072](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-03932….
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- Hill, Sharon. ["Scientifical Americans: Paranormal Researchers and the Public Understanding of Science"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hgmTl12isA). YouTube.com. Retrieved 17 Feb 2018.
Further reading
- Flanagan, Brian J. (2003). ["Are perceptual fields quantum fields?"](http://wordassociation1.net/FieldWork.html). NeuroQuantology. 1 (3): 334–364. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.14704/nq.2003.1.3.….
- Georgiev, Danko D. (2017). [Quantum Information and Consciousness: A Gentle Introduction](https://books.google.com/books?id=OtRBDwAAQBAJ). Boca Raton: CRC Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781138104488](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138104…. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) [1003273264](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003273264).
- Hodgson, David (1993). [The Mind Matters: Consciousness and Choice in a Quantum World](https://books.google.com/books?id=wrvAQgAACAAJ). Clarendon Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-824068-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-….
- Koch, Christof; Hepp, Klaus (2006). ["Quantum mechanics in the brain"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F440611a). Nature. 440 (7084): 611–612. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006Natur.440…. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/440611a](http…. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) [16572152](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16572152). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) [5085015](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5085015).
- Litt, Abninder; Eliasmith, Chris; Kroon, Frederick W.; Weinstein, Steven; Thagard, Paul (2006). ["Is the brain a quantum computer?"](http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~celiasmi/Papers/litt%20et%20al.2006.quantum%20brain.cogsci.pdf) (PDF). Cognitive Science. 30 (3): 593–603. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1207/s15516709cog0…. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) [21702826](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702826).
- [Lockwood, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lockwood_(philosopher)) (1995). [Mind, Brain, and the Quantum: The Compound 'I'](https://books.google.com/books?id=wUducgAACAAJ). Basil Blackwell.
- [McFadden, Johnjoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnjoe_McFadden) (2000) [Quantum Evolution](http://www.surrey.ac.uk/qe/quantumevolution.htm) HarperCollins. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-00-255948-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-25594…; [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-00-655128-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-65512… . Final chapter on the quantum mind.
- Rosenblum, Bruce; Kuttner, Fred (2011). [Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness](http://quantumenigma.com/) (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780199753819](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199753….
- [Schrödinger, Erwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger) (2012). [What is Life?: With Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches](https://archive.org/download/WhatIsLife_201708/What%20is%20Life.p… (PDF). Canto Classics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1107604667](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-11076….
- [Weyl, Hermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl) (1934). [Mind and Nature](https://books.google.com/books?id=Sw_WcQAACAAJ). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- [Wigner, Eugene P.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner) (1970). "Physics and the explanation of life". Foundations of Physics. 1 (1): 35–45. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1970FoPh....1…. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/bf00708653](h…. [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) [121081834](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121081834).
- Khoshbin-e-Khoshnazar, M.R. (2020). ["From Dark Energy of The Very Early Universe To Dim Energy of The Mind"](https://neuroquantology.com). NeuroQuantology. 8 (7): 26–34. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):[10.14704/nq.2003.1.3.….
}}
External links
- [Center for Consciousness Studies](http://consciousness.arizona.edu/), directed by [Stuart Hameroff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff)
- [PhilPapers on Philosophy of Mind](https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mind), edited by David Bourget and [David Chalmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers)
- [Quantum Approaches to Consciousness](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/), entry in [Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosop…
- [Quantum-Mind](http://www.quantum-mind.co.uk/), founded by Simon Raggett
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