October 2021 - cypherpunks - lists.cpunks.org

Limits to growth
by coderman 22 Jun '22

22 Jun '22

https://www.vice.com/en/article/z3xw3x/new-research-vindicates-1972-mit-pre… MIT Predicted in 1972 That Society Will Collapse This Century. New Research Shows We’re on Schedule. A 1972 MIT study predicted that rapid economic growth would lead to societal collapse in the mid 21st century. A new paper shows we’re unfortunately right on schedule. NA by [Nafeez Ahmed](https://www.vice.com/en/contributor/nafeez-ahmed) July 14, 2021, 6:00am - - - [GettyImages-1189106363] Image: Getty A remarkable new study by a director at one of the largest accounting firms in the world has found that a famous, decades-old warning from MIT about the risk of industrial civilization collapsing appears to be accurate based on new empirical data. As the world looks forward to a rebound in economic growth following the devastation wrought by the pandemic, the research raises urgent questions about the risks of attempting to simply return to the pre-pandemic ‘normal.’ In 1972, a team of MIT scientists got together to study the risks of civilizational collapse. Their [system dynamics model](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2014/jun/04/sc… published by the Club of Rome identified impending ‘limits to growth’ (LtG) that meant industrial civilization was on track to collapse sometime within the 21st century, due to overexploitation of planetary resources. The controversial MIT analysis generated heated debate, and was widely derided at the time by pundits who misrepresented its findings and methods. But the analysis has now received stunning vindication from a study written by a senior director at professional services giant KPMG, one of the 'Big Four' accounting firms as measured by global revenue. Limits to growth The study was published in the Yale Journal of Industrial Ecology in November 2020 and is available [on the KPMG website](https://advisory.kpmg.us/articles/2021/limits-to-growth.html). It concludes that the current business-as-usual trajectory of global civilization is heading toward the terminal decline of economic growth within the coming decade—and at worst, could trigger societal collapse by around 2040. The study represents the first time a top analyst working within a mainstream global corporate entity has taken the ‘limits to growth’ model seriously. Its author, Gaya Herrington, is Sustainability and Dynamic System Analysis Lead at KPMG in the United States. However, she decided to undertake the research as a personal project to understand how well the MIT model stood the test of time. The study itself is not affiliated or conducted on behalf of KPMG, and does not necessarily reflect the views of KPMG. Herrington performed the research as an extension of [her Masters thesis](https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37364868) at Harvard University in her capacity as an advisor to the Club of Rome. However, she is quoted [explaining her project](https://advisory.kpmg.us/articles/2021/limits-to-growth.html) on the KPMG website as follows: “Given the unappealing prospect of collapse, I was curious to see which scenarios were aligning most closely with empirical data today. After all, the book that featured this world model was a bestseller in the 70s, and by now we’d have several decades of empirical data which would make a comparison meaningful. But to my surprise I could not find recent attempts for this. So I decided to do it myself.” Titled ‘Update to limits to growth: Comparing the World3 model with empirical data’, the study attempts to assess how MIT’s ‘World3’ model stacks up against new empirical data. Previous studies that attempted to do this found that the model’s worst-case scenarios accurately reflected real-world developments. However, the [last study](https://sustainable.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/2763500/MSSI-ResearchPaper-4_Turner_2014.pdf) of this nature was completed in 2014. The risk of collapse Herrington’s new analysis examines data across 10 key variables, namely population, fertility rates, mortality rates, industrial output, food production, services, non-renewable resources, persistent pollution, human welfare, and ecological footprint. She found that the latest data most closely aligns with two particular scenarios, ‘BAU2’ (business-as-usual) and ‘CT’ (comprehensive technology). “BAU2 and CT scenarios show a halt in growth within a decade or so from now,” the study concludes. “Both scenarios thus indicate that continuing business as usual, that is, pursuing continuous growth, is not possible. Even when paired with unprecedented technological development and adoption, business as usual as modelled by LtG would inevitably lead to declines in industrial capital, agricultural output, and welfare levels within this century.” Study author Gaya Herrington told Motherboard that in the MIT World3 models, collapse “does not mean that humanity will cease to exist,” but rather that “economic and industrial growth will stop, and then decline, which will hurt food production and standards of living… In terms of timing, the BAU2 scenario shows a steep decline to set in around 2040.” [image3.png] The ‘Business-as-Usual’ scenario (Source: Herrington, 2021 The end of growth? In the comprehensive technology (CT) scenario, economic decline still sets in around this date with a range of possible negative consequences, but this does not lead to societal collapse. [image1.png] The ‘Comprehensive Technology’ scenario (Source: Herrington, 2021 Unfortunately, the scenario which was the least closest fit to the latest empirical data happens to be the most optimistic pathway known as ‘SW’ (stabilized world), in which civilization follows a sustainable path and experiences the smallest declines in economic growth—based on a combination of technological innovation and widespread investment in public health and education. [image2.png] )The ‘Stabilized World’ Scenario (Source: Herrington, 2021) Although both the business-as-usual and comprehensive technology scenarios point to the coming end of economic growth in around 10 years, only the BAU2 scenario “shows a clear collapse pattern, whereas CT suggests the possibility of future declines being relatively soft landings, at least for humanity in general.” Both scenarios currently “seem to align quite closely not just with observed data,” Herrington concludes in her study, indicating that the future is open. A window of opportunity While focusing on the pursuit of continued economic growth for its own sake will be futile, the study finds that technological progress and increased investments in public services could not just avoid the risk of collapse, but lead to a new stable and prosperous civilization operating safely within planetary boundaries. But we really have only the next decade to change course. “At this point therefore, the data most aligns with the CT and BAU2 scenarios which indicate a slowdown and eventual halt in growth within the next decade or so, but World3 leaves open whether the subsequent decline will constitute a collapse,” the study concludes. Although the ‘stabilized world’ scenario “tracks least closely, a deliberate trajectory change brought about by society turning toward another goal than growth is still possible. The LtG work implies that this window of opportunity is closing fast.” In a presentation at the World Economic Forum in 2020 delivered in her capacity as a KPMG director, Herrington [argued](https://www.weflive.com/story/e968fb0963974e1e8f6c636e5654cbc2) for ‘agrowth’—an agnostic approach to growth which focuses on other economic goals and priorities. “Changing our societal priorities hardly needs to be a capitulation to grim necessity,” she said. “Human activity can be regenerative and our productive capacities can be transformed. In fact, we are seeing examples of that happening right now. Expanding those efforts now creates a world full of opportunity that is also sustainable.” She noted how the rapid development and deployment of vaccines at unprecedented rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that we are capable of responding rapidly and constructively to global challenges if we choose to act. We need exactly such a determined approach to the environmental crisis. “The necessary changes will not be easy and pose transition challenges but a sustainable and inclusive future is still possible,” said Herrington. The best available data suggests that what we decide over the next 10 years will determine the long-term fate of human civilization. Although the odds are on a knife-edge, Herrington pointed to a “rapid rise” in environmental, social and good governance priorities as a basis for optimism, signalling the change in thinking taking place in both governments and businesses. She told me that perhaps the most important implication of her research is that it’s not too late to create a truly sustainable civilization that works for all.

4 6

The Verge: Elon Musk says Starlink internet service will be ‘fully mobile’ in 2021
by jim bell 27 May '22

27 May '22

The Verge: Elon Musk says Starlink internet service will be ‘fully mobile’ in 2021. https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/16/22388378/elon-musk-starlink-satellite-in… Jim Bell's comment: I imagine, and hope, that this news will signal the ability of the Starlink system to be used by people in "freedom-hostile" nations. But, that may depend on how this is implemented. Can anyone buy a dish and use it anywhere on Earth? Without regard to political boundaries?

3 6

The New Yorker: How Vulnerable Is G.P.S.?
by jim bell 24 May '22

24 May '22

The New Yorker: How Vulnerable Is G.P.S.?. https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/how-vulnerable-is-gps

2 1

DropGangs: Post and Parcel Delivery Services Fully Monitored [re: WikiLeaks was: FreeAssange.net]
by grarpamp 17 Apr '22

17 Apr '22

> Guess who had a PO Box next to Wikileaks > > https://www.theage.com.au/national/world-leaders-would-love-the-key-to-this… > > They avoided a drone strike on the university by demolishing the > Melbourne Uni post office voluntarily: > > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABWuKVaT13s > > After they destroyed that, they took out the local pub too: > > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yCKYW5YUWw The USA USPS takes automated pictures of all items passing through its facilities, OCR them, stores them forever, and gives them away to whoever they like that comes asking. Mail and delivery services worldwide are now doing similar, including requiring and recording government photo ID to send parcels and letters, storing all camera footage, facial, and ALPR logs, of the facilities forever, etc.

5 8

Bantering with punk-stasi-victim was Re: Slavery was Formally Abolished Today, Happy Freedom Day
by Karl 05 Mar '22

05 Mar '22

On 2/2/21, Punk-BatSoup-Stasi 2.0 <punks(a)tfwno.gf> wrote: > On Mon, 1 Feb 2021 15:48:18 -0500 > Karl <gmkarl(a)gmail.com> wrote: > >> Juan, you don't mean these things you say here. > > Of course I mean what I say. And I say what I mean. And I'm one of the many reincarnations of hope, but that doesn't mean people should ever make decisions based off of that. >> You don't have to say them in this thread. > > Why would I let that sort of US govt propaganda pass? I find it especially > repulsive. Thanks for keeping the thread nice for the rest of the day I posted it <3 It's is _disgusting_ that they call it human trafficking now instead of slavery, and that makes it _obvious_ that slavers influenced them. It's still pretty obvious they're resisting that. > Maybe you shouldn't be promoting the US govt on this list? And painting the > US govt as being opposed to slavery, a preposterous idea. There are at least two different US governments: 1. the words written on paper 2. the behaviors that people actually engage in and they're blurry. On paper, the US govt is firmly opposed to slavery. Most people believe in the paper and hate the actions. It would be ideal if we could share human trafficking rescue avenues that are run by anarchists, but if I did that they would get obliterated by their local government's unwritten behaviors. > https://humantraffickinghotline.org/national-hotline-overview > > "received $3.5 million through competitive funding through the U.S. > Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and > Families, Grant # 90ZV0134-01-00. The project will be financed with 71.87% > of federal funds and 28.13% ($1.37 million) by non-governmental sources" > > of course that '28%' of 'non govt sources' comes from 'private' fascists of > the bill gates-soros kind. It's shitty that our avenues are the ones that are "authorised". It's ludicrous to ask every victim to ask for help themselves, when victims are taught alternate languages where asking for help is spoken in words that keep everyone enslaved. I don't know this situation well enough to respect you, here, but it's obvious that you're posting things that are illogical more than it is worth your time to do so. It's obvious that me, zenaan, and professor rat are also doing these things. The things we're posting help the interests of people with a lot of money. Those people have probably effectively enslaved us in some way. Some of us may be viscerally and highly aware of that being the case, and that set of people may not be related to the set of people able to talk about it, but all of us can get government aid for being abused if we demonstrate real symptoms of abuse.

4 18

[spam][crazy][wrong] considering timestamps
by Karl 19 Feb '22

19 Feb '22

crazy karl is back! i've been chatting with some language bots online for this junk but let's try it here on the list again it's 16:13 pm that timestamping stuff sounds like the shit! i bet the german government even has a contractor to point people to it. i've downloaded the python client, and i've downloaded the python library that the python client interfaces with. let's hack it and op return some stuff! OMIGOD OP RETURN OMIGOD. My op return is totally worth $65k price tickers. here we go. 16:14 . the plan will be ... make the _simplest_ change to this client, op return "hello world", and find the tx on a block explorer. maybe i'll store the change in a fork, too. it's 16:15 and i have cmds.py open i think i'll make a slightly better change: i'll add a command to pin manual data. it's 16:18 and i've implemented most of the command function; it's just a copypaste with mutations. i'm on the final section where a verification doc is written somewhere to the filesystem. 16:20 something's not quite right here: i might have missed something in my brief review of the source, not sure yeahhhhhhhhhh dang the thing i thought could just be a string is some more complex object. it's hard for me to navigate between the client and package code, i get very frustrated trying to control my hands and my vision and stuff. it's 16:22 . k better spend some time trying to understand that or find different task.

3 20

JOHN Young BFF links Wikileaks with CIA
by professor rat 06 Feb '22

06 Feb '22

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPguzR5d9hU Wikileaks The CIA's Propaganda Mouthpiece John Young was not fooled. In early January 2007 he decided that WikiLeaks was a CIA-backed fraud. “Fuck your cute hustle and disinformation campaign. Same old shit - working for the enemy.

2 1

Releasing the KrakenSDR!
by coderman 28 Jan '22

28 Jan '22

https://www.crowdsupply.com/krakenrf/krakensdr/updates/releasing-the-kraken… KrakenSDR is now available for crowdfunding on Crowd Supply. Thank you to all interested parties for your patience while we navigated recent pandemic-related delays. KrakenSDR is a five-channel, RX-only, software-defined radio (SDR) based on the RTL-SDR and designed for phase-coherent applications and experiments. Phase-coherent SDR opens the door to some very interesting applications, including radio direction finding, passive radar, and beam forming. You can also use KrakenSDR as five separate radios. KrakenSDR is an upgraded version of our previous product, KerberosSDR. It provides a fifth receive channel, automatic phase-coherence synchronization capabilities, bias tees, a new RF design with cleaner spectrum, USB Type-C connectors, a heavy-duty enclosure, upgraded open source DAQ and DSP software, and an upgraded Android app for direction finding. We are constantly working on new software and sample applications, so keep an eye out for future updates! We expect to ship the first 1000 KrakenSDR units to backers before the end of March, 2022. And by the time that happens, we’ll have published a full range of in-depth tutorials to help you get started. KrakenSDR is a Software-Defined, Coherently Operated, Five-RX-Channel Radio Based on RTL-SDR A coherent radio allows for very interesting applications, such as radio direction finding, passive radar, and beamforming. Some use cases include: - Physically locating an unknown transmitter of interest (e.g. illegal or interfering broadcasts, noise transmissions, or just as a curiosity) - HAM radio experiments such as radio fox hunts or monitoring repeater abuse - Tracking assets, wildlife, or domestic animals outside of network coverage through the use of low power beacons - Locating emergency beacons for search-and-rescue teams - Locating lost ships via VHF radio - Passive radar detection of aircraft, boats, and drones - Traffic-density monitoring via passive radar - Beamforming - Interferometry for radio astronomy Early Access & Special Pricing for Campaign Backers! We’ve already obtained all the long-lead-time parts for the first batch of 1,000 KrakenSDRs, so the first batch will ship about six months before any others. If you back the project during the campaign (even if you are not in the first 1,000), you’ll save $100 off the eventual retail price of $399. https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/a583/krakensdr-with-antennas-labeled.jpg KrakenSDR is KerberosSDR++ The previous version of KrakenSDR was known as KerberosSDR, which we successfully crowdfunded on [Indiegogo](https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/kerberossdr-4x-coherent-rtl-s…. All backers of KerberosSDR received their orders and the relevant [source code for direction finding and passive radar](https://github.com/rtlsdrblog/kerberossdr). KrakenSDR improves upon KerberosSDR in several important respects: - Automatic calibration hardware. It is no longer necessary to manually calibrate and disconnect antennas during calibration. It all happens automatically when you change frequency. This will allow for KrakenSDR stations to be remotely operated. - Five channels. KrakenSDR has five channels instead of four, which greatly improves-direction finding accuracy. - Low-noise design. KrakenSDR has a cleaner spectrum with much less internal noise than KerberosSDR. - USB Type-C ports and rugged, CNC-milled enclosure. KrakenSDR is built for high reliability in the field. - Interface with external devices. Bias tees on all ports allow for LNAs and other devices to be powered easily. - Improved DAQ, DSP, and GUI software. Built on the foundation of the KerberosSDR software, the KrakenSDR software adds autocalibration, tracking of intermittent signals, greater stability, arbitrary processing-block sizes, and a new web-based GUI. - Software upgrades. Improvements to existing companion software and plans for new companion software. - Custom Android app Custom Android app that can automatically determine the location of a transmitter and provide automatic turn-by-turn navigation to the transmitter location. https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/7706/krakensdr-pcb-top-view.jpg Features & Specifications - Five-channel, coherent-capable RTL-SDR, all clocked to a single local oscillator - Built-in automatic coherence synchronization hardware - Automatic coherence synchronization and management via provided Linux software - 24 MHz to 1766 MHz tuning Range (standard R820T2 RTL-SDR range, and possibly higher with hacked drivers) - 4.5 V bias tee on each port - Core DAQ and DSP software is open source and designed to run on a Raspberry Pi 4 (see links below) - Direction-finding software for Android (free for non-commercial use) - Custom antenna set available What Do You Need to Get Started? You will need the KrakenSDR, a USB-C cable, a 5V 2.4A+ USB-C power supply, and appropriate antennas for your application, such as our magnetic whip antenna set. For computing we recommend a Raspberry Pi 4, which we will be providing ready-to-use SD card images for. Optionally for direction, finding you will want an Android phone or tablet with mobile hotspot capabilities, GPS, and compass, ideally produced within the last 3-4 years. https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/0a89/krakensdr-car-diagram-upgraded-with-gu… How KrakenSDR Works KrakenSDR makes use of five custom RTL-SDR circuits, consisting of R820T2 and RTL2832U chips. The RTL-SDR is a well-known low-cost software defined radio, but if you throw five units together and use them on the same PC, they are not "phase coherent": each one will receive signals at slightly different phase offsets from one another. This makes it difficult or impossible to precisely measure relationships between signals that arrive at different antennas. To achieve phase coherence, KrakenSDR drives all five RTL-SDR radios with a single clock source, and contains internal calibration hardware to allow the phase relationship between channels to be precisely measured and corrected for. Additionally, the overall design of KrakenSDR was considered to ensure phase stability, with care taken in the heat management, driver configuration, power supply, and external interference mitigation. https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/b50a/krakensdr-pcb-labelled-clean.jpg 1. SMA Antenna inputs 5. R820T2 tuner 9. Individual tuner on/off DIP switched 2. Bias Tee 6. RTL2832U ADC 10. USB-C DATA 3. ESD protection 7. Noise source 11. USB-C PWR 4. Noise calibration switches 8. USB Hub KrakenSDR Software Our coherent SDR software is based on three important factors: - Open source We provide open source code for the Data Acquisition (DAQ) software which is used to ingest RF data from all five antenna inputs, automatically calibrate and achieve phase coherence via the switches and noise source, and provide coherent samples for the next layer. This DAQ code typically runs on a Pi 4, or similar single board computer, but could also run on a PC. - DSP code for specific use cases Our open source DSP code supports direction finding and passive radar. In the case of direction finding, our code implements direction finding algorithms such as MUSIC, which can also run on the same Pi 4, or PC as the DAQ code. We also provide open source DSP code for our passive radar. (As passive radar is more computationally intensive, this particular DSP code may run best on a more powerful machine.) - Application layer We make use of the data coming out of the DSP layer by plotting and logging it. Generally, programs in this layer run on a separate machine. For direction finding, we are providing a free license to an Android App for mapping, logging data, and automatically estimating the transmitter location. KrakenSDR Web Interface The new KrakenSDR software comes with an easy-to-use web interface for setting up a direction finding system. With this interface it is possible to set the frequency, gains, and other advanced settings related to the DAQ code. You can also monitor the live spectrum view and graphs of the direction finding algorithm output. https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/92df/krakensdr-beta-firmware-doa-config-1.p… https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/906c/krakensdr-beta-firmware-doa-spectrum-2… https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/6a6c/krakensdr-beta-firmware-doa-estimation… https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/0d72/krakensdr-beta-firmware-doa-estimation… Custom KrakenSDR Android App In addition to the web interface, we have developed a companion radio direction finding Android App that can automatically determine the location of a transmitter. Since a typical Android phone has capabilities that already include necessary sensors and software like GPS, compass, mobile data, and mapping, we have been able to make use of these features to create an affordable radio direction finding system. An example scenario might see the antenna array mounted on the roof of a car, and the KrakenSDR, Raspberry Pi 4 and Android phone inside the vehicle cabin. As the operator drives, the KrakenSDR software will be constantly providing bearings relative to the antenna array. The Android app reads in these bearings via WiFi, and adjusts them for the direction of movement determined via the Android phone’s GPS sensor, resulting in an automatic and accurate calculation of the map bearing towards the transmitter for that particular location. The app then logs this data and plots it on a map grid, which is used to automatically determine where the bearings intersect. Generally it will only take a few minutes of driving to accurately locate a transmitter with a strong continuous signal. The app then goes a step further and provides automatic turn-by-turn navigation that will lead you to the transmitter without needing to take your eyes off the road! These are features that we’ve only seen before in high end direction finders that are prohibitively expensive to the average user. We will be releasing our new app as a paid app on the Google Play store, but all KrakenSDR backers will receive a license for free! https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/6018/krakensdr-updated-gps-screenshot.jpg Automatic Phase Calibration Then new onboard switched noise source hardware in the KrakenSDR means that phase calibration with the noise source is now entirely automatic. So unlike the KerberosSDR, every time the frequency or gain is changed in the GUI there is no need to disconnect antennas to manually recalibrate - it just works. Radio Direction Finding Radio Direction Finding (RDF) refers to any technique used to determine the directional bearing towards an RF transmitter. The simplest method is to use a directional antenna that only receives signals in the pointed direction, and manually sweep through 360 degrees, searching for which bearing angle gives the strongest signal. You then could do this in multiple locations, making note of where your bearings intersect. This simple method is considered a low accuracy manual process, and requires a tuned directional antenna. There are more techniques such as pseudo-doppler and Watson-Watt. However, as KrakenSDR is a coherent SDR, we are able to use one of the more advanced techniques known as correlative interferometry which makes use of phase information found in an antenna array spaced out in some known pattern. When this information is computed through an algorithm such as MUSIC, it results in a bearing towards the transmitter direction. We also receive information about the signal from the full 360 degrees around the antenna array, allowing us to better understand the multi-path environment. Multi-path occurs when a radio signal bounces off various objects, such as buildings and hills. It can make it seem like the signal originates from the object that it bounced off. By taking readings from multiple locations we can mitigate the multi-path problem. https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/a6cc/kraken-app-image-clean.png Click to Expand Passive Radar Passive Radar makes use of existing FM, TV, mobile phone or other strong broadcast transmitters. The signal from these transmitters reflects off objects such as road vehicles, ships, and aircrafts. By using two antennas on two receive channels, and an algorithm to compare the reflected signal against a clean reference copy of the actual signal, we can achieve a radar-like display of bi-static range vs doppler speed. For passive radar you will need to determine the location of a useful broadcast tower in your vicinity, and an appropriate direction towards your targets of interest. The geometry cannot be such that the broadcast tower and targets are in the same direction. The further apart they are in terms of angles, the better. Then you point one directional Yagi antenna towards the broadcast tower, and one towards the targets of interest. A diagram illustrates this below. https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/bd22/krakensdr-reflected-signal-diagram.png KrakenSDR Reflected Signal Diagram https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/6ab3/krakensdr-pr-test-setup.jpg Example Setup of a Simple Passive Radar https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/b432/krakensdr-passive-radar-peak-hold.png Passive Radar Range Doppler Graph after 24 hours We are working towards releasing software that will actually be able to plot on a map where a detected object is. This system will work by making use of the full 5-channels on the KrakenSDR, by using several channels for direction finding with an array of directional [Yagi antennas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna#:~:text=A%…. We will have the bearing and range which will allow the object to be plotted on a map. Antennas To work as a radio direction finder, KrakenSDR needs five antennas. In order to detect signals from 360 degrees, you will need a circular array of omnidirectional antennas such as whips or dipoles. So to go along with the release of the KrakenSDR, we are offering an optional set of five magnetic whip antennas which can be mounted on, for example, the roof of a car. (Please note the magnetic whip antennas shown in the photo may differ slightly from the style shipped, but they will be equivalent value and performance.) https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/7c2e/krakensdr-5antennas-car-roof.jpg We have also been working with Arrow Antennas in the USA, who are producing a KrakenSDR 5-element dipole array antenna which is great for use in fixed sites (for example on the roof of a house). The antenna will be sold by Arrow antennas and we will be issuing an update when they are available for sale. This antenna has been used in all our fixed site experiments as you can see in some of our [YouTube videos](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnlr76XvIvTMd8mpChHedOw/featured), and works very well. (The image below show a prototype, we’re told the final version may look slightly different.) https://www.crowdsupply.com/img/3fc8/krakensdr-arrow-antenna-prototype.jpg Standard 5-Channel Receiver If you are not interested in coherent applications then it is also possible to use the unit as 5 seperate RTL-SDR receivers. An example use-case might be setting up a multi-purpose airband monitor. One channel monitors the VHF airband, one channel monitors ACARS/VDL2, one channel monitors ADS-B, and another monitors satellite AERO by powering an active L-Band patch antenna via the bias tee. That still leaves one receiver left over for another usecase. As KrakenSDR is based on RTL-SDR, the installation procedure for non-coherent use cases is exactly the same as for RTL-SDR, and it can be used with the standard RTL-SDR drivers. Comparisons KrakenSDR [KerberosSDR](https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/kerberossdr-4x-coherent-rtl… [R&S®DDF007 / PR200](https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/nl/products/aerospace-defense-security… [PA8W RDF41/42/43](http://www.paluidsprekers.nl/pa8w/index.html) [Epiq Sidekiq X4](https://epiqsolutions.com/rf-transceiver/sidekiq-x4/) Manufacturer KrakenRF, Inc KrakenRF, Inc Rhode&Schwarz PA8W Epiq Bandwidth 2.56 MHz 2.56 MHz 40 MHz Unknown 200 MHz Enclosure Type Heavy-duty CNC aluminum Aluminum Portable carry None / Aluminum Aluminum RX Channels 5 4 5 1-CH 4 Antennas 4 Frequency Range 24 - 1766 MHz 24 - 1766 MHz 20 - 8000 MHz 27-2000 MHz 1-6000 MHz Size (cm) 16 x 12 x 2 cm 13 x 9 x 3.5 cm 19.2 x 32 x 6.2 cm Unknown Unknown Software Free for DFing + passive radar + more on the way Free for DFing + passive radar R&S add-on required (expensive!) RDF Mapper required ($40) Custom Development Required Direction Finding Method Correlative interferometry Correlative interferometry Correlative interferometry Pseudo-Doppler Correlative Interferometry Direction Finding Software Free license to upgraded Android app, RDF Mapper (PC) Free Android app (older version), RDF Mapper (PC) R&S software required RDF Mapper (PC), MapApp (Android) Custom development required General SDR/Specan Use? General 5-ch RX General 4-ch RX Spectrum analysis only No General 4-ch RX Radio Direction Finding Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Passive Radar Yes Yes No No Yes - requires custom code Beamforming & Interferometry? Yes Yes No No Yes - requires custom code Open Source Core SW Core SW No No No (API license required) Lifecycle Active EoL Active Active Active Price (USD) $299 (crowdfunding price) $199 $150,000+ $550+ ¹ $15,000+ ¹ RDF42 with Aluminum Housing. Also requires a hardware radio scanner at additional cost KrakenSDR vs DIY KrakenSDR integrates the equivalent of five RTL-SDRs plus a range of supporting hardware. You could, in theory, build a comparable system, in which case you would need: Qty Part Approximate Extended Price 5 RTL-SDR $150 1 Wideband noise source w/ power Supply $30 5 RF switching circuits $50 1 Five-way signal splitter $10 6 Coax noise source pigtail & adapter $15 1 Powered five-port USB hub $25 1 Aluminum project box $30 1 Heatsinks $10 1 Noise source GPIO power relay/switch $5 1 Android app license $50 lots Free time priceless Total $375 + free time Comparison Discussion KrakenSDR is enabling high end radio direction finding features such as automatic mapping and localization of the transmitter. When KrakenSDR is used together with the Android app there is no need to stop and manually take readings, and the system will automatically calculate the most likely transmitter location based on the data received. As far as we’re aware such functionality has only been seen before in professional military/government/commercial level gear existing in the hundreds of thousands of dollars range. Compare these videos demonstrating the [Rhode & Shwarz $150k+ solution](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIH9OiLGN2g&ab_channel=%EC%8B%AC%… against [our Android based solution](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OY16y1Rl86g) to see how similar they are. Various DIY and amateur radio focused pseudo-doppler systems such as the PA8W doppler system have existed for many years now. Pseudo-doppler based systems require special antenna arrays with rapid switching hardware built in, in order to generate the psuedo-doppler signal. Unfortunately this rapid switching can introduce distortion, interference and limits its ability to locate noise, intermittant and wideband signals. Also, in addition to the switching and pseudo-doppler processing hardware you also need to provide your own radio hardware which adds more costs. There are also various lab-grade multi-channel coherent SDR receivers on the market, however most of these cost at least $10k+. An example is the Epiq Sidekiq x4. These high end coherent SDRs have the advantage that they are naturally coherent, meaning that software re-calibration of the phase is not required after every change in frequency. They can also transmit. The disadvantage apart from the cost is that there is usually no ready to use coherent setup or software available out of the box (or perhaps provided via a costly API subscription). These high end products are great for high level research, but certainly not affordable for every day people. Of course as KrakenSDR is an RTL-SDR based system, it is possible to DIY 5x RTL-SDRs into a coherent system just like KrakenSDR, and having seen people do this in the past was exactly the inspiration for building the KrakenSDR. However, once you have obtained all the components required to build your own system we think you’d be close to, or exceeding the cost of the KrakenSDR. Not to mention the time, research and testing required to build such a system. We havved provided the DAQ+DSP as opensource code for the KrakenSDR as well as DIY users, and we do reinvest by continually improving this software and building new software to lower the barrier to new use-cases over time. However, due to ongoing costs relating to MapBox usage fees, and possible server costs for future multi-KrakenSDR networking enhancements, we do need to charge non-KrakenSDR customers for use of the Android app and possible future software. Ongoing Work DAQ & direction of arrival (DOA / radio direction finding) Work on the DAQ and DSP software is coming along well. It is stable on a Raspberry Pi 4 and is nearly complete. We are continuously adding minor features and monitoring for bugs to fix. Intermittent "bursty"-signal handing is already working, and we are well on our way to improving its sensitivity to weak, bursty, narrowband CW signals, which can still be problematic to detect. The Android app is currently being field tested as well. Passive radar software Work on new passive radar software is also ongoing, and we expect to have a quick-start guide and examples ready for experimentation before we begin shipping. As of now, it also remains possible to use the older KerberosSDR software for passive radar, but we believe the new DAQ core software will run things much more smoothly. The goal for our new software is not only to plot a range-doppler map, but to combine it with direction-finding and to plot radar detections on a map. To do so, it might need to run on something that’s faster than a Raspberry Pi 4, such as a GPU-based device like the NVIDIA Jetson. Beamforming & interferometry One application at which we think KrakenSDR will excel at is amateur radio astronomy via interferometry. The ability to combine multiple small hydrogen line dishes, spread out over several meters of area, should result in a much greater radio imaging resolution without the need to deal with a single huge dish. It may also allow for a beam to be electrically steered, which would obviate the need to rotate the dishes. Advanced direction finding & advanced log management At the moment, networked direction finding (direction finding via multiple fixed or mobile sites spread out around a city or area) is possible via the third party RDF Mapper software, but we aim to create our own advanced platform in the near future. The goal is to have software that will automatically log the event, notify users when a signal of interest appears and automatically determine the location of the transmitter. The list of use cases for this might include: - helping coast guards locate distressed marine pleasure-crafts that typically do not have AIS via their VHF radios - locating beacons for animal, wildlife, or asset tracking - monitoring for illegal or interfering transmissions Our core DAQ + DSP software will also be updated to support the monitoring of multiple simultaneous channels within the available 2.56 MHz bandwidth, and with a scanning and beacon-ID detection feature. Research into field applications One example we hope to test is the operation of KrakenSDR on a drone. With a line of sight from up in the sky, it should take very little time to locate a transmitter! Another interesting application might be the combination of a patch antenna array, KrakenSDR and Augmented Reality. This could essentially grant the super-power of being able to ‘see’ RF. Support & Documentation Our DAQ firmware + Direction Finding DSP code is available on our GitHub at https://github.com/krakenrf. Please be aware that prior to official release, everything is kept in the development branches while we are continually adding new features and fixing bugs. Upon shipping, we will have a ready-to-use .IMG file that can be burned onto an SD card for the Raspberry Pi 4, which will be the fastest way to get up and running with the KrakenSDR software. We will also be releasing a variety of tutorials that will show you exactly how to get started with using KrakenSDR for direction finding and passive radar. Manufacturing Plan We have a good relationship with our manufacturer who has built previous products for us, including the KerberosSDR and the current KrakenSDR prototypes, so we are confident in their processes. At the moment, we have all the long lead time components already in our stock, and after crowdfunding, we will immediately begin ordering the other common components and proceed with manufacturing. Our metal enclosure is still being finalized, and will be similar to the prototype images seen in this campaign. We will have updates on the final design as the campaign goes on. Fulfillment & Logistics We will be making use of Crowd Supply’s & Mouser’s logistics network for the distribution of the crowdfunded units. Risks & Challenges The pandemic has resulted in many issues in terms of delayed work and supply shortages. While we believe that most of those problems are now behind us, there is always the possibility of more lockdowns and supply chain/shipping issues. However, having most of the long lead time parts already in our stock, we believe that the main risks have been mitigated. Funding ends on Nov 25, 2021 at 03:59 PM PST (11:59 PM UTC)

4 5

Re: cypherpunks list archive / cpunks.org archive at archive.org
by Karl 02 Jan '22

02 Jan '22

I was having a delusional experience during the two days of these events, but I like to think I held it together relatively well. I sent this to coderman and have not heard further yet; I hope coderman is well. Sharing this with list for archive and transparency. On Tue, Jul 27, 2021, 8:13 PM Karl <gmkarl(a)gmail.com> wrote: > > > On Tue, Jul 27, 2021, 7:42 PM Karl <gmkarl(a)gmail.com> wrote: > >> Hi coderman. >> >> On Tue, Jul 27, 2021, 6:56 PM coderman <coderman(a)protonmail.com> wrote: >> >>> -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- >>> Hash: SHA512 >>> >>> >>> ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Original Message ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ >>> On Monday, July 26th, 2021 at 4:15 PM, Karl <gmkarl(a)gmail.com> wrote: >>> >>> > One of the goals here is to protect the content from being mutated by >>> storing signable running hashes. >>> > >>> > That goal is not quite met yet. >>> > >>> > Raw mail data rocks in my pro-surveillance opinion, but obviously you >>> need signatures. >>> >>> going forward, i'll include detached signatures. i will also note >>> SHA2-256 digests. >>> ( the latter more quantum resistant in a future where universal QC >>> exists :) >>> >> >> This sounds strong. I'm dissociated further at the moment while I honor >> the shreds remaining of my sense of death and tears. I experienced mind >> control around feelings of care for cecilia on talking to her. It's >> intense and confusing. >> >> I was kind of confused when I expressed the concern above regarding raw >> and signatures. I meant the signatures in the messages, which you already >> included; I was misled by the .txt extension. I've been confused all day. >> >> What's important is that people need a way to preserve and share evidence >> that is nation-state resistant and easy to use. >> >> (So they don't get killed to cover things up, I suppose) >> >> If the list meets the preservation and share goal, it helps for people >> who happen to be on it. If those people are devving software that helps, >> it helps further. >> >> Sorry I am so confused. >> >> You've clearly experienced the "changes" , too. Do you still remember >> your own emotions? Do you have new emotions that are strong? >> >> It's a little painful to see the other posts with the cecilia one, but I >> also suspect some people process things by doing work. I've done that. >> >> I don't really think my internet is real. Once Cecilia told me you had >> made a mysogynistic post, and when I asked what it was and mentioned you >> had backed me up when I had concerns of rape in my area, she changed what >> she said and said your post was technical. ... maybe my internet is real >> in those ways I dunno ... I was saying more things but my mc stepped in >> again. >> > > I realised that this was really mean. That was probably my programming to > disrupt the community. I suspect she was just handling something similar > and you didn't make such a post. She sent me a lot of trump-ish > (mysogynist) messages herself privately when acting threatened. When I > responded differently our communications were cut for some time. > > So I guess it's so harsh because it's automatic, just some distant RL >> algorithms or such. Dunno. >> >> I spoke with Marxos today. I seemed to leave them pretty sad. Hope you >> are well. >> > > Marxos's facebook profile mentions suicde like you and me so he better not > kill himself over this or anything. He seems kinda dreamy himself. I > looked at some of his software projects and one of them had something that > read like a complaint of not doing what he chose, to me. > > This shit is crazy but we're going to get through it somehow. The caring > human spirits are all there, just shoved into corners so that they act less. > > >> >>> >>> > > It's super to make an additional copy! >>> > >>> > It's super to make an additional copy! >>> >>> agreed; thank you for the additional reference! >>> >>> >>> the following sha2-256 digests are noted: >>> >>> 80d668496047641c431f9752a87c1afd74c1715fe3c5be197e77275cd572a4e6 >>> 2013-July.txt.gz >>> 8b065f927ed31f5232de51cad4acc869943e13d18df04a5d7d21665748269117 >>> 2013-August.txt.gz >>> 6114b8a461e9ad1f2d3d621a9f4311bb5590f30c5396eba29691921969bfb0b9 >>> 2013-September.txt.gz >>> 1faa3c7a5d290b9ea5339916b9393c5221930ff33e876d0a9958df9b94f5f65e >>> 2013-October.txt.gz >>> d82cc1eae8e30b186e2124e31f3664e33aaa28afcf81decd053b7c3f1abcbec2 >>> 2013-November.txt.gz >>> 0fc72c1e5e3dfde366d3aca57c8a5481c9f7792edf68ae738438f7051293102c >>> 2013-December.txt.gz >>> b19cb287a7f957194ac0730640f5553c6b3de763570b4321c56bf767c8549446 >>> 2014-January.txt.gz >>> 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Cryptocurrency: Jefferson vs Central Banks
by grarpamp 28 Dec '21

28 Dec '21

https://schiffgold.com/commentaries/thomas-jefferson-vs-the-federal-reserve/ https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bank-tj.asp https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-3562 The Federal Reserve is the engine that drives one of the biggest, most powerful governments in the history of the world. Without the Fed, it would be difficult, if not impossible, for the government to fund its foreign wars, its massive, unsustainable social programs, the ever-growing police state, and the tangled web of corporate welfare programs. It’s almost certain none of this would exist as we know it today – not even close. The federal government would truly be limited. Although the Federal Reserve is relatively new within the scope of American history, its roots go back to the early days of the republic and the First Bank of the United States, chartered by Congress on Feb. 25, 1791. A national bank was the brainchild of Alexander Hamilton. His rationale wasn’t much different from those who later came up with the Federal Reserve. Hamilton thought a central bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the fledgling nation’s credit and to better manage the financial business of the United States government. The notion of a national bank but wasn’t without its detractors. One of the most vocal opponents of the bank was Thomas Jefferson who argued that it was unconstitutional. The debate was really about more than chartering a bank. At its core, it was an argument about the extent of federal power. Jefferson held to the promise of the ratification debates – that federal authority would remain carefully circumscribed by the enumerated delegated powers. Given that the Constitution doesn’t authorize Congress to charter corporations, much less a national bank, Jefferson argued that it was an unconstitutional act. On the other hand, Hamilton pivoted from the position he took during the ratification debates and justified his project by invoking the doctrine of “implied powers.” His arguments foreshadowed how federal policies of every imaginable stripe would be justified moving forward. Arguably, Hamilton’s arguments for the First Bank of the United States set the foundation for much of the federal overreach we have today. Jefferson and Hamilton both wrote documents making their cases for the establishment of the bank. Jefferson wrote his Opinion on the Constitutionality of a National Bank first. He rested his argument on the Tenth Amendment, writing: “I consider the foundation of the Constitution as laid on this ground: That ‘all powers not delegated to the United States, by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States or to the people.’ [XIIth amendment.] To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus specially drawn around the powers of Congress, is to take possession of a boundless field of power, no longer susceptible of any definition.” He then succinctly stated his conclusion. “The incorporation of a bank, and the powers assumed by this bill, have not, in my opinion, been delegated to the United States, by the Constitution.” Jefferson proceeded to outline the various clauses of the Constitution supporters of the bank used to constitutionally justify and explained why they failed to bear the burden of that power. The primary justification was the Commerce Clause, but Jefferson argued that “to erect a bank, and to regulate commerce, are very different acts.” Erecting a bank actually creates an institution of commerce, and as Jefferson pointed out, “to make a thing which may be bought and sold, is not to prescribe regulations for buying and selling.” He went on to argue that if erecting a bank is an exercise of the commerce power, it would be void because it would also impact commerce within individual states. “For the power given to Congress by the Constitution does not extend to the internal regulation of the commerce of a State, (that is to say of the commerce between citizen and citizen,) which remain exclusively with its own legislature; but to its external commerce only, that is to say, its commerce with another State, or with foreign nations, or with the Indian tribes.” Next Jefferson tackled the General Welfare Clause, pointing out that Congress cannot lay and collect taxes for any purpose it pleases, “but only to pay the debts or provide for the welfare of the Union.” Likewise, Congress can’t do anything it pleases to promote the “general welfare.” It can only further the general welfare by laying taxes and acting within its enumerated powers. “In like manner, they are not to do anything they please to provide for the general welfare, but only to lay taxes for that purpose. To consider the latter phrase, not as describing the purpose of the first, but as giving a distinct and independent power to do any act they please, which might be for the good of the Union, would render all the preceding and subsequent enumerations of power completely useless. It would reduce the whole instrument to a single phrase, that of instituting a Congress with power to do whatever would be for the good of the United States; and, as they would be the sole judges of the good or evil, it would be also a power to do whatever evil they please. It is an established rule of construction where a phrase will bear either of two meanings, to give it that which will allow some meaning to the other parts of the instrument, and not that which would render all the others useless. Certainly no such universal power was meant to be given them. It was intended to lacce them up straitly within the enumerated powers, and those without which, as means, these powers could not be carried into effect.” [Emphasis original] Jefferson drove his point home by pointing out a very inconvenient fact for Hamilton – the Philadelphia Convention debated and rejected delegating the power to charter corporations. On one of the final days of the convention, James Madison proposed the federal government be delegated the authority “to grant charters of incorporation where the interest of the U.S. might require & the legislative provisions of individual State may be incompetent.” Rufus King of Massachusetts objected specifically on the grounds that “It will be referred to the establishment of a Bank, which has been a subject of contention in those Cities (New York and Philadelphia). He also warned that “In other places it will be referred to mercantile monopolies.” George Mason of Virginia proposed limiting the power to charting corporations for the construction of canals. “He was afraid of monopolies of every sort, which he did not think were by any means already implied by the Constitution as supposed by Mr. Wilson.” Ultimately, the convention rejected the proposal completely. Historian Dave Benner wrote, “This casts overwhelming doubt on the notion that the Constitution allowed Congress to form such monopolies. No enumerated power to grant monopolies and corporate charters was ever included in the document, and during the ratification campaign, none of the Constitution’s advocates cited the presence of such a power.” But Hamilton’s arguments didn’t rely on the existence of any delegated power. Instead, he appealed to the existence of unwritten “implied powers.” In response to Jefferson’s appeal to the Tenth Amendment and that the federal government can only exercise delegated powers, Hamilton affirmed it, and then effectively nullified its limiting force. He wrote, “The main proposition here laid down, in its true signification is not to be questioned.” But he continued, insisting, “It is not denied that there are implied well as express powers, and that the former are as effectually delegated as the latter.” But who decides the extent of these implied powers? Who determines their limits? In effect, Hamilton sets up an almost unlimited reservoir of power the general government can dip into in order to take whatever actions it deems appropriate. This was a 180-degree reversal from the position he took during the ratification debates when he insisted that the new general government would only exercise limited powers. Hamilton primarily based his defense of the national bank on the “necessary and proper clause,” citing it as the source of these “implied” powers. While Jefferson relied on a very narrow definition of “necessary and proper,” Hamilton used the phrase to milk implied powers out of the Constitution. The debate centered on the meaning of the word necessary. Jefferson took a very narrow view, arguing that the government can carry out all of its enumerated powers without a national bank. “A bank therefore is not necessary, and consequently not authorized by this phrase.” “It has been urged that a bank will give great facility or convenience in the collection of taxes, Suppose this were true: yet the Constitution allows only the means which are ‘necessary,’ not those which are merely ‘convenient’ for effecting the enumerated powers. If such a latitude of construction be allowed to this phrase as to give any non-enumerated power, it will go to everyone, for there is not one which ingenuity may not torture into a convenience in some instance or other, to some one of so long a list of enumerated powers. It would swallow up all the delegated powers, and reduce the whole to one power, as before observed. Therefore it was that the Constitution restrained them to the necessary means, that is to say, to those means without which the grant of power would be nugatory.” Hamilton found this view too limiting. He wrote, “It is certain that neither the grammatical nor popular sense of the term requires that construction. According to both, necessary often means no more than needful, requisite, incidental, useful, or conducive to.” “It is a common mode of expression to say, that it is necessary for a government or a person to do this or that thing, when nothing more is intended or understood, than that the interests of the government or person require, or will be promoted by, the doing of this or that thing. … To understand the word as the Secretary of State does, would be to depart from its obvious and popular sense, and to give it a restrictive operation, an idea never before entertained. It would be to give it the same force as if the word absolutely or indispensably had been prefixed to it.” Jefferson hit the problem with Hamilton’s view on the head. It opens up a door to virtually unlimited government power. This runs counter to James Madison’s assurance in Federalist #45 that “the powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined.” [Emphasis added] Under Hamilton’s “implied power” doctrine and his loose reading of the necessary and proper clause, there is very little the federal government can’t do. After all, virtually anything could be defined as “needful” or “useful” to the government. During the ratification debates, opponents of the Constitution worried that the necessary and proper clause would be construed exactly as Hamilton read it. At the time, Hamilton swore they had nothing to worry about. In Federalist #33, he wrote, “It may be affirmed with perfect confidence that the constitutional operation of the intended government would be precisely the same, if these clauses [necessary and proper and the supremacy clause] were entirely obliterated, as if they were repeated in every article. They are only declaratory of a truth which would have resulted by necessary and unavoidable implication from the very act of constituting a federal government, and vesting it with certain specified powers.” [Emphasis added] Hamilton pivoted from “specified powers” in 1788 to “implied powers” just three years later. In his push for a bank, Hamilton also invoked a rule of construction very favorable to the government. He wrote, “This restrictive interpretation of the word necessary is also contrary to this sound maxim of construction, namely, that the powers contained in a constitution of government, especially those which concern the general administration of the affairs of a country, its finances, trade, defense, etc., ought to be construed liberally in advancement of the public good.” This was not “a sound maxim of construction” at the time. St. George Tucker was an influential lawyer and jurist, and he wrote the first systematic commentary on the Constitution. Published in 1803, View of the Constitution of the United States served as an important law book, informing the opinions of judges, lawyers and politicians for the next 50 years. He explained that we should always construe federal power in the most limited sense possible. “The powers delegated to the federal government, are, in all cases, to receive the most strict construction that the instrument will bear, where the rights of a state or of the people, either collectively or individually, may be drawn in question.” This is the exact opposite of Hamilton’s maxim. As “Light Horse” Harry Lee put it during the Virginia ratifying convention, “When a question arises with respect to the legality of any power, exercised or assumed by Congress, it is plain on the side of the governed. Is it enumerated in the Constitution? If it be, it is legal and just. It is otherwise arbitrary and unconstitutional.” When political power resides in the people, the default position should always be to assume the most limited government power possible – not the most liberal reading as Hamilton insisted. Later in his life, Jefferson made a similar point in a letter to William Johnson. “On every question of construction let us carry ourselves back to the time when the Constitution was adopted, recollect the spirit manifested in the debates, and instead of trying what meaning may be squeezed out of the text, or intended against it, conform to the probable one in which it was passed.” There was no probable construction authorizing charting a national bank. Reading Hamilton’s arguments for the bank, it becomes clear he was trying to “squeeze” meaning – and power – out of the Constitution. Under the limited general government promised by supporters of the Constitution during ratification, including Alexander Hamilton, there would have been no national bank. Hamilton’s twisting of the Constitution to wring out new powers set the stage for much the federal overreach that would follow. It was the “foundation” for the “living breathing” Constitution we live under today.

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