September 2013 - cypherpunks - lists.cpunks.org

Re: [cryptome] Interesting
by John Young 10 Sep '13

10 Sep '13

Security theater. Phony as thinking NSA and national spies spy from embassies, not the key internet exchanges and telecom hubs in Frankfurt and other locations around the globe. This is amply described in a slew of technical reports and popular articles and books. Although, tellingly, not much discussed on crypto and comsec fora where the telecom and internet experts blow smoke and jerk off one other about trivial arcana to conceal their role in helping the spies for handsome salaries and fees. NDAs behind the wanking are abundant, hopefully some to be revealed by Snowden if not quietly redacted by those very same wankers ostensibly helping spread the word of perfidy by TLAs as cover for crypto onanism. At 09:23 AM 9/10/2013, you wrote: >Colleagues, > ><http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-helicopter-searched-for-…>http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-helicopter-searched-for-… >-- >Best regards. > >Haim Barak >To Serve and Protect Our Community >In God We Trust >Israel#: 5353... >Email: <mailto:haim357@gmail.com>haim357(a)gmail.com >Skype: haim.357 ><http://haim357.wordpress.com/>http://haim357.wordpress.com/ > ><http://haim357.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/banner.jpg> >This e-mail is intended only for the named recipient(s) and may contain >information that is privileged, confidential and/or exempt from >disclosure under applicable law. No waiver of privilege, confidence or >otherwise is intended by virtue of communication via the Internet. Any >unauthorized use, dissemination or copying is strictly prohibited. >Thank you.

1 0

Re: [Cryptography] The One True Cipher Suite
by Eugen Leitl 10 Sep '13

10 Sep '13

----- Forwarded message from Jerry Leichter <leichter(a)lrw.com> ----- Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2013 07:42:55 -0400 From: Jerry Leichter <leichter(a)lrw.com> To: Phillip Hallam-Baker <hallam(a)gmail.com> Cc: "cryptography(a)metzdowd.com" <cryptography(a)metzdowd.com>, ianG <iang(a)iang.org> Subject: Re: [Cryptography] The One True Cipher Suite X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.1283) On Sep 9, 2013, at 12:00 PM, Phillip Hallam-Baker wrote: > Steve Bellovin has made the same argument and I agree with it. Proliferation of cipher suites is not helpful. > > The point I make is that adding a strong cipher does not make you more secure. Only removing the option of using weak ciphers makes you more secure. I'm not so sure I agree. You have to consider the monoculture problem, combined with the threat you are defending against. The large burst of discussion on this list was set off by Perry's request for ways to protect against the kinds of broad-scale, gather-everything attacks that Snowden has told us the NSA is doing. So consider things from the side of someone attempting to mount this kind of attack: 1. If everyone uses the same cipher, the attacker need only attack that one cipher. 2. If there are thousands of ciphers in use, the attacker needs to attack some large fraction of them. As a defender, if I go route 1, I'd better be really, really, really sure that my cipher won't fall to any attacks over its operational lifetime - which, if it's really universal, will extend many years *even beyond a point where a weakness is found*. On the other hand, even if most of the ciphers in my suite are only moderately strong, the chance of any particular one of them having been compromised is lower. This is an *ensemble* argument, not an *individual* argument. If I'm facing an attacker who is concentrating on my messages in particular, then I want the strongest cipher I can find. Another way of looking at this is that Many Ciphers trades higher partial failure probabilities for lower total/catastrophic failure probabilities. Two things are definitely true, however: 1. If you don't remove ciphers that are found to be bad, you will eventually pollute your ensemble to the point of uselessness. If you want to go the "many different ciphers" approach, you *must* have an effective way to do this. 2. There must be a large set of potentially good ciphers out there to choose from. I contend that we're actually in a position to create reasonably good block ciphers fairly easily. Look at the AES process. Of the 15 round 1 candidates, a full third made it to the final round - which means that no significant attacks against them were known. Some of the rejected ones failed due to minor "certificational" weaknesses - weaknesses that should certainly lead you not to want to choose them as "the One True Cipher", but which would in and of themselves not render breaking them trivial. And, frankly, for most purposes, any of the five finalists would have been fine - much of the final choice was made for performance reasons. (And, considering Dan Bernstein's work on timing attacks based on table lookups, the performance choices made bad assumptions about actual hardware!) I see no reason not to double-encrypt, using different keys and any two algorithms from the ensemble. Yes, meet-in-the-middle attacks mean this isn't nearly as strong as you might naively think, but it ups the resource demands on the attacker much more than on the defender. Now, you can argue that AES - the only cipher really in the running for the One True Symmetric Cipher position at the moment - is so strong that worrying about attacks on it is pointless - the weaknesses are elsewhere. I'm on the fence about that; it's hard to know. But if you're going to argue for One True Cipher, you must be explicit about this (inherently unprovable) assumption; without it your argument fails. The situation is much more worse for the asymmetric case: We only have a few alternatives available and there are many correlations among their potential weaknesses, so the Many Ciphers approach isn't currently practical, so there's really nothing to debate at this point. Finally, I'll point out that what we know publicly about NSA practices says that (a) they believe in multiple ciphers for different purposes; (b) they believe in the strength of AES, but only up to a certain point. At this point, I'd be very leery of taking anything NSA says or reveals about it practices at face value, but there it is. -- Jerry _______________________________________________ The cryptography mailing list cryptography(a)metzdowd.com http://www.metzdowd.com/mailman/listinfo/cryptography ----- End forwarded message ----- -- Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org ______________________________________________________________ ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://ativel.com http://postbiota.org AC894EC5: 38A5 5F46 A4FF 59B8 336B 47EE F46E 3489 AC89 4EC5

1 0

Re: The US government has betrayed the Internet. We need to take it back
by Eugen Leitl 10 Sep '13

10 Sep '13

----- Forwarded message from "John S. Quarterman" <jsqnanog(a)quarterman.com> ----- Date: Fri, 06 Sep 2013 06:47:26 -0400 From: "John S. Quarterman" <jsqnanog(a)quarterman.com> To: sam(a)circlenet.us, "John S. Quarterman" <jsq(a)quarterman.com>, nanog(a)nanog.org Subject: Re: The US government has betrayed the Internet. We need to take it back > On 2013-09-06 05:57, Roland Dobbins wrote: > > There are no purely technical solutions to social ills. Schneier of > > all people should know this. Schneier does know this, and explicitly said this. -jsq http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/05/government-betrayed-in… Three, we can influence governance. I have resisted saying this up to now, and I am saddened to say it, but the US has proved to be an unethical steward of the internet. The UK is no better. The NSA's actions are legitimizing the internet abuses by China, Russia, Iran and others. We need to figure out new means of internet governance, ones that makes it harder for powerful tech countries to monitor everything. For example, we need to demand transparency, oversight, and accountability from our governments and corporations. Unfortunately, this is going play directly into the hands of totalitarian governments that want to control their country's internet for even more extreme forms of surveillance. We need to figure out how to prevent that, too. We need to avoid the mistakes of the International Telecommunications Union, which has become a forum to legitimize bad government behavior, and create truly international governance that can't be dominated or abused by any one country. Generations from now, when people look back on these early decades of the internet, I hope they will not be disappointed in us. We can ensure that they don't only if each of us makes this a priority, and engages in the debate. We have a moral duty to do this, and we have no time to lose. Dismantling the surveillance state won't be easy. Has any country that engaged in mass surveillance of its own citizens voluntarily given up that capability? Has any mass surveillance country avoided becoming totalitarian? Whatever happens, we're going to be breaking new ground. Again, the politics of this is a bigger task than the engineering, but the engineering is critical. We need to demand that real technologists be involved in any key government decision making on these issues. We've had enough of lawyers and politicians not fully understanding technology; we need technologists at the table when we build tech policy. To the engineers, I say this: we built the internet, and some of us have helped to subvert it. Now, those of us who love liberty have to fix it. ----- End forwarded message ----- -- Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org ______________________________________________________________ ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://ativel.com http://postbiota.org AC894EC5: 38A5 5F46 A4FF 59B8 336B 47EE F46E 3489 AC89 4EC5

4 3

Re: hardware RNG
by Juan Garofalo 10 Sep '13

10 Sep '13

Thanks for the replies guys! I'm going through the links provided. Meanwhile I got a follow up question... Creating hardware rngs for individual PCs or phones or similar devices isn't really hard. We don't need to rely on a multibillion american corporation like intel to produce some state-of-the-art circuitry. There are applications that need a fast stream of random numbers, but those applications are not the applications end users run on their devices for security purposes - Did I get the general idea right? J.

3 2

[Cryptography] What TLS ciphersuites are still OK?
by Eugen Leitl 09 Sep '13

09 Sep '13

----- Forwarded message from Ben Laurie <ben(a)links.org> ----- Date: Mon, 9 Sep 2013 17:29:24 +0100 From: Ben Laurie <ben(a)links.org> To: Cryptography Mailing List <cryptography(a)metzdowd.com> Subject: [Cryptography] What TLS ciphersuites are still OK? Perry asked me to summarise the status of TLS a while back ... luckily I don't have to because someone else has: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-sheffer-tls-bcp-00 In short, I agree with that draft. And the brief summary is: there's only one ciphersuite left that's good, and unfortunately its only available in TLS 1.2: TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 _______________________________________________ The cryptography mailing list cryptography(a)metzdowd.com http://www.metzdowd.com/mailman/listinfo/cryptography ----- End forwarded message ----- -- Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org ______________________________________________________________ ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://ativel.com http://postbiota.org AC894EC5: 38A5 5F46 A4FF 59B8 336B 47EE F46E 3489 AC89 4EC5

1 0

Re: [Bitcoin-development] Blockchain archival
by Eugen Leitl 09 Sep '13

09 Sep '13

----- Forwarded message from rob.golding(a)astutium.com ----- Date: Sun, 08 Sep 2013 04:56:17 +0100 From: rob.golding(a)astutium.com To: bitcoin-development(a)lists.sourceforge.net Subject: Re: [Bitcoin-development] Blockchain archival User-Agent: Roundcube Webmail/0.8.5 > (there's no way to be completely trust-free without this). Not quite true, as I said balance-at-point-in-time would solve that (and make the storage requirements much lower) >> If going that route, then solutions to the 'consolidate >> addresses/wallets' >> question and formal 'discard' of addresses could get addressed. > > Not sure what you mean here. Addresses and wallets are two completely > different things. Addresses are single-use destinations that point to > a wallet > (which is itself private and unknown to the network). For bitcoin to grow beyond interesting experiment into global everyday use a number of things would have to happen, not least of which is taking 'average punter' into account. Whilst new ideas can filter into the general consciousness over time,sometimes concepts have to go with 'what already works' :) People's concept of money hasn't really changed in over 1,000 years - it remains 'something of known value i can exchange for something else'. No-one outside of bitcoin dev's and early adopters really gets the one-shot concept of addresses - possibly rightly so - keeping issues of it lowering levels of anonymity etc out of the discussion - it doesn't fit with the mindset people have - it's difficult enough getting merchants to setup separate addresses for each client, one per transaction is simply a waste (of addresses, storage, blockchain size, numnber of inputs|outputs when spending etc) I'm sure the wife would love a new handbag everytime she gets some money, but the real-world just isnt like that ;) Addresses are perceived as the equivalent of a jar you stick your coins in. You can have lots of jars. Each jar can be for a specific reason or whatever, but the analogy is there. Wallets are like a box you keep some of your jars in. With the added interesting concept that a jar can be in multiple boxes at the same time. Only the person with the right 'key' can open the jar and take the contents. However unlike the 3 money boxes I have behind me right now - which i can take 1 single penny out of one and put it into another - if I want to move bitcoins from one addresses (jar) to another *of my own* I have to pay a fee. Worse still if the jar doesnt have much in it I'm denied that ability. End user will neither understand why or want to pay the fee, for dealing with their own coins. If a jar breaks I can just tip the contents into a new one - unless I'm very careless, the amount in the new one = the amount in the old one - people will want/need it to work like that. Similarly if you do have all these addresses around, you may want (as good housekeeping) discard some of them (after moving the cash). So having the ability to specify address to send from is essential (and a sadly missing feature of the QT client) 'intra-wallet' transfers with an 'also discard the sending address' would be a way of (once confirmed) stopping any further use of that address (denied any further transactions by miners ?) and when balance-at-point-in-time is implemented, a way of shrinking the storage for all other bitcoin users (who chosse not to have a full transaction set). If i send luke 10, and luke sends me back 3, i have 3, luke has 7. If luke sends me 2, and i send luke 1, i have 4 and luke has 6. To verify my ability to send jeff 4, all that is needed is to know that I have 4, not all the transactions that led to that state - thats how its done now, thats not necessarily efficient as bitcoin grows If luke sends me 4 more, i now have 4 again, luke has 3 If i send 1 to each of the children, they have 1 each (*4) Having a 'family' wallet means when on holiday they can have that rental of quad-bikes - to send the rental company 4 the client only needs to know that those addresses now have 1 each in them, not all the previous transactions - if they didnt exist at the point-in-time balance, then yes, it would need to know about the luke>rob>kids transactions, but thats all I moved to a new netbook recently - it took 140 *hours* to d/load and process the blockchain (yes the wifi was that bad), I heard from one of our clients that (although they only had the client running during working hours) that to their desktop it was over 9 days before it had caught up. If all I was d/loading were the transactions since the last difficulty change (as one example of a fixed point), and the remaining balance on any not-discarded address as at that point it would have been much much quicker, and not be shagging my shiny new hard drive. There's more but it's 4.45 in the morning, and I cant think coherently until after a few hours kip and some good coffee :) Rob ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Learn the latest--Visual Studio 2012, SharePoint 2013, SQL 2012, more! Discover the easy way to master current and previous Microsoft technologies and advance your career. Get an incredible 1,500+ hours of step-by-step tutorial videos with LearnDevNow. Subscribe today and save! http://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/clk?id=58041391&iu=/4140/ostg.clktrk _______________________________________________ Bitcoin-development mailing list Bitcoin-development(a)lists.sourceforge.net https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/bitcoin-development ----- End forwarded message ----- -- Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org ______________________________________________________________ ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://ativel.com http://postbiota.org AC894EC5: 38A5 5F46 A4FF 59B8 336B 47EE F46E 3489 AC89 4EC5

1 0

Scott Aaaronson: NSA: Possibly breaking US laws, but still bound by laws of computational complexity
by Eugen Leitl 09 Sep '13

09 Sep '13

http://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=1517 NSA: Possibly breaking US laws, but still bound by laws of computational complexity Last week, I got an email from a journalist with the following inquiry. The recent Snowden revelations, which made public for the first time the US government’s “black budget,” contained the following enigmatic line from the Director of National Intelligence: “We are investing in groundbreaking cryptanalytic capabilities to defeat adversarial cryptography and exploit internet traffic.” So, the journalist wanted to know, what could these “groundbreaking” capabilities be? And in particular, was it possible that the NSA was buying quantum computers from D-Wave, and using them to run Shor’s algorithm to break the RSA cryptosystem? I replied that, yes, that’s “possible,” but only in the same sense that it’s “possible” that the NSA is using the Easter Bunny for the same purpose. (For one thing, D-Wave themselves have said repeatedly that they have no interest in Shor’s algorithm or factoring. Admittedly, I guess that’s what D-Wave would say, were they making deals with NSA on the sly! But it’s also what the Easter Bunny would say.) More generally, I said that if the open scientific world’s understanding is anywhere close to correct, then quantum computing might someday become a practical threat to cryptographic security, but it isn’t one yet. That, of course, raised the extremely interesting question of what “groundbreaking capabilities” the Director of National Intelligence was referring to. I said my personal guess was that, with ~99% probability, he meant various implementation vulnerabilities and side-channel attacks—the sort of thing that we know has compromised deployed cryptosystems many times in the past, but where it’s very easy to believe that the NSA is ahead of the open world. With ~1% probability, I guessed, the NSA made some sort of big improvement in classical algorithms for factoring, discrete log, or other number-theoretic problems. (I would’ve guessed even less than 1% probability for the latter, before the recent breakthrough by Joux solving discrete log in fields of small characteristic in quasipolynomial time.) Then, on Thursday, a big New York Times article appeared, based on 50,000 or so documents that Snowden leaked to the Guardian and that still aren’t public. (See also an important Guardian piece by security expert Bruce Schneier, and accompanying Q&A.) While a lot remains vague, there might be more public information right now about current NSA cryptanalytic capabilities than there’s ever been. So, how did my uninformed, armchair guesses fare? It’s only halfway into the NYT article that we start getting some hints: The files show that the agency is still stymied by some encryption, as Mr. Snowden suggested in a question-and-answer session on The Guardian’s Web site in June. “Properly implemented strong crypto systems are one of the few things that you can rely on,” he said, though cautioning that the N.S.A. often bypasses the encryption altogether by targeting the computers at one end or the other and grabbing text before it is encrypted or after it is decrypted… Because strong encryption can be so effective, classified N.S.A. documents make clear, the agency’s success depends on working with Internet companies — by getting their voluntary collaboration, forcing their cooperation with court orders or surreptitiously stealing their encryption keys or altering their software or hardware… Simultaneously, the N.S.A. has been deliberately weakening the international encryption standards adopted by developers. One goal in the agency’s 2013 budget request was to “influence policies, standards and specifications for commercial public key technologies,” the most common encryption method. Cryptographers have long suspected that the agency planted vulnerabilities in a standard adopted in 2006 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and later by the International Organization for Standardization, which has 163 countries as members. Classified N.S.A. memos appear to confirm that the fatal weakness, discovered by two Microsoft cryptographers in 2007, was engineered by the agency. The N.S.A. wrote the standard and aggressively pushed it on the international group, privately calling the effort “a challenge in finesse.” So, in pointing to implementation vulnerabilities as the most likely possibility for an NSA “breakthrough,” I might have actually erred a bit too far on the side of technological interestingness. It seems that a large part of what the NSA has been doing has simply been strong-arming Internet companies and standards bodies into giving it backdoors. To put it bluntly: sure, if it wants to, the NSA can probably read your email. But that isn’t mathematical cryptography’s fault—any more than it would be mathematical crypto’s fault if goons broke into your house and carted away your laptop. On the contrary, properly-implemented, backdoor-less strong crypto is something that apparently scares the NSA enough that they go to some lengths to keep it from being widely used. I should add that, regardless of how NSA collects all the private information it does—by “beating crypto in a fair fight” (!) or, more likely, by exploiting backdoors that it itself installed—the mere fact that it collects so much is of course unsettling enough from a civil-liberties perspective. So I’m glad that the Snowden revelations have sparked a public debate in the US about how much surveillance we as a society want (i.e., “the balance between preventing 9/11 and preventing Orwell”), what safeguards are in place to prevent abuses, and whether those safeguards actually work. Such a public debate is essential if we’re serious about calling ourselves a democracy. At the same time, to me, perhaps the most shocking feature of the Snowden revelations is just how unshocking they’ve been. So far, I haven’t seen anything that shows the extent of NSA’s surveillance to be greater than what I would’ve considered plausible a priori. Indeed, the following could serve as a one-sentence summary of what we’ve learned from Snowden: Yes, the NSA is, in fact, doing the questionable things that anyone not living in a cave had long assumed they were doing—that assumption being so ingrained in nerd culture that countless jokes are based around it. (Come to think of it, people living in caves might have been even more certain that the NSA was doing those things. Maybe that’s why they moved to caves.) So, rather than dwelling on civil liberties, national security, yadda yadda yadda, let me move on to discuss the implications of the Snowden revelations for something that really matters: a 6-year-old storm in theoretical computer science’s academic teacup. As many readers of this blog might know, Neal Koblitz—a respected mathematician and pioneer of elliptic curve cryptography, who (from numerous allusions in his writings) appears to have some connections at the NSA—published a series of scathing articles, in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society and elsewhere, attacking the theoretical computer science approach to cryptography. Koblitz’s criticisms were varied and entertainingly-expressed: the computer scientists are too sloppy, deadline-driven, self-promoting, and corporate-influenced; overly trusting of so-called “security proofs” (a term they shouldn’t even use, given how many errors and exaggerated claims they make); absurdly overreliant on asymptotic analysis; “bodacious” in introducing dubious new hardness assumptions that they then declare to be “standard”; and woefully out of touch with cryptographic realities. Koblitz seemed to suggest that, rather than demanding the security reductions so beloved by theoretical computer scientists, people would do better to rest the security of their cryptosystems on two alternative pillars: first, standards set by organizations like the NSA with actual real-world experience; and second, the judgments of mathematicians with … taste and experience, who can just see what’s likely to be vulnerable and what isn’t. Back in 2007, my mathematician friend Greg Kuperberg pointed out the irony to me: here we had a mathematician, lambasting computer scientists for trying to do for cryptography what mathematics itself has sought to do for everything since Euclid! That is, when you see an unruly mess of insights, related to each other in some tangled way, systematize and organize it. Turn the tangle into a hierarchical tree (or dag). Isolate the minimal assumptions (one-way functions? decisional Diffie-Hellman?) on which each conclusion can be based, and spell out all the logical steps needed to get from here to there—even if the steps seem obvious or boring. Any time anyone has tried to do that, it’s been easy for the natives of the unruly wilderness to laugh at the systematizing newcomers: the latter often know the terrain less well, and take ten times as long to reach conclusions that are ten times less interesting. And yet, in case after case, the clarity and rigor of the systematizing approach has eventually won out. So it seems weird for a mathematician, of all people, to bet against the systematizing approach when applied to cryptography. The reason I’m dredging up this old dispute now, is that I think the recent NSA revelations might put it in a slightly new light. In his article—whose main purpose is to offer practical advice on how to safeguard one’s communications against eavesdropping by NSA or others—Bruce Schneier offers the following tip: Prefer conventional discrete-log-based systems over elliptic-curve systems; the latter have constants that the NSA influences when they can. Here Schneier is pointing out a specific issue with ECC, which would be solved if we could “merely” ensure that NSA or other interested parties weren’t providing input into which elliptic curves to use. But I think there’s also a broader issue: that, in cryptography, it’s unwise to trust any standard because of the prestige, real-world experience, mathematical good taste, or whatever else of the people or organizations proposing it. What was long a plausible conjecture—that the NSA covertly influences cryptographic standards to give itself backdoors, and that otherwise-inexplicable vulnerabilities in deployed cryptosystems are sometimes there because the NSA wanted them there—now looks close to an established fact. In cryptography, then, it’s not just for idle academic reasons that you’d like a publicly-available trail of research papers and source code, open to criticism and improvement by anyone, that takes you all the way from the presumed hardness of an underlying mathematical problem to the security of your system under whichever class of attacks is relevant to you. Schneier’s final piece of advice is this: “Trust the math. Encryption is your friend.” “Trust the math.” On that note, here’s a slightly-embarrassing confession. When I’m watching a suspense movie (or a TV show like Homeland), and I reach one of those nail-biting scenes where the protagonist discovers that everything she ever believed is a lie, I sometimes mentally recite the proof of the Karp-Lipton Theorem. It always calms me down. Even if the entire universe turned out to be a cruel illusion, it would still be the case that NP ⊂ P/poly would collapse the polynomial hierarchy, and I can tell you exactly why. It would likewise be the case that you couldn’t break the GGM pseudorandom function without also breaking the underlying pseudorandom generator on which it’s based. Math could be defined as that which can still be trusted, even when you can’t trust anything else. This entry was posted on Sunday, September 8th, 2013 at 11:31 am and is filed under Complexity, Nerd Interest. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. 24 Responses to “NSA: Possibly breaking US laws, but still bound by laws of computational complexity” Aaronson on crypto. Schneier “elliptic-curve systems; the latter have constants that the NSA influences when they can.” | Gordon's shares Says: Comment #1 September 8th, 2013 at 1:22 pm […] Link. Trust math, but not NSA mathematicians. […] Douglas Knight Says: Comment #2 September 8th, 2013 at 1:35 pm Could you be more specific about what you mean by the hypothetical “big improvement” on number theory algorithms that is covered by your 1%? Do elliptic curve algorithms count? Does an L(1/4) algorithm count, or only quasi-polynomial? What if they can’t break all instances, but, as has repeatedly happened, they discovered bad primes or bad exponents that make particular keys weak? Breaking a random half of all keys is almost as good as breaking all of them. Schneier’s condemnation of ECC seems to require more than 1% chance NSA knows something special about ECC. PS – David Jao, commenting on Schneier’s blog says that we can and do use cryptography to prevent NSA from meddling with mystery constants. He says that the ECC standard curves are generated by SHA-1, so to meddle, NSA would have to break the has function. (But if half of curves are bad, that’s easy.) Anonymous Says: Comment #3 September 8th, 2013 at 1:45 pm You are making good and interesting points. However, Koblitz also has some valid criticisms of TCS even if his conclusions are not valid. The mathematical models we built in TCS are useless if they don’t relate to the practice and we know many of our standard models are not good enough approximation of the reality and arguably there isn’t enough effort to deal with these issues. Technical heavy weight lifting is used as the ultimate criteria for judging the value of research projects inside the community. Also I think you are exaggerating what most cryptographers expected that NSA was doing. I have heard several famous crypto experts quite surprised by these revelations and it has shaken their trust in the government institutions. I never understood why some people presume that government is a benevolent entity, such beliefs in government institutions seems like ideology to me. Daniel Armak Says: Comment #4 September 8th, 2013 at 2:06 pm You can trust the math itself, and so can Bruce Schneier and a few tens of thousands of other people. But everyone else who can’t grok the entire mathematical arguments for each cryptographical system, or doesn’t want to spend a long time studying it, must trust the word of people like you. And since the NSA can and does subvert people like you, who do original work and analyze others’ work and sit on standards committees, not to mention the programmers who implement it in code, what are we to do? Daniel W. Says: Comment #5 September 8th, 2013 at 2:33 pm In my mind, the best circumstantial evidence that the NSA has not practically broken any of the major cryptosystems is the following:, if they had, they would most likely keep this as a highly guarded secret to be used only against high value targets rather than as a means of monitoring potential terrorists. It would most likely be contained within a small circle and not mentioned in power-point presentations to low-level analysts. Of course, the above argument may be flawed by assuming the NSA has too high of a level of competence. T H Ray Says: Comment #6 September 8th, 2013 at 2:43 pm Scott, ” … the clarity and rigor of the systematizing approach has eventually won out.” No doubt. In Euclid’s time as well as the present, though, it is helpful to have something to systematize. Making that assumption available and convenient is what mathematicians do. Scott Says: Comment #7 September 8th, 2013 at 3:02 pm Daniel Armak #4: You can trust the math itself, and so can Bruce Schneier and a few tens of thousands of other people. But everyone else … must trust the word of people like you. You raise an excellent point, which I think applies even more broadly than you say. For one thing, I merely understand some of the general ideas: I haven’t gone through every detail of the math used by the crypto in my web browser, and I dare say that most professional cryptographers haven’t either. For another, the point is much broader than cryptography: how can you trust quantum mechanics, if you haven’t done the requisite experiments yourself? The physicists could’ve all been bought off by some anti-realist cabal. :-) Or how can you trust that the government isn’t putting mind-control drugs into the fruit you buy in the supermarket, etc. etc. So we’re extremely lucky that science hit on a solution to these problems—the only workable solution, really—back in the 17th century. The solution is to open up every question to scrutiny, discussion, and challenge by any interested person. Assertions gain credibility by surviving public criticism—and that’s just as true in math as it is in experimental sciences. I believe many theorems even though I haven’t checked the proofs myself, because I know that if there were an error, then someone else could’ve made a name for themselves by finding it. Now, for this Popperian dynamic to work, the whole process has to be carried out in the open: if I thought someone who found a fatal flaw in a proof would only tell their friends, then that doesn’t do me any good. That’s why the dividing line between “crypto as black art” and “modern crypto” happened precisely when new discoveries started being published in the open literature, rather than being filed in a drawer at NSA or GCHQ. wolfgang Says: Comment #8 September 8th, 2013 at 3:20 pm Unfortunately, this xkcd.com/538/ had it right imho. Scott Says: Comment #9 September 8th, 2013 at 3:20 pm Daniel W. #5: If the NSA had really broken strong cryptosystems, then why would they have resorted to so many covert tactics (or, in the case of the Clipper Chip, overt attempts) to prevent people from using strong crypto, unless NSA has a backdoor? I suppose it’s all elaborate psychological warfare, to prevent us from discovering the fact that these cryptosystems were broken? And that even Snowden himself is part of the NSA’s master plan? :-) At least in my book, every time you claim that what looks on its face like evidence for X, is really evidence for a powerful cabal trying to prevent everyone from discovering not(X), the plausibility of your theory gets cut by a factor of maybe 50,000. This is directly related to the fact that I don’t believe any conspiracy theories—as in zero, not one. Scott Says: Comment #10 September 8th, 2013 at 3:32 pm Douglas Knight #2: Sure, dramatic improvements in elliptic-curve algorithms would certainly count—as would “merely” subexponential algorithms, were the improvements large enough to threaten key sizes that the academic cryptographers considered safe. More broadly, though, you’re entirely right that there’s not a sharp line between “improved number-theory algorithms” and “implementation vulnerabilities.” Often, what’s happened in practice is that an implementation vulnerability has opened the way for an attack that still requires interesting and nontrivial number theory. But I suppose that sort of thing would still belong to the “99%” part of my probability estimate. In the “1%” part, I really had in mind “something that would give theoretical cryptographers a heart attack” (like, I dunno, factoring in L(1/10), or elliptic curve discrete log in quasipolynomial time). Scott Says: Comment #11 September 8th, 2013 at 5:03 pm Anonymous #3: You are making good and interesting points. However, Koblitz also has some valid criticisms of TCS even if his conclusions are not valid. I completely agree that Koblitz has some valid criticisms. However, I’ve read pretty much all of his and Menezes’s anti-TCS screeds, and to me what he’s doing seems, if you like, too easy to be helpful. Koblitz’s favorite M.O. is to recount various slip-ups by people in the “Goldreich school of crypto” and laugh at them: “haha, they talk about ‘provable security,’ but there was a bug in their proof! or their security definition left out an important class of side-channel attacks!” Then, with even more glee, Koblitz relates how the hapless computer scientists put out a new paper supposedly fixing the problem, but that paper had its own problems, and so on. The trouble is, that is indeed what a bunch of incompetent buffoons would look like, but it’s also what science looks like! :-) Koblitz never seems to want to acknowledge that the end result of the process is better scientific understanding and more secure cryptosystems than before (even if still not perfect). Also, of course, Koblitz almost defiantly refuses to suggest any better mathematical foundations for cryptography, besides the reduction-based foundations that were built up over the last 30 years. I.e., it’s not that instead of adaptive chosen ciphertext attack, he has a better definition to propose, or that instead of “bodacious” new hardness assumptions, he can give a single assumption that suffices for everything. Instead, what he appears to want is simply a return to the “black art” era of cryptography, when security arguments boiled down to “we tried to break it and failed” or “trust us, we have better mathematical taste than you.” The trouble is, I can’t think of a single case in the history of science when mathematical foundations as well-developed as cryptography’s now are, were simply abandoned wholesale without better mathematical foundations to replace them. So intellectually, Koblitz strikes me as someone who’s throwing spears at battle-tanks. Being the excellent marksman that he is, he actually scores some hits—but the reduction-encrusted battle-tanks are still going to win in the end. The mathematical models we built in TCS are useless if they don’t relate to the practice and we know many of our standard models are not good enough approximation of the reality and arguably there isn’t enough effort to deal with these issues. Would one also say that the mathematical foundations of topology—open sets, Urysohn’s Lemma, etc.—are useless if they don’t relate to the practice of tying and untying knots? I think that’s a pretty close analogy for the relationship between what, say, Goldreich or Goldwasser or Micali do, and the actual practice of cryptography. In both cases, yes, there’s some relation between the intellectual foundations on the bottom and the beautiful ornaments on top, but not surprisingly there are many floors in between. Starting from a one-way function, for example, you first have to construct a quasi-regular one-way function, then a pseudoentropy generator, then a pseudorandom generator, then a pseudorandom function, and then maybe you can start to think about building (say) a rudimentary private-key cryptosystem or signature scheme. Also I think you are exaggerating what most cryptographers expected that NSA was doing. I have heard several famous crypto experts quite surprised by these revelations and it has shaken their trust in the government institutions. I never understood why some people presume that government is a benevolent entity, such beliefs in government institutions seems like ideology to me. My situation is different: I never had any real doubt that NSA was doing such things; the thing I genuinely don’t know is whether they have good reasons to be doing them. I consider it conceivable that the NSA has indeed stopped many terrorist attacks or other international disasters that we never hear about—in which case, the strongest case in their favor might be stronger than the strongest case that can ever be made publicly. The fact that President Obama, who’s so reasonable on so many issues, has implied as much is evidence for that view from my perspective. On the other hand, I also consider it conceivable that the current eavesdropping regime is purely a result of the universal tendency of bureaucracies to expand, justify themselves, and zealously guard their power and privileges. Or it could be some combination of the two. For me, though, the deciding consideration is that, even in a fantasy world where the NSA’s actions had always been 100% justified, I’d still want them to be more accountable to the public than they are now. “Trust that we have our reasons, even though we can’t tell you what they are” simply doesn’t work over the long term in a democracy, even if the trust is justified at any particular time or in any particular case (and of course, often it hasn’t been). Anonymous Says: Comment #12 September 8th, 2013 at 8:05 pm I agree with you that his attitude is not constructive criticism. I would even go further than you and say it is stupid to forget the science of crypto and go back to purely engineering art treatment. Regarding reasonability of what NSA does, NSA and its backers would of course claim these tools are useful. To be honest, security was a weak point of Obama’s campaign, he is not really knowledgeable in these issues and he has not gone and will not go against his advisers if they tell him these tools are necessary to fight terrorism. However, as far as I have heard, they have hard time convincing anyone outside executive branch that these tools have been as useful as they are claiming. How many major terrorist plots they have been uncovered and prevented using these tools? It seems that they are using these tools for a very wide range of activities including industrial and political espionage on foreign governments and companies and gain political and commercial advantage (what they call US national interests, not just securing Americans against terrorists). Does anyone really believe that EU or Brazil or liberal NGOs will launch a terrorist attack on US? FBI’s actions against Dr. King is telling how far they would go. They use the fear factor of a possible terrorist attacks to justify these actions to the public, however the laws allow them to do whatever they want to and when there are restrictions (like the fourth amendments) they find ways to circumvents them (e.g. by colliding with foreign intelligence services like GCHQ to spy on American citizens) or change the interpretations of those laws. We are very lucky that many influential Americans in the previous generations had a negative view of the federal government and wanted to restrict its powers as much as possible, restrictions which are being removed in practice (partly because some people want to settle sociopolitical disputes present in the country using the government’s power). I don’t see why so much power should be invested in a single authority with almost no real public supervision and scrutiny (a role that media was playing to some extent in previous decades but is coming under heavy pressure from government as Manning, Swartz, Snowden, … cases demonstrate). And even when courts find that someone in the government has seriously violated the laws the president forgives them and they avoid real punishment (as Scoot Libby case demonstrates). It is not just US government, there is a trend in western liberal democracies. It is simply unbelievable that the UK security forces used a law passed to fight terrorism to hold the partner of a Guardian journalist for 9 hours without a lawyer and without the protection of Miranda rights against self-incrimination. Anyone who thinks that security forces will only use the authority and tools they obtain to the limited extent of the original goal suffers from extreme nativity. They will use any tools in their disposal to the fullest extent they can to achieve what they perceive to be the goals of their institution. When they perceive journalists like Greenwald as a threat to the national interests they use these tools to fight them which includes intimidating the partner of a journalist using terrorism fighting powers. I still fund it really hard to believe that we have gone so far in the direction of an Orwellian society. What can theoretical computer science offer biology? | Theory, Evolution, and Games Group Says: Comment #13 September 9th, 2013 at 2:16 am […] the aid that cstheory can offer to biological understanding. In yesterday’s post on the NSA and computational complexity, Aaronson — with attribution to mathematician Greg Kuperberg — provided the following […] Paul Beame Says: Comment #14 September 9th, 2013 at 2:45 am Some of the NSA revelations have been no surprise at all. It was well known in the 1980′s, particularly after the publication of The Puzzle Palace, that the NSA was tapping all the trans-Atlantic telephone cables; gathering up of all e-mail to foreign addresses seems like more of the same. The relationship of the NSA with TCS cryptographers has been pretty shaky. I recall attending a theory of cryptography workshop at MIT’s Endicott House in June 1985 with one or two official NSA attendees. At the time, there were one or two TCS attendees known to have NSA funding and the NSA people wanted to recruit more. In announcing their desire to sponsor more TCS cryptographers, one of the NSA people cast a pall over the meeting by saying: “If you are interested, just mention it in a phone conversation with one of your friends and we’ll get back to you.” This didn’t exactly endear them to anyone. J Says: Comment #15 September 9th, 2013 at 2:51 am “Math could be defined as that which can still be trusted, even when you can’t trust anything else” Wait till someone shows multiplication and addition have same complexity or possible Voevodsky’s/Nelson’s worst nightmare comes true Refer: http://mathoverflow.net/questions/40920/what-if-current-foundations-of-math… http://mathoverflow.net/questions/36693/nelsons-program-to-show-inconsisten… Scott Says: Comment #16 September 9th, 2013 at 4:20 am J #15: Multiplication and addition having the same complexity (and yes, it’s conceivable that there’s a linear-time multiplication algorithm) wouldn’t do anything whatsoever to undermine my trust in math—why would it? Also, even if ZF set theory were shown to be inconsistent (and it won’t be :-) ), that wouldn’t do anything whatsoever to undermine my trust in theorems about (say) finite groups, or low-dimensional topology, or theoretical computer science—in fact, about anything that doesn’t involve transfinite sets. It would “merely” tell me that there was a need (and, of course, an exciting opportunity) to rethink the foundations. That’s something that already happened 100+ years ago (the renovations causing virtually no damage to the higher floors), and that could conceivably happen again. Vitruvius Says: Comment #17 September 9th, 2013 at 4:58 am I agree, Scott, with your general position that any time one claims that “evidence for x is really evidence for a powerful cabal trying to prevent everyone from discovering not(x)” one’s credibility drops by an irrecoverably large factor, and I agree with you that “math can be defined as that which can still be trusted, even when you can’t trust anything else” (as you put it), yet that still begs the question of how we the people decide what to trust to be valid math. Similarly, while your suggestion to “open up every question to scrutiny, discussion, and challenge by any interested person” may be necessary in order to establish public trust, it isn’t sufficient because we still have the problem of deciding which such interested persons to trust, and which to write off as conspiracy theorists in their own right. How do we feasibly decide, in effect, whether Ehrenhaft is a crackpot (as it were), and whether “Snowden himself is part of the NSA’s master plan” (as you playfully alluded to)? To that end you may be interested in Why Doesn’t the Public Trust Scientists?, a lecture by The Right Honourable Professor The Baroness O’Neill of Bengarve, Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge and past Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge, which she presented in 2005 as part of the Science Futures series by the San Diego Science and Technology Council’s Center for Ethics in Science and Technology. Note that while “scientists” are the titular and exemplary referent matter in that lecture, Baroness O’Neill’s talk actually considers a range of questions in regard of public trust, including the roles of professional organizations, trustworthiness (which can’t replace trust because of the quis custodiet ipsos custodes problem), statutory regulation, post hoc accountability, &c, which apply more broadly to the matters of public trust in any and every profession and institution, including politics and the law. O’Neill argues, if I may be so bold as to suggest a précis, that going back through the 17th century (as you noted) western liberal democracies have indeed evolved a multipartite methodology that does tend work in practice and that may well be the best we can get in principal, though it remains unclear to me how well we are applying those techniques to matters of state security in general, and how effectively you folks in the United States of America are applying those techniques to your vaunted Agency in particular. Scott Says: Comment #18 September 9th, 2013 at 5:01 am Paul Beame #14: I’ve actually heard that joke many times, in other variants. (“Interested in career opportunities at the NSA? Call your mom and let her know!”) I didn’t know that NSA people themselves used the joke at conferences, but it doesn’t surprise me at all. J Says: Comment #19 September 9th, 2013 at 6:39 am “Multiplication and addition having the same complexity (and yes, it’s conceivable that there’s a linear-time multiplication algorithm) wouldn’t do anything whatsoever to undermine my trust in math—why would it?” I thought I read somewhere that if addition and multiplication turn out to be similar in complexity, then it would imply something is wrong with mathematics. On the same vein think of the generalization of scheme theory that Mochizuki claims to have undertaken to take apart + and x in ring structure. I would think something fundamentally would have changed in our picture if they turn to be similar in complexity. J Says: Comment #20 September 9th, 2013 at 6:47 am Atleast for computational purposes, the multiplicative group structure and additive group structure of $\Bbb Z$ seem to be coinciding. This seems wrong. I cannot directly relate to $Z \bmod p$ but this seems to have implication to Discrete Log. An implication for this may not be beyond reach for atleast a few other rings as well. Scott Says: Comment #21 September 9th, 2013 at 7:02 am J #19: Well, we already have a remarkable O(n logn loglogn) multiplication algorithm (due to Fürer, and building on many previous works), and it hasn’t created any problem for the foundations of mathematics that I know about. Meanwhile, just like for most problems, we currently have no lower bound for multiplication better than the trivial Ω(n). I suppose I’d guess that Ω(n logn) is some sort of barrier, but not with any strength of conviction: if a linear-time algorithm were discovered, it certainly wouldn’t cause me to doubt the consistency of ZF set theory. :-) Scott Says: Comment #22 September 9th, 2013 at 7:16 am Vitruvius #17: it remains unclear to me … how effectively you folks in the United States of America are applying those techniques to your vaunted Agency in particular. As long as we’re trading mild national barbs, you’re Canadian? You guys do have the Communications Security Establishment, which according to the NYT article is one of only four foreign agencies (along with Britain’s, Australia’s, and New Zealand’s) that “knows the full extent” of the NSA’s decoding capabilities and is cleared for its “Bullrun” program. Though I confess that, when I try to imagine Canada’s CSE, I come up with something like the following: Read this gentleman’s private email? Ooo, nooo, that doesn’t sound terribly polite, eh? J Says: Comment #23 September 9th, 2013 at 7:21 am Professor I am well aware of all $n^{1+\epsilon}$ algorithms and Schonage’s $O(n)$ algorithm on multitape machines. I cannot find the reference I am thinking. It was written by a TCS theorist. I would seriously think that the standard ring structure in $\Bbb Z$ could be modeled differently. I do not know if ZF would be affected. However the question of treating x and + differently for computation purposes compare to mathematical purposes arises making things murky. I am not implicating ZF with $O(n)$ algorithms for standard x operations on the standard structure of $\Bbb Z$. The ZFC comment was a second piece of mathematical conundrum some reputed folks have raised awareness about for a need to be more well-grounded and it rang well with your statement on truth in math as we know it. (Unrelated but bringing in – $Z$ has been a puzzle before as well – it is the simplest ring with a spectrum of prime ideals whose dimension is unclear to be interpreted in a standard way) Scott Says: Comment #24 September 9th, 2013 at 7:23 am Wolfgang #8: Unfortunately, this xkcd.com/538/ had it right imho. YES! I especially liked the mouseover text (“Actual actual reality: nobody cares about his secrets”).

1 0

Re: [cryptography] New NSA Slides and Details Released last night via Fantastico (BR)
by Eugen Leitl 09 Sep '13

09 Sep '13

----- Forwarded message from David D <david(a)7tele.com> ----- Date: Mon, 9 Sep 2013 12:56:17 +0200 From: David D <david(a)7tele.com> To: 'Crypto discussion list' <cryptography(a)randombit.net> Subject: Re: [cryptography] New NSA Slides and Details Released last night via Fantastico (BR) X-Mailer: Microsoft Office Outlook 12.0 http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2013/09/nsa-documents-show-united-sta tes-spied-brazilian-oil-giant.html No millisecond counter: 1:49 US-983 Stormbrew - Fiber connections 1:49 US-983 Stormbrew - "KEY CORPORATE PARTNER WITH ACCESS TO INTERNATIONAL CABLES, ROUTERS, AND SWITCHES". (# traceroute google.com) 2:07 - "QUERY BY CERTIFICATE META DATA" 2:07 - "Private keys of Diginotar stolen by hacker" FLYING PIG ... Launch a MITM attack. 2:08 - mail.ru and server IP: 94.100.104.14 This site has broken out some of the screenshots from the video: http://leaksource.wordpress.com/2013/09/09/economic-espionage-nsa-spies-on-b razil-oil-giant-petrobras/ "How the attack was done:" image is most interesting. http://leaksource.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/nsa-brazil-5.png Based on this slide, it appears that the bandwidth providers are dumping the traffic at core routers directly to the NSA. -----Original Message----- From: cryptography [mailto:cryptography-bounces@randombit.net] On Behalf Of David D Sent: Monday, September 09, 2013 12:07 PM To: 'Crypto discussion list' Subject: Re: [cryptography] New NSA Slides and Details Released last night via Fantastico (BR) Lots of gems in this video: http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2013/09/nsa-documents-show-united-sta tes-spied-brazilian-oil-giant.html _______________________________________________ cryptography mailing list cryptography(a)randombit.net http://lists.randombit.net/mailman/listinfo/cryptography ----- End forwarded message ----- -- Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org ______________________________________________________________ ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://ativel.com http://postbiota.org AC894EC5: 38A5 5F46 A4FF 59B8 336B 47EE F46E 3489 AC89 4EC5

1 0

Re: [liberationtech] Meet the 'cowboy' in charge of the NSA
by Eugen Leitl 09 Sep '13

09 Sep '13

On Mon, Sep 09, 2013 at 12:50:49PM +0200, phryk wrote: http://cryptome.org/2013/09/nsa-cowboy.htm 9 September 2013 The Cowboy of the NSA Keith Alexander -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/08/the_cowboy_of_the_nsa_keit… Foreign Policy Magazine The Cowboy of the NSA Inside Gen. Keith Alexander's all-out, barely-legal drive to build the ultimate spy machine. BY SHANE HARRIS | SEPTEMBER 9, 2013 Shane Harris is a senior writer for Foreign Policy and author of The Watchers: The Rise of America's Surveillance State. On Aug. 1, 2005, Lt. Gen. Keith Alexander reported for duty as the 16th director of the National Security Agency, the United States' largest intelligence organization. He seemed perfect for the job. Alexander was a decorated Army intelligence officer and a West Point graduate with master's degrees in systems technology and physics. He had run intelligence operations in combat and had held successive senior-level positions, most recently as the director of an Army intelligence organization and then as the service's overall chief of intelligence. He was both a soldier and a spy, and he had the heart of a tech geek. Many of his peers thought Alexander would make a perfect NSA director. But one prominent person thought otherwise: the prior occupant of that office. Air Force Gen. Michael Hayden had been running the NSA since 1999, through the 9/11 terrorist attacks and into a new era that found the global eavesdropping agency increasingly focused on Americans' communications inside the United States. At times, Hayden had found himself swimming in the murkiest depths of the law, overseeing programs that other senior officials in government thought violated the Constitution. Now Hayden of all people was worried that Alexander didn't understand the legal sensitivities of that new mission. "Alexander tended to be a bit of a cowboy: 'Let's not worry about the law. Let's just figure out how to get the job done,'" says a former intelligence official who has worked with both men. "That caused General Hayden some heartburn." The heartburn first flared up not long after the 2001 terrorist attacks. Alexander was the general in charge of the Army's Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. He began insisting that the NSA give him raw, unanalyzed data about suspected terrorists from the agency's massive digital cache, according to three former intelligence officials. Alexander had been building advanced data-mining software and analytic tools, and now he wanted to run them against the NSA's intelligence caches to try to find terrorists who were in the United States or planning attacks on the homeland. By law, the NSA had to scrub intercepted communications of most references to U.S. citizens before those communications can be shared with other agencies. But Alexander wanted the NSA "to bend the pipe towards him," says one of the former officials, so that he could siphon off metadata, the digital records of phone calls and email traffic that can be used to map out a terrorist organization based on its members' communications patterns. "Keith wanted his hands on the raw data. And he bridled at the fact that NSA didn't want to release the information until it was properly reviewed and in a report," says a former national security official. "He felt that from a tactical point of view, that was often too late to be useful." Hayden thought Alexander was out of bounds. INSCOM was supposed to provide battlefield intelligence for troops and special operations forces overseas, not use raw intelligence to find terrorists within U.S. borders. But Alexander had a more expansive view of what military intelligence agencies could do under the law. "He said at one point that a lot of things aren't clearly legal, but that doesn't make them illegal," says a former military intelligence officer who served under Alexander at INSCOM. In November 2001, the general in charge of all Army intelligence had informed his personnel, including Alexander, that the military had broad authority to collect and share information about Americans, so long as they were "reasonably believed to be engaged" in terrorist activities, the general wrote in a widely distributed memo. The general didn't say how exactly to make this determination, but it was all the justification Alexander needed. "Hayden's attitude was 'Yes, we have the technological capability, but should we use it?' Keith's was 'We have the capability, so let's use it,'" says the former intelligence official who worked with both men. Hayden denied Alexander's request for NSA data. And there was some irony in that decision. At the same time, Hayden was overseeing a highly classified program to monitor Americans' phone records and Internet communications without permission from a court. At least one component of that secret domestic spying program would later prompt senior Justice Department officials to threaten resignation because they thought it was illegal. But that was a presidentially authorized program run by a top-tier national intelligence agency. Alexander was a midlevel general who seemed to want his own domestic spying operation. Hayden was so troubled that he reported Alexander to his commanding general, a former colleague says. "He didn't use that atomic word -- 'insubordination' -- but he danced around it." The showdown over bending the NSA's pipes was emblematic of Alexander's approach to intelligence, one he has honed over the course of a 39-year military career and deploys today as the director of the country's most powerful spy agency. Alexander wants as much data as he can get. And he wants to hang on to it for as long as he can. To prevent the next terrorist attack, he thinks he needs to be able to see entire networks of communications and also go "back in time," as he has said publicly, to study how terrorists and their networks evolve. To find the needle in the haystack, he needs the entire haystack. "Alexander's strategy is the same as Google's: I need to get all of the data," says a former administration official who worked with the general. "If he becomes the repository for all that data, he thinks the resources and authorities will follow." That strategy has worked well for Alexander. He has served longer than any director in the NSA's history, and today he stands atop a U.S. surveillance empire in which signals intelligence, the agency's specialty, is the coin of the realm. In 2010, he became the first commander of the newly created U.S. Cyber Command, making him responsible for defending military computer networks against spies, hackers, and foreign armed forces -- and for fielding a new generation of cyberwarriors trained to penetrate adversaries' networks. Fueled by a series of relentless and increasingly revealing leaks from former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, the full scope of Alexander's master plan is coming to light. Today, the agency is routinely scooping up and storing Americans' phone records. It is screening their emails and text messages, even though the spy agency can't always tell the difference between an innocent American and a foreign terrorist. The NSA uses corporate proxies to monitor up to 75 percent of Internet traffic inside the United States. And it has spent billions of dollars on a secret campaign to foil encryption technologies that individuals, corporations, and governments around the world had long thought protected the privacy of their communications from U.S. intelligence agencies. The NSA was already a data behemoth when Alexander took over. But under his watch, the breadth, scale, and ambition of its mission have expanded beyond anything ever contemplated by his predecessors. In 2007, the NSA began collecting information from Internet and technology companies under the so-called PRISM program. In essence, it was a pipes-bending operation. The NSA gets access to the companies' raw data--including e-mails, video chats, and messages sent through social media--and analysts then mine it for clues about terrorists and other foreign intelligence subjects. Similar to how Alexander wanted the NSA to feed him with intelligence at INSCOM, now some of the world's biggest technology companies -- including Google, Microsoft, Facebook, and Apple -- are feeding the NSA. But unlike Hayden, the companies cannot refuse Alexander's advances. The PRISM program operates under a legal regime, put in place a few years after Alexander arrived at the NSA, that allows the agency to demand broad categories of information from technology companies. Never in history has one agency of the U.S. government had the capacity, as well as the legal authority, to collect and store so much electronic information. Leaked NSA documents show the agency sucking up data from approximately 150 collection sites on six continents. The agency estimates that 1.6 percent of all data on the Internet flows through its systems on a given day -- an amount of information about 50 percent larger than what Google processes in the same period. When Alexander arrived, the NSA was secretly investing in experimental databases to store these oceans of electronic signals and give analysts access to it all in as close to real time as possible. Under his direction, it has helped pioneer new methods of massive storage and retrieval. That has led to a data glut. The agency has collected so much information that it ran out of storage capacity at its 350-acre headquarters at Fort Meade, Maryland, outside Washington, D.C. At a cost of more than $2 billion, it has built a new processing facility in the Utah desert, and it recently broke ground on a complex in Maryland. There is a line item in the NSA's budget just for research on "coping with information overload." Yet it's still not enough for Alexander, who has proposed installing the NSA's surveillance equipment on the networks of defense contractors, banks, and other organizations deemed essential to the U.S. economy or national security. Never has this intelligence agency -- whose primary mission is espionage, stealing secrets from other governments -- proposed to become the electronic watchman of American businesses. This kind of radical expansion shouldn't come as a surprise. In fact, it's a hallmark of Alexander's career. During the Iraq war, for example, he pioneered a suite of real-time intelligence analysis tools that aimed to scoop up every phone call, email, and text message in the country in a search for terrorists and insurgents. Military and intelligence officials say it provided valuable insights that helped turn the tide of the war. It was also unprecedented in its scope and scale. He has transferred that architecture to a global scale now, and with his responsibilities at Cyber Command, he is expanding his writ into the world of computer network defense and cyber warfare. As a result, the NSA has never been more powerful, more pervasive, and more politically imperiled. The same philosophy that turned Alexander into a giant -- acquire as much data from as many sources as possible -- is now threatening to undo him. Alexander today finds himself in the unusual position of having to publicly defend once-secret programs and reassure Americans that the growth of his agency, which employs more than 35,000 people, is not a cause for alarm. In July, the House of Representatives almost approved a law to constrain the NSA's authorities -- the closest Congress has come to reining in the agency since the 9/11 attacks. That narrow defeat for surveillance opponents has set the stage for a Supreme Court ruling on whether metadata -- the information Alexander has most often sought about Americans -- should be afforded protection under the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against "unreasonable searches and seizures," which would make metadata harder for the government to acquire. Alexander declined Foreign Policy's request for an interview, but in response to questions about his leadership, his respect for civil liberties, and the Snowden leaks, he provided a written statement. "The missions of NSA and USCYBERCOM are conducted in a manner that is lawful, appropriate, and effective, and under the oversight of all three branches of the U.S. government," Alexander stated. "Our mission is to protect our people and defend the nation within the authorities granted by Congress, the courts and the president. There is an ongoing investigation into the damage sustained by our nation and our allies because of the recent unauthorized disclosure of classified material. Based on what we know to date, we believe these disclosures have caused significant and irreversible harm to the security of the nation." In lieu of an interview about his career, Alexander's spokesperson recommended a laudatory profile about him that appeared in West Point magazine. It begins: "At key moments throughout its history, the United States has been fortunate to have the right leader -- someone with an ideal combination of rare talent and strong character -- rise to a position of great responsibility in public service. With General Keith B. Alexander ... Americans are again experiencing this auspicious state of affairs." Lawmakers and the public are increasingly taking a different view. They are skeptical about what Alexander has been doing with all the data he's collecting -- and why he's been willing to push the bounds of the law to get it. If he's going to preserve his empire, he'll have to mount the biggest charm offensive of his career. Fortunately for him, Alexander has spent as much time building a political base of power as a technological one. * * * Those who know Alexander say he is introspective, self-effacing, and even folksy. He's fond of corny jokes and puns and likes to play pool, golf, and Bejeweled Blitz, the addictive puzzle game, on which he says he routinely scores more than 1 million points. Alexander is also as skilled a Washington knife fighter as they come. To get the NSA job, he allied himself with the Pentagon brass, most notably Donald Rumsfeld, who distrusted Hayden and thought he had been trying to buck the Pentagon's control of the NSA. Alexander also called on all the right committee members on Capitol Hill, the overseers and appropriators who hold the NSA's future in their hands. When he was running the Army's Intelligence and Security Command, Alexander brought many of his future allies down to Fort Belvoir for a tour of his base of operations, a facility known as the Information Dominance Center. It had been designed by a Hollywood set designer to mimic the bridge of the starship Enterprise from Star Trek, complete with chrome panels, computer stations, a huge TV monitor on the forward wall, and doors that made a "whoosh" sound when they slid open and closed. Lawmakers and other important officials took turns sitting in a leather "captain's chair" in the center of the room and watched as Alexander, a lover of science-fiction movies, showed off his data tools on the big screen. "Everybody wanted to sit in the chair at least once to pretend he was Jean-Luc Picard," says a retired officer in charge of VIP visits. Alexander wowed members of Congress with his eye-popping command center. And he took time to sit with them in their offices and explain the intricacies of modern technology in simple, plain-spoken language. He demonstrated a command of the subject without intimidating those who had none. "Alexander is 10 times the political general as David Petraeus," says the former administration official, comparing the NSA director to a man who was once considered a White House contender. "He could charm the paint off a wall." Alexander has had to muster every ounce of that political savvy since the Snowden leaks started coming in June. In closed-door briefings, members of Congress have accused him of deceiving them about how much information he has been collecting on Americans. Even when lawmakers have screamed at him from across the table, Alexander has remained "unflappable," says a congressional staffer who has sat in on numerous private briefings since the Snowden leaks. Instead of screaming back, he reminds lawmakers about all the terrorism plots that the NSA has claimed to help foil. "He is well aware that he will be criticized if there's another attack," the staffer says. "He has said many times, 'My job is to protect the American people. And I have to be perfect.'" There's an implied threat in that statement. If Alexander doesn't get all the information he wants, he cannot do his job. "He never says it explicitly, but the message is, 'You don't want to be the one to make me miss,'" says the former administration official. "You don't want to be the one that denied me these capabilities before the next attack." Alexander has a distinct advantage over most, if not all, intelligence chiefs in the government today: He actually understands the multibillion-dollar technical systems that he's running. "When he would talk to our engineers, he would get down in the weeds as far as they were. And he'd understand what they were talking about," says a former NSA official. In that respect, he had a leg up on Hayden, who colleagues say is a good big-picture thinker but lacks the geek gene that Alexander was apparently born with. "He looked at the technical aspects of the agency more so than any director I've known," says Richard "Dickie" George, who spent 41 years at the NSA and retired as the technical director of the Information Assurance Directorate. "I get the impression he would have been happy being one of those guys working down in the noise," George said, referring to the front-line technicians and analysts working to pluck signals out of the network. Alexander, 61, has been a techno-spy since the beginning of his military career. After graduating from West Point in 1974, he went to West Germany, where he was initiated in the dark arts of signals intelligence. Alexander spent his time eavesdropping on military communications emanating from East Germany and Czechoslovakia. He was interested in the mechanics that supported this brand of espionage. He rose quickly through the ranks. "It's rare to get a commander who understands technology," says a former Army officer who served with Alexander in 1995, when Alexander was in charge of the 525th Military Intelligence Brigade at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. "Even then he was into big data. You think of the wizards as the guys who are in their 20s." Alexander was 42 at the time. At the turn of the century, Alexander took the big-data approach to counterterrorism. How well that method worked continues to be a matter of intense debate. Surely discrete interceptions of terrorists' phone calls and emails have helped disrupt plots and prevent attacks. But huge volumes of data don't always help catch potential plotters. Sometimes, the drive for more data just means capturing more ordinary people in the surveillance driftnet. When he ran INSCOM and was horning in on the NSA's turf, Alexander was fond of building charts that showed how a suspected terrorist was connected to a much broader network of people via his communications or the contacts in his phone or email account. "He had all these diagrams showing how this guy was connected to that guy and to that guy," says a former NSA official who heard Alexander give briefings on the floor of the Information Dominance Center. "Some of my colleagues and I were skeptical. Later, we had a chance to review the information. It turns out that all [that] those guys were connected to were pizza shops." A retired military officer who worked with Alexander also describes a "massive network chart" that was purportedly about al Qaeda and its connections in Afghanistan. Upon closer examination, the retired officer says, "We found there was no data behind the links. No verifiable sources. We later found out that a quarter of the guys named on the chart had already been killed in Afghanistan." Those network charts have become more massive now that Alexander is running the NSA. When analysts try to determine if a particular person is engaged in terrorist activity, they may look at the communications of people who are as many as three steps, or "hops," removed from the original target. This means that even when the NSA is focused on just one individual, the number of people who are being caught up in the agency's electronic nets could easily be in the tens of millions. According to an internal audit, the agency's surveillance operations have been beset by human error and fooled by moving targets. After the NSA's legal authorities were expanded and the PRISM program was implemented, the agency inadvertently collected Americans' communications thousands of times each year, between 2008 and 2012, in violation of privacy rules and the law. Yet the NSA still pursued a counterterrorism strategy that relies on ever-bigger data sets. Under Alexander's leadership, one of the agency's signature analysis tools was a digital graph that showed how hundreds, sometimes thousands, of people, places, and events were connected to each other. They were displayed as a tangle of dots and lines. Critics called it the BAG -- for "big ass graph" -- and said it produced very few useful leads. CIA officials in charge of tracking overseas terrorist cells were particularly unimpressed by it. "I don't need this," a senior CIA officer working on the agency's drone program once told an NSA analyst who showed up with a big, nebulous graph. "I just need you to tell me whose ass to put a Hellfire missile on." Given his pedigree, it's unsurprising that Alexander is a devotee of big data. "It was taken as a given for him, as a career intelligence officer, that more information is better," says another retired military officer. "That was ingrained." But Alexander was never alone in his obsession. An obscure civilian engineer named James Heath has been a constant companion for a significant portion of Alexander's career. More than any one person, Heath influenced how the general went about building an information empire. Several former intelligence officials who worked with Heath described him as Alexander's "mad scientist." Another called him the NSA director's "evil genius." For years, Heath, a brilliant but abrasive technologist, has been in charge of making Alexander's most ambitious ideas a reality; many of the controversial data-mining tools that Alexander wanted to use against the NSA's raw intelligence were developed by Heath, for example. "He's smart, crazy, and dangerous. He'll push the technology to the limits to get it to do what he wants," says a former intelligence official. Heath has followed Alexander from post to post, but he almost always stays in the shadows. Heath recently retired from government service as the senior science advisor to the NSA director -- Alexander's personal tech guru. "The general really looked to him for advice," says George, the former technical director. "Jim didn't mind breaking some eggs to make an omelet. He couldn't do that on his own, but General Alexander could. They brought a sense of needing to get things done. They were a dynamic duo." Precisely where Alexander met Heath is unclear. They have worked together since at least 1995, when Alexander commanded the 525th Military Intelligence Brigade and Heath was his scientific sidekick. "That's where Heath took his first runs at what he called 'data visualization,' which is now called 'big data,'" says a retired military intelligence officer. Heath was building tools that helped commanders on the field integrate information from different sensors -- reconnaissance planes, satellites, signals intercepts -- and "see" it on their screens. Later, Heath would work with tools that showed how words in a document or pages on the Internet were linked together, displaying those connections in the form of three-dimensional maps and graphs. At the Information Dominance Center, Heath built a program called the "automatic ingestion manager." It was a search engine for massive sets of data, and in 1999, he started taking it for test runs on the Internet. In one experiment, the retired officer says, the ingestion manager searched for all web pages linked to the website of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). Those included every page on the DIA's site, and the tool scoured and copied them so aggressively that it was mistaken for a hostile cyberattack. The site's automated defenses kicked in and shut it down. On another occasion, the searching tool landed on an anti-war website while searching for information about the conflict in Kosovo. "We immediately got a letter from the owner of the site wanting to know why was the military spying on him," the retired officer says. As far as he knows, the owner took no legal action against the Army, and the test run was stopped. Those experiments with "bleeding-edge" technology, as the denizens of the Information Dominance Center liked to call it, shaped Heath and Alexander's approach to technology in spy craft. And when they ascended to the NSA in 2005, their influence was broad and profound. "These guys have propelled the intelligence community into big data," says the retired officer. Heath was at Alexander's side for the expansion of Internet surveillance under the PRISM program. Colleagues say it fell largely to him to design technologies that tried to make sense of all the new information the NSA was gobbling up. But Heath had developed a reputation for building expensive systems that never really work as promised and then leaving them half-baked in order to follow Alexander on to some new mission. "He moved fairly fast and loose with money and spent a lot of it," the retired officer says. "He doubled the size of the Information Dominance Center and then built another facility right next door to it. They didn't need it. It's just what Heath and Alexander wanted to do." The Information Operations Center, as it was called, was underused and spent too much money, says the retired officer. "It's a center in search of a customer." Heath's reputation followed him to the NSA. In early 2010, weeks after a young al Qaeda terrorist with a bomb sewn into his underwear tried to bring down a U.S. airliner over Detroit on Christmas Day, the director of national intelligence, Dennis Blair, called for a new tool that would help the disparate intelligence agencies better connect the dots about terrorism plots. The NSA, the State Department, and the CIA each had possessed fragments of information about the so-called underwear bomber's intentions, but there had been no dependable mechanism for integrating them all and providing what one former national security official described as "a quick-reaction capability" so that U.S. security agencies would be warned about the bomber before he got on the plane. Blair put the NSA in charge of building this new capability, and the task eventually fell to Heath. "It was a complete disaster," says the former national security official, who was briefed on the project. "Heath's approach was all based on signals intelligence [the kind the NSA routinely collects] rather than taking into account all the other data coming in from the CIA and other sources. That's typical of Heath. He's got a very narrow viewpoint to solve a problem." Like other projects of Heath's, the former official says, this one was never fully implemented. As a result, the intelligence community still didn't have a way to stitch together clues from different databases in time to stop the next would-be bomber. Heath -- and Alexander -- moved on to the next big project. "There's two ways of looking at these guys," the retired military officer says. "Two visionaries who took risks and pushed the intelligence community forward. Or as two guys who blew a monumental amount of money." As immense as the NSA's mission has become -- patrolling the world's data fields in search of terrorists, spies, and computer hackers -- it is merely one phase of Alexander's plan. The NSA's primary mission is to protect government systems and information. But under his leadership, the agency is also extending its reach into the private sector in unprecedented ways. Toward the end of George W. Bush's administration, Alexander helped persuade Defense Department officials to set up a computer network defense project to prevent foreign intelligence agencies --mainly China's -- from stealing weapons plans and other national secrets from government contractors' computers. Under the Defense Industrial Base initiative, also known as the DIB, the NSA provides the companies with intelligence about the cyberthreats it's tracking. In return, the companies report back about what they see on their networks and share intelligence with each other. Pentagon officials say the program has helped stop some cyber-espionage. But many corporate participants say Alexander's primary motive has not been to share what the NSA knows about hackers. It's to get intelligence from the companies -- to make them the NSA's digital scouts. What is billed as an information-sharing arrangement has sometimes seemed more like a one-way street, leading straight to the NSA's headquarters at Fort Meade. "We wanted companies to be able to share information with each other," says the former administration official, "to create a picture about the threats against them. The NSA wanted the picture." After the DIB was up and running, Alexander proposed going further. "He wanted to create a wall around other sensitive institutions in America, to include financial institutions, and to install equipment to monitor their networks," says the former administration official. "He wanted this to be running in every Wall Street bank." That aspect of the plan has never been fully implemented, largely due to legal concerns. If a company allowed the government to install monitoring equipment on its systems, a court could decide that the company was acting as an agent of the government. And if surveillance were conducted without a warrant or legitimate connection to an investigation, the company could be accused of violating the Fourth Amendment. Warrantless surveillance can be unconstitutional regardless of whether the NSA or Google or Goldman Sachs is doing it. "That's a subtle point, and that subtlety was often lost on NSA," says the former administration official. "Alexander has ignored that Fourth Amendment concern." The DIB experiment was a first step toward Alexander's taking more control over the country's cyberdefenses, and it was illustrative of his assertive approach to the problem. "He was always challenging us on the defensive side to be more aware and to try and find and counter the threat," says Tony Sager, who was the chief operating officer for the NSA's Information Assurance Directorate, which protects classified government information and computers. "He wanted to know, 'Who are the bad guys? How do we go after them?'" While it's a given that the NSA cannot monitor the entire Internet on its own and that it needs intelligence from companies, Alexander has questioned whether companies have the capacity to protect themselves. "What we see is an increasing level of activity on the networks," he said recently at a security conference in Canada. "I am concerned that this is going to break a threshold where the private sector can no longer handle it and the government is going to have to step in." * * * Now, for the first time in Alexander's career, Congress and the general public are expressing deep misgivings about sharing information with the NSA or letting it install surveillance equipment. A Rasmussen poll of likely voters taken in June found that 68 percent believe it's likely the government is listening to their communications, despite repeated assurances from Alexander and President Barack Obama that the NSA is only collecting anonymous metadata about Americans' phone calls. In another Rasmussen poll, 57 percent of respondents said they think it's likely that the government will use NSA intelligence "to harass political opponents." Some who know Alexander say he doesn't appreciate the depth of public mistrust and cynicism about the NSA's mission. "People in the intelligence community in general, and certainly Alexander, don't understand the strategic value of having a largely unified country and a long-term trust in the intelligence business," says a former intelligence official, who has worked with Alexander. Another adds, "There's a feeling within the NSA that they're all patriotic citizens interested in protecting privacy, but they lose sight of the fact that people don't trust the government." Even Alexander's strongest critics don't doubt his good intentions. "He's not a nefarious guy," says the former administration official. "I really do feel like he believes he's doing this for the right reasons." Two of the retired military officers who have worked with him say Alexander was seared by the bombing of the USS Cole in 2000 and later the 9/11 attacks, a pair of major intelligence failures that occurred while he was serving in senior-level positions in military intelligence. They said he vowed to do all he could to prevent another attack that could take the lives of Americans and military service members. But those who've worked closely with Alexander say he has become blinded by the power of technology. "He believes they have enough technical safeguards in place at the NSA to protect civil liberties and perform their mission," the former administration official says. "They do have a very robust capability -- probably better than any other agency. But he doesn't get that this power can still be abused. Americans want introspection. Transparency is a good thing. He doesn't understand that. In his mind it's 'You should trust me, and in exchange, I give you protection.'" On July 30 in Las Vegas, Alexander sat down for dinner with a group of civil liberties activists and Internet security researchers. He was in town to give a keynote address the next day at the Black Hat security conference. The mood at the table was chilly, according to people who were in attendance. In 2012, Alexander had won plaudits for his speech at Black Hat's sister conference, Def Con, in which he'd implored the assembled community of experts to join him in their mutual cause: protecting the Internet as a safe space for speech, communications, and commerce. Now, however, nearly two months after the first leaks from Snowden, the people around the table wondered whether they could still trust the NSA director. His dinner companions questioned Alexander about the NSA's legal authority to conduct massive electronic surveillance. Two guests had recently written a New York Times op-ed calling the NSA's activities "criminal." Alexander was quick to debate the finer points of the law and defend his agency's programs -- at least the ones that have been revealed -- as closely monitored and focused solely on terrorists' information. But he also tried to convince his audience that they should help keep the NSA's surveillance system running. In so many words, Alexander told them: The terrorists only have to succeed once to kill thousands of people. And if they do, all of the rules we have in place to protect people's privacy will go out the window. Alexander cast himself as the ultimate defender of civil liberties, as a man who needs to spy on some people in order to protect everyone. He knows that in the wake of another major terrorist attack on U.S. soil, the NSA will be unleashed to find the perpetrators and stop the next assault. Random searches of metadata, broad surveillance of purely domestic communications, warrantless seizure of stored communications -- presumably these and other extraordinary measures would be on the table. Alexander may not have spelled out just what the NSA would do after another homeland strike, but the message was clear: We don't want to find out. Alexander was asking his dinner companions to trust him. But his credibility has been badly damaged. Alexander was heckled at his speech the next day at Black Hat. He had been slated to talk at Def Con too, but the organizers rescinded their invitation after the Snowden leaks. And even among Alexander's cohort, trust is flagging. "You'll never find evidence that Keith sits in his office at lunch listening to tapes of U.S. conversations," says a former NSA official. "But I think he has a little bit of naivetÃ© about this controversy. He thinks, 'What's the problem? I wouldn't abuse this power. Aren't we all honorable people?' People get into these insular worlds out there at NSA. I think Keith fits right in." One of the retired military officers, who worked with Alexander on several big-data projects, said he was shaken by revelations that the agency is collecting all Americans' phone records and examining enormous amounts of Internet traffic. "I've not changed my opinion on the right balance between security versus privacy, but what the NSA is doing bothers me," he says. "It's the massive amount of information they're collecting. I know they're not listening to everyone's phone calls. No one has time for that. But speaking as an analyst who has used metadata, I do not sleep well at night knowing these guys can see everything. That trust has been lost."

1 0

[liberationtech] Meet the 'cowboy' in charge of the NSA
by Eugen Leitl 09 Sep '13

09 Sep '13

Looks paywalled. Can someone liberate the document, and repost it here? ----- Forwarded message from Noah Shachtman <noah.shachtman(a)gmail.com> ----- Date: Sun, 8 Sep 2013 21:36:04 -0400 From: Noah Shachtman <noah.shachtman(a)gmail.com> To: liberationtech(a)lists.stanford.edu Subject: [liberationtech] Meet the 'cowboy' in charge of the NSA X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.1085) Reply-To: liberationtech <liberationtech(a)lists.stanford.edu> All: Sorry if this is considered spamming the list - if it is, it won't happen again. At Foreign Policy, we just published what I believe is the first major profile of NSA chief Keith Alexander. It is not a particularly flattering one. One scooplet among many in Shane Harris' nearly 6,000-word story: Even his fellow spies consider Keith Alexander to be a "cowboy" who's barely concerned with law. Anyway, take a look. Let me know what you think. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/08/the_cowboy_of_the_nsa_keit… All the best, nms -- Noah Shachtman Executive Editor for News | Foreign Policy 917-690-0716 noah.shachtman(a)gmail.com http://www.foreignpolicy.com/author/NoahShachtman encrypted phone: 415-463-4956 -- Liberationtech is a public list whose archives are searchable on Google. Violations of list guidelines will get you moderated: https://mailman.stanford.edu/mailman/listinfo/liberationtech. Unsubscribe, change to digest, or change password by emailing moderator at companys(a)stanford.edu. ----- End forwarded message ----- -- Eugen* Leitl <a href="http://leitl.org">leitl</a> http://leitl.org ______________________________________________________________ ICBM: 48.07100, 11.36820 http://ativel.com http://postbiota.org AC894EC5: 38A5 5F46 A4FF 59B8 336B 47EE F46E 3489 AC89 4EC5

2 1