Below is a transcript of the linked youtube view, from youtube.com ("show transcript") using this javascript code in the chrome developer console: console.log(Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('ytd-transcript-segment-renderer')).map(el => el.textContent.trim().replace(/\s+/g, ' ')).join('\n\n')); On Wed, Nov 11, 2020 at 2:34 PM Punk-BatSoup-Stasi 2.0 <punks@tfwno.gf> wrote:
Karl wrote:
<we can come up with these forever, and have the next one drafted too,
Those were pretty good. A charming portrait of our brave new world, created by 'technology'. Speaking of which, you might find this interesting.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WaUkZXKA30
It's a talk from a guy called aldous huxley in the ~1960s, in which he discusses how Scientific Progress will achieve ultimate mind control. Just the thing for our Enlightened Technology Worshippers and their insane garbage about 'crossbows'.
but it is too hard to continue for me to write it right now. it involves describing what it is like to communicate things when your behavior and medical treatment are augmented by machine learning algorithms each made or influenced by a different warring faction trying to manipulate you toward their own particular ends. sorry ran out of steam, got triggered too badly in #4>
0:00 yes mr. Aldous Huxley now an essay is marvelous who during the spring semester 0:05 is residing at the University and its capacity as a Ford research professor mr. Huxley has recently returned from a 0:12 conference at the Institute for the Study of democratic institutions in Santa Barbara where the discussion 0:18 focused on the development of new techniques by which to control indirect uman behavior traditionally it is 0:25 impossible to suppress individual freedom through the application of physical coercion through the appeal of 0:32 ideologies through the manipulation of man's physical and social environment and more recently smoothie that 0:39 techniques the cruded techniques of psychological conditioning the ultimate revolution about which mr. Huxley will 0:46 speak today concerns itself with the development of new behavioral controls which operate directly upon the 0:53 psychophysiological organisms of man that is the capacity to replace external 0:58 constraint by internal compulsions as those of us who are familiar with mr. Huxley's a works well know this is a 1:05 subject with which he has been concerned for quite a period of time mr. Huxley 1:10 will make a presentation of approximately half an hour followed by some brief discussions and questions by 1:16 the two panelists sitting to my left of Miss Lillian Rivlin and mr. John post and mr. Huxley 1:31 first of all the I would like to say that the conference of Santa Barbara was 1:37 not directly concerned with the control of the mind that was a conference there 1:42 have been two of them now the University of California Medical Center in San Francisco won this year which I did 1:48 entertain and one two years ago where where there was a considerable discussion on this subject at Santa 1:55 Barbara we were talking about technology in general and the the effects it's 2:00 likely to have on society and the problems related to technological with 2:07 transplanting of technology and technology into underdeveloped countries 2:12 well now in regard to this problem of the ultimate revolution this has been 2:20 very well summed up by the moderator in the past we can say that all revolutions 2:26 have essentially aimed at changing the environment in order to change the 2:33 individual I mean there's been the political revolution the economic 2:40 revolution in the time of the Reformation the religious revolution all 2:48 these aims as I say not directly at the human being but at his surroundings so 2:55 that by modifying the surroundings you did achieve in at one remove an effect 3:02 upon the human being today we are faced 3:08 I think we see approach of what may be called the ultimate revolution the final 3:13 revolution where a man can act directly on the mind body of his fellows well 3:21 needless to say some kind of direct action on human mind bodies has been 3:26 going on since the beginning of time but this has generally been of a violent 3:33 nature the techniques of terrorism have been known from time Memorial and people have employed them 3:40 with more or less ingenuity sometimes with the Atmos crudité sometimes with a 3:47 good deal of skill inquire acquired by a process of trial and error of finding 3:53 out what the best ways of using taught imprisonment constraints of various 4:01 kinds but as I think it was the metonic 4:07 said many years ago you can do everything with bare Nets except sit on 4:12 them that if you are going to control any population for any length of time 4:19 you must have some measure of consent it's exceedingly difficult to see how 4:25 pure terrorism can function indefinitely it can function for a fairly long time 4:31 but I think sooner or later you have to bring in an element of persuasion an 4:36 element of of getting people to consent to what is happening to them well it 4:42 seems to me that the the nature of the ultimate revolution with which we are now faced is precisely this that we are 4:50 in process of developing a whole series of techniques which will enable the 4:58 controlling oligarchy who have always existed and presumably always will exist 5:04 to get people actually to love their 5:10 servitude though this you see seems to me the the ultimate in malevolent 5:16 revolutions where we say and this is a this is a problem which has interested 5:22 me for many years and about which I wrote 30 years ago a fable the brave new 5:28 world which is essentially the account of a society making use of all the 5:36 devices at that time available and some of the devices which I imagined to be 5:44 possible making use of them in order to first of all to 5:49 standard a is the population to iron out I inconvenient human dis differences to 5:58 create so to say mass-produced two models of human beings arranged in some 6:06 kind of a scientific caste system and 6:11 since then I have continued to be extremely interested in this problem and 6:19 I have noticed with increasing dismay that a number of the predictions which 6:26 were purely fantastic when I made them 30 years ago have become true or seem in 6:32 process of coming true that a number of techniques about which I talked seem to 6:38 be here already and that there seems to be a general movement in the direction 6:45 of this kind of ultimate revolution this this method of control by which people 6:52 can be made to enjoy a state of affairs which by any decent standard they ought 7:00 not to enjoy this I mean the enjoyment of of servitude 7:06 well they listen this process as I say 7:13 has gone on for over over the years and if I become more and more interested in 7:23 what is happening and here I would like briefly to to compare what the parable 7:33 of brave new world with another parable which was put forth more recently in 7:39 George Orwell's book 1984 Orwell wrote 7:45 his book between I think between 45 and 48 at the time when the Stellina or 7:52 Salinas to terror regime was still in full swing and just after the collapse 7:59 of the Hilarion terror regime and he book here which I admire greatly the 8:04 book of gravity great talent and extraordinary ingenuity road shows M is 8:13 so to say a projection into the future of the immediate past of what for him 8:19 was the immediate pastor and the immediate present it was a projection into the future of a society where 8:26 control was exercised wholly by terrorism and the violent attacks upon 8:36 the mind body of individuals whereas my own book which was written in in 1932 8:45 when there was only a mild dictatorship in the form of Mussolini in existence 8:51 was not overshadowed by the idea of terrorism and I was there for free in a 8:59 way which Orwell was not free but to think about these other methods of 9:04 control the these nonviolent methods and 9:10 my I'm inclined to think that the scientific dictatorships of the future 9:17 and I think they're going to be scientific dictatorships in many parts of the world will be probably a good 9:23 deal nearer to the brave new world pattern then to the 1984 pattern they 9:30 will be a good yanira not because of any humanitarian qualms in the design 9:35 typically caters but simply because the brave new world pattern is probably a 9:41 good deal more efficient than the other but if you can get people to consent to 9:47 the state of affairs in which they are living the state of servitude the state of being having their differences ironed 9:53 out and being made amenable to mass production methods on the social level 10:00 if you can do this then you have you are likely to have a much more stable and 10:07 much more lasting society much more easily controllable society than you 10:12 would if you were relying holy on clubs and firing squads and concentration camps so that my own 10:21 feeling is that the 1984 picture was tinged of course by the immediate past 10:30 and the present in which or where was living but a team that the past and present of those years does not 10:37 represent I feel the likely trend of what is going to happen needless to say 10:44 we shall never get rid of terrorism this will always find its way to the surface 10:49 but I think that insofar as dictators 10:54 become more and more scientific more and more concerned with a technically perfect perfectly running society they 11:03 will be more and more interested in the kind of techniques which I imagined and 11:12 described from existing realities in brave new world so that it seems to me 11:22 then that this ultimate revolution is really not very far away that we already 11:28 the a number of the techniques for bringing about this kind of controller 11:34 here and it remains to be seen when and where and by whom they will first be 11:41 applied in any large scale and first let 11:47 me talk about a little bit about the improvement even in the techniques of terrorism I think there there have been 11:55 improvements to the T the Pavlov after 12:01 all Maidan extremely profound observations both on animals and on human beings and he found among other 12:09 things that that conditioning techniques 12:14 apply to animals or humans in a state either of psychological or physical 12:20 stress sang Keynes have to say very deeply into the main body of the creature and 12:27 we're extremely difficult to get rid of that they seem to be embedded more deep 12:33 pleasant than other forms of conditioning and this of course this 12:38 fact I think was discovered empirically in the past people did make use of many 12:45 of these techniques but at the difference between the the old empirical 12:51 intuitive methods and our own methods is the difference between a sort of 12:56 hit-and-miss craftsmen's point of view and the genuinely scientific point of 13:03 view I mean I think there is a real difference between ourselves and say the 13:09 inquisitors of the sixteenth century we know much more precisely what we are 13:14 doing but than they knew and we can extend because of our theoretical knowledge we can extend what we are 13:22 doing over a wider area with a greater assurance of of being producing 13:30 something which really works in this context I would like to mention the 13:36 extremely interesting chapters in dr. William sergeant's the battle for the 13:43 mind where he points out how intuitively some of the great religious teachers 13:51 leaders of the past the hit on the Pavlovian method he he speaks specifically of a Weasley's method of 13:59 producing conversions which were essentially based upon other technique 14:04 of heightening psychological stress to the limit by talking about hail fire and 14:11 so making people extremely vulnerable to suggestion and then suddenly releasing 14:18 this stress by offering the hopes of heaven and this is a very interesting trip time showing how how completely on 14:27 early intuitive and empirical grounds a a skill natural psychologists as Wesley 14:34 was or could discover these Pavlovian methods well as I say we now know the 14:42 reason why these techniques worked and though there is no doubt at all that we 14:47 can if we want to carry them much further than was possible in the past 14:54 and of course in the history of recent history of brainwashing both has applied 15:02 to prisoners of war and to the lower 15:08 personnel within the Communist Party in China we see that the Pavlovian methods 15:15 have been applied systematically and we with evidently with extraordinary efficacy I mean I think there can be no 15:22 doubt that by the application of these methods a very large army of totally 15:29 devoted people has been created at the the conditioning has been driven in so 15:36 to say by kind of psychological iontophoresis into the very depth of the 15:44 people's being and has got so deep that it's very difficult for it ever to be 15:50 rooted out and these methods I I think are a real refinement on the older 15:59 methods of terror because they combine methods of Terror with methods of 16:05 acceptance method that the person who he is subjected to a form of terroristic 16:12 stress about you for the purpose of inducing a kind of voluntary quotes 16:20 acceptance of the state and the psychological state into which he has 16:26 been driven and the state of affairs within which he finds himself and so 16:31 that as I say that has been I think a definite improvement shall we say in the 16:37 evening the techniques of terrorism well then we come to the consideration of 16:44 other techniques of non terroristic techniques for inducing consent and for inducing 16:52 people to love their servitude here I 16:57 mean I think we can I don't think I can possibly go into all of them because I don't know all of them but I mean I can 17:03 mention a few of the more obvious methods which can now be used and which 17:11 are based upon recent scientific findings first of all how the methods 17:20 connected with straight suggestion and and hypnosis I think we know much more 17:26 about this subject and was was known in the past people cause have always known 17:32 about suggestion and although they didn't know the word hypnosis they 17:37 certainly practiced it in various ways but we have I think a much greater 17:44 knowledge of the other subject and in the past and we we can make use of our 17:50 knowledge in ways which I think the past was probably never able to make you so 17:55 maybe use of it for example one of the things we have we now know for certain 18:02 is that there is of course an enormous I mean this has been always known a very 18:08 great difference between individuals in regard to their suggestibility but we 18:14 now I think know pretty clearly the sort of statistical or structure of a 18:20 population in regard to its to its suggestibility yeah it's very 18:26 interesting when you look at the the findings in different fields I mean in the field of hypnosis in the field of 18:34 administering placebos for example in the field of general suggestion in 18:42 states of drowsiness or of light sleep you will find the same sorts of orders 18:47 of magnitude continually cropping up you will find for example that the 18:53 experience the hypnotist will tell one that the number of people the percentage 18:59 of people can be hypnotized with the utmost facility just like that is about 20 20 19:06 percent that about a corresponding number at the other end of the scale a very very difficult or almost impossible 19:13 to hypnotize and that in between there lies the large mass of people who can 19:20 with more or less difficulty be hypnotized that they can gradually be if 19:30 you work hard enough at it be be got into the hypnotic state and in the same 19:36 way when the same sort of figures crop up again for example in relation to the 19:41 administration of placebos of the big experiment was carried out three or four 19:46 years ago in the General Hospital in Boston on post-operative cases were 19:53 several hundred men and women suffering comparable kinds of pain after serious 20:00 operations were allowed to were given injections whenever they asked for them 20:08 whenever the pain got bad and the injections 50% of the time were of morphine 50% of the time were of 20:14 distilled water and about 20% of the of those who went through the experiment 20:22 about 20% of them got just as much relief from the distilled waters from the more cure about 20% got no relief 20:30 from the distilled water and in between were those who got some relief or got relief occasionally so here again we see 20:38 the same sort of of distribution and similarly with regard to what in brave 20:46 new world I called hypnopaedia over to the sleep teaching I was talking not 20:52 long ago to a man who manufactures the records which people can listen to in a 20:58 in during the light part of sleep I mean he's a records for for getting rich for 21:05 sexual satisfaction confidence in salesmanship and so on and 21:13 he said it's very interesting that he he 21:18 these are drug records are sold on a money-back basis and he says that there is regularly between 15 and 20% of 21:26 people who write indignantly saying the records don't work at all and he sends the money back at once 21:32 there on the other hand there are somewhat over 20 percent who write enthusiastically saying they're now much 21:39 richer their sexual life is much better at cetera certainly and these of course are the dream clients and they buy more 21:46 of these records and then in between are those who complain they're not getting much results and they have to be have 21:53 letters written to them saying what go persist Nydia go on and you will get there and they generally they generally do get 22:02 results in the long run well as I say this on the basis of this I think we see 22:08 quite clearly that the human populations can be categorized according to their 22:14 suggestibility but fairly clearly I I suspect very strongly that this 20% is 22:20 the same in all these these cases and I suspect also that it would not be at all 22:27 difficult to recognize in very early childhood who were those who were 22:33 extremely suggestible who were those were extremely I'm suggesting and who are those who occupy the intermediate 22:42 space quite clearly if everybody were extremely unstable organized society 22:49 would be quite impossible and if everybody were extremely suggestible then dictatorship would be absolutely 22:59 inevitable I mean it's very fortunate we have people who are moderately suggestible in the majority and who 23:05 therefore preserve us from dictatorship but to commit to organized society to to 23:12 be formed but once given the fact that there are these 20% of highly 23:18 suggestible people it becomes quite clear that this is a matter of enormous political importance 23:23 for example any demagogue who is able to get hold of a large 23:30 number of these 20% of suggestible people and to organize them is really in 23:36 a position to overthrow any government of in any country and I mean I I think this after all we've had the most 23:43 incredible example in recent years of what can be done by efficient methods of 23:51 suggestion and persuasion in the form of Hitler anybody who's read for example 23:58 bollocks life of Hitler comes forth from this with a sort of horrified him a 24:06 admiration for this infernal genius who who really understood human weaknesses I 24:12 think almost better than anybody and who exploited them with all the resources 24:17 then available I mean he knew everything I mean for example he knew intuitively this Pavlovian truth that conditioning 24:27 installed in a state of stress or fatigue it goes much deeper than conditioning installed at other times 24:33 this was why all his big speeches were organized at night he speaks it is quite 24:40 frankly of course in my country so this was done solely because people are tired at night and therefore a much less 24:47 capable of resisting persuasion and they would be during the day and they was in 24:53 all his techniques he'll he was using those he had discovered intuitively and 25:01 by trial and error great many of the of the weaknesses which we now know about 25:09 on a sort of scientific way I think much more clearly than he does than he did 25:14 but the fact remains that this differential suggestibility this 25:21 susceptibility to hypnosis I do think has is something which has to be 25:26 considered very carefully in relation to any kind of 25:32 thought about democratic government I mean if there are 20% of the people who 25:40 can really be suggested into believing almost anything as evidently there can 25:45 be then we have to take extremely careful steps to prevent the rise of 25:53 demagogues who will drive them all into extreme positions and then organize them 26:00 into very very dangerous armies private armies which may overthrow the overthrow 26:08 the government whether this as I say is in this field of pure persuasion I think 26:16 we do know much more than we did in the past and obviously we now have 26:22 mechanisms for multiplying the demagogues voice and image you know 26:28 quite hallucinatory way I mean the television and the radio Hitler was making enormous use of the 26:35 radio he could speak to millions of people simultaneously I mean this this 26:42 alone of course is a creates an enormous gulf between the modern and the ancient 26:48 demagogue am the ancient demagogue could only appeal to as many people as his 26:53 voice could reach by the yelling at it that is Atmos but were the modern 26:59 demagogue can touch literally millions at a time and and of course with his the 27:04 multiplication of his image he can produce this kind of hallucinatory effect which is of enormous hypnotic and 27:17 to suggest suggestive importance well then there were the various other 27:23 methods which one can think of which have thank heaven as yet not being used 27:30 but which obviously could be used there is for example the pharmacological method this this was one of the things I 27:38 talked about in brave new world I invented a hypothetical drug called 27:44 soma which of course could not exist as it stood there because it was simultaneously a stimulant a narcotic 27:52 and a hallucinogen which seems unlikely in one substance but the point is that 27:57 we're in several if you applied several different substances you could get 28:02 almost all these results even now and the really interesting thing about the 28:07 new chemical substances the new mind changing drugs is this that whereas if 28:13 you look back into history it's clear that man has always had a hankering 28:19 after mind changing chemicals he has always desired to take holidays 28:25 from himself but the and this is the most extraordinary fact of all is that 28:31 every naturally occurring stimulant narcotic sedative or hallucinogen was 28:39 discovered in before the dawn of history I don't think there's one single one of 28:45 these naturally occurring ones which modern science has discovered modern 28:50 science of course has discovered better ways of extracting the active principles from these drugs and of course has 28:57 discovered numerous ways of synthesizing new substances of extreme power but the 29:03 ad the actual discovery of these naturally occurring things was made by 29:09 primitive man goodness knows how many centuries ago there is for example in 29:14 the underneath the swirl Lake dwellings 29:20 of the early Neolithic and Linda Glick dwellings which have been dug up in the 29:26 in Switzerland where we find poppy heads which looks as though people were 29:32 already using this most ancient and powerful and most dangerous of narcotics 29:40 even in the days before the rise of Agriculture so that man was apparently a 29:46 dope a ik @ ik before he was a farmer which is a a very very curious comment on human 29:53 nature but the difference as I say between the ancient man change as the 30:00 traditional nine changers and these new substances is that they were extremely 30:05 harmful and the new ones are not I mean even the permissible nine change alcohol 30:15 is not entirely harmless as people may have noticed and the the other ones the 30:22 non permissible one such as opium and cocaine opium and all its derivatives are very harmful indeed that they they 30:30 rapidly produce addiction under and in some cases bleeded with an extraordinary 30:36 rate to a physical degeneration and death whereas these these new substances 30:45 this is really very extraordinary they that a number of these new mind training 30:50 substances can produce enormous revolutions within the mental side of 30:56 our being and yet do almost nothing to the physiological side I mean you can 31:03 have a an enormous room revolution for example with LSD 25 or with the newly 31:12 synthesized drug psilocybin which is the active principle of the Mexican sacred 31:18 mushroom you can have this enormous mental revolution with no more 31:23 physiological revolution and you would get from drinking to cocktails and this 31:29 is a really a most extraordinary effect and it is of course true that the 31:35 pharmacologist are producing a great many wonder drugs which where the cure 31:41 is almost worse than the disease every year new edition of medical textbooks 31:48 contains a longer and longer chapter on what are called iatrogenic disease is 31:53 that is a disease is caused by doctors and 31:59 the and this is quite true that many of the wounded drugs are extremely 32:06 dangerous I mean they they can produce extraordinary effects and pains critical 32:11 conditions they should certainly be used but they should be used with the utmost caution but they're they're either 32:18 evidently a whole class of drugs affecting the central nervous system which can produce enormous changes in in 32:29 sedation in euphoria in energizing the 32:34 whole mental process without in doing any perceptible harm to the body and in 32:41 this sense this represents it seems to me the most extraordinary revolution 32:47 that it eats it in the hands of a verdict a toll these substances of one 32:56 kind or another could be used in the most term where we've complete first of 33:04 all with with complete harmlessness and the result would be either - I mean you 33:12 can imagine a euphoric which would make people thoroughly happy even in the most 33:18 abominable circumstances I mean these things are possible and this is the extraordinary thing I mean after all 33:25 this is even being true with your crude oil drugs me as a Houseman years ago 33:31 remarked apropos of Milton's Paradise Lost he says a and B R does more than 33:38 Milton can to justify God's ways to man and Pierre is of course an extremely 33:46 crude drug compared with these worms and you can certainly say that some of the 33:53 psychic Energizer's and the new hallucinates can do in comparably more than a Milton and all the theologians 34:01 combined could possibly do to make the terrifying mystery of our existence seem 34:07 more tolerable than it does so that here I think one has a an enormous area in 34:16 which the the ultimate revolution could function very well indeed an area in 34:22 which a great deal of control could be used but by not through terror but 34:28 through making life seem much more enjoyable and it normally does enjoyable to the point where as I have said before 34:34 human beings come to love a state of things which by any reasonable and 34:40 decent human standard they ought not to love and this I think is perfectly 34:45 possible well then I very briefly let me speak about one of the more recent 34:53 developments of in the sphere of of 34:58 neurology the the implantation of electrodes in the brain this of course 35:03 has been done on a large scale in in animals and in in a few cases it's been 35:11 done in a hopeless in cases of the hopelessly insane and it is anybody 35:19 who's watched the behavior of rats with the electrodes planted in different 35:26 centers who must come away from this 35:32 experience with the most extraordinary doubts about what on earth is in store 35:37 for us if he ever this he's got hold of by a dictator if the who ever saw not 35:46 long ago some rats in magoons laboratory at UCLA 35:51 there were two sets of them one with electrodes planted in a pleasure center 35:57 and these rats were these technique was that they had a bar which they pressed 36:03 and which turned on a very small current for a short space of time which we had a 36:12 wire connected with their electrode and which stimulated this pleasure center 36:18 which was evidently absolutely ecstatic was these rats were were pressing the bar eighteen thousand times a day 36:27 apparently if you kept them from pressing the bar for a day they would press the bar 36 thousand times on the 36:33 following day and would fall till they fell down in complete exhaustion and they would neither eat nor be interested 36:40 in the the opposite sex and would just go on pressing despair then the most 36:46 extraordinary rats were those where the electrode was planted halfway between a pleasure and a pain center and we're 36:53 evidently the the result was a kind of mixture of the most wonderful ecstasy in 37:01 being on the rack at the same time and you would see the routes of looking at its barns I'm saying to be or not to be 37:08 that is the question finally would approaching there 37:15 go back with his awful I mean the if I can 37:22 humanize anthropomorphize I mean he was feeling something terribly mixed and he 37:27 would wait for quite a long time before pressing the bar again but he would always press it again this was the the 37:34 extraordinary thing in there in the I notice in this most recent issue of Scientific American does a very 37:40 interesting article on electrodes in the brains of chickens where the the 37:46 technique is very ingenious you sink into their brains a little socket 37:52 whether with a screw on it I knew the electrode then can be a screw deeper and 37:57 deeper into the brainstem and you can test at any moment according to the 38:02 depth of the goes in fractions of a millimeter of what you're stimulating and and these creatures are not merely 38:11 stimulated by wire they are fitted with a miniaturized radio receiver weighing 38:17 less than an ounce which is attached to them so that they can be communicated with at a distance I mean they can run 38:24 about in the barnyard and you can press the button and the this particular area 38:30 of the brain to which the electrodes being screwed down to will be stimulated and you will get these fantastic 38:36 phenomena that a sleepy chicken will suddenly get out and rush about or an 38:43 active chicken was suddenly sit down go to sleep or a hen will suddenly start sitting as though it were were hatching 38:50 out an egg or a rooster will start fighting or suddenly go into a state of extreme depression the the whole picture 39:01 of the absolute control of the drives is a is terrifying and in the cases a few 39:11 cases in which this has been done with very sick human beings the effects are 39:16 evidently very remarkable - I was talking last summer - in England to gray 39:22 Walter who is the most eminent exponent of the electroencephalogram 39:29 geeks in England and he was telling me that they he's seen hopeless inmates of 39:35 asylums with these things in in their heads and that these people were suffering from the uncontrollable 39:41 depression and they were they'd had the electrodes inserted into something 39:48 resembling evidently the pleasure center of the red anyhow when they felt too bad 39:53 they just press the button the battery in their pocket and he said the result was fantastic the mouse was well down 40:00 will suddenly turn up and they would evidently feel I don't for how long at a 40:05 time very cheerful and happy so that here again one sees it the most 40:13 extraordinary revolutionary techniques which are now available to us now the I 40:24 think what is obviously perfectly clear 40:30 is that for the present these techniques are not being much used except in a 40:37 purely experimental way but I think it is extraordinarily important for us to 40:43 realize further - to realize what is happening to make ourselves acquainted 40:50 with what has already happened and then to use a certain amount of projec 40:58 imagination to extrapolate into the future the sort of things that might 41:03 happen I mean what might happen if if these fantastically powerful techniques 41:11 were used by unscrupulous people in authority what on earth would would 41:17 happen what sort of society would we get and it is peculiarly important because 41:27 as one season looking back over history we have allowed in the past all those 41:32 advances in technology which have profoundly changed a social in 41:38 individual life we allowed them to take us by surprise I mean it seems to me that during the late 41:45 18th century early 19th century when the new machines were making possible the 41:50 factory system it was not beyond the wit of man to see what the ger to look at 41:57 what was happening and to project into the future and maybe till forestall the 42:02 really dreadful consequences which plagued England and most of Western 42:08 Europe in most of this country for about 50 or 60 years the the horrible abuses 42:13 of the factory system if a certain amount of forethought had been devoted 42:19 to the problem at that time if people had first of all found out what was 42:24 happening and then used their imagination to see what might happen and then had gone on to work out means by 42:32 which the worst applications of the new techniques would not take place then I 42:38 think Western humanity might have been spared about three generations of utter 42:45 misery which was imposed upon the poor at that time and similarly with the 42:51 various technological advances now I mean it's quite clear we have to start thinking very very hard about the 42:58 problems of automation and again I think we have to think still more profoundly 43:05 about the problems which may arise in relation to these new techniques which 43:10 may contribute to the this ultimate revolution our businesses - first of all 43:17 eyes as I say - to be aware of what is happening then to use our imaginations to see what might happen how this might 43:24 be abused and then if possible to see the enormous powers which we now possess 43:31 thanks to these scientific and technological advances I shall be used 43:37 for the benefit of human beings and not for their ultimate degradation thank you 44:10 we do have a few moments that I'm bish I have talked much too long it's quite a violent is that reef discussion and 44:17 those of you who are interested in staying listening I hear that we well worthwhile John's to post like you well 44:25 I afraid my question shows a certain optimism which may not be justified in a 44:32 way your quote from Houseman that Malta's more than Milton can justify graduates to man indicates that my 44:39 remarks may show that I'm looking in the pewter pot to see the world as the world is not any rate i I'm a bit worried 44:47 about your picture or the picture you paint that the future may contain a 44:53 number of monolithic scientific dictatorships that there may be a groundswell in the stick in this 45:00 direction of the groundswell caused by a human tendency to seek pleasure where it 45:08 can be found but I'm struck by the fact that movements of that sort always far 45:13 more complex than any of our attempts at characterizing them and I think that 45:19 perhaps in this complexity is lies a ray of hope that the future may not contain 45:25 such monolithic scientific dictatorships and that the developments which we can 45:31 expect in light of the various technological achievements you mentioned 45:37 may not lead in the direction of scientific dictatorships in the way you 45:42 indicate that this may depend to a great extent upon the nature or the 45:47 characteristics of the nations in which these results are first introduced in 45:53 other words my question really is when you project into the future and you say 45:59 the chances are very great of dictatorships of this kind of current could you qualify a bit more what the 46:07 chances are well I I say these I don't think the chances are very great I think they are 46:13 there and I would think that one of the reasons why we may get more 46:18 dictatorships than we like lies in quite 46:23 a different field I mean with the with large parts of the world increasing at three percent per annum and in the 46:29 population goodness knows what is going to happen I mean for example I was in 46:36 India last autumn metrical sleep this is 46:41 unutterably depressing the in enormous poverty and the the depression grew a 46:47 great deal with the announcement just when we were there that the United 46:53 Nations had come to the conclusion that its earlier estimates of the increase of Indian population were very much too low 47:01 the estimates had been in the neighborhood of 1.7 percent per annum which is about the same as the United 47:07 States which had to be corrected up to 2.2 or 2.3 which I think doubles the 47:15 population in about 32 years and of course there are large parts of the world where the increase is fully three 47:22 percent and in certain parts of the world even four percent I mean three percent doubles the population in twenty 47:27 four years and four percent I forgetting about sixteen I think but it seems to me 47:34 that the the danger in regard to dictatorship arises with thee as the 47:42 population presses more heavily upon resources and as the rising tide of 47:48 expectation which certainly exists in these underdeveloped countries erica is prostrate it as a arm doubtedly it is 47:56 going to be because it is almost impossible to make any development which 48:01 shall catch up with much less go faster than the than the population increase so 48:08 we may get a great deal of social unrest and course social unrest bleeds first a 48:13 chaos and then the dictatorship I mean I think that the the prospect of some kind 48:19 of dictatorship either military or communistic I think in most cases more likely military 48:24 it seems to me very great within the next 15 to 20 years and whether some of 48:31 these dictatorships may make use of these modern methods it remains to be seen but I think that unhappily the 48:40 prospects for dictatorships in large areas of the world seem to me very great 48:46 at the moment I think there is a considerable likelihood of this thing happening we ought to be apprehensive 48:58 these techniques fall into the hands of dictatorships demagogues etc but I could 49:04 easily envisage a situation where Western democracies could use these 49:10 methods such as electrodes attached to the brain of sack area of the set in 49:17 order to avoid accidental war this could be a very moral term or that give some 49:26 what to be discontented minority of the population who are suffering for Allah 49:32 and only etc would you care to comment about the use of the mark the use of 49:38 these techniques by democracy by Democrats well you're looking or pessimistic saying I am but maybe your 49:47 pessimism is justified I I don't I mean this is the the awful fact remains that 49:55 when techniques have been discovered sooner or later they tend to be applied and in these techniques which where the 50:07 object of the application is the human being you're obviously up against the 50:13 most dangerous situation and and what will be the temptation for those in 50:21 power I mean after all we pray regularly not to be led into temptation and this 50:26 is a really profound and important prayer I mean you experienced sadly 50:31 shows that if we are tempted long enough and strongly enough we invariably succumb and that the the 50:39 whole process of setting up a decent society is essentially setting up the 50:45 society in which temptations to abuse power and shall be reduced to a minimum 50:51 a better these new techniques I I think do constitute a series of very powerful 51:01 temptations which to those in authority maybe to finally turn out to be 51:07 irresistible I hope not but I think what you say is something which we have to 51:15 think about I mean that this might be 51:20 applied with justification as you say in the highest patriotic and moral terms 51:27 even in democratic societies I trust not but but one never knows particularly 51:34 under conditions of extreme military stress it would appear so that the type 51:41 of dictatorship which you have outlined for us here today and more detail in the 51:47 brave new world the would tend to be self-perpetuating unless there's a rise such a sharp 51:52 social crisis as would disrupt the pattern of authority and briefly the hold which is being passed on from one 51:58 generation to the other in these times but it would appear that the type of social crisis involved in large-scale 52:04 warfare whether it be nuclear warfare otherwise more the type of crisis involved in a widespread famine etc I 52:11 would tend to disrupt this pattern of dictatorship therefore would you say there's necessary to have a high degree 52:17 of social stability in terms of economic conditions in terms of world peace before a dictatorship of the sort you 52:24 have described for us we'll be able to really imprinted self upon Epocrates I think is very important I mean I think 52:30 it's it it's obvious that such a dictatorship which we're going to survive would have to guarantee the 52:36 adequate food supplies I mean I think and whether it could in fact to 52:44 is wildly the kind of international tensions whether it could whether we can 52:51 expect a long-lasting dictatorship within the context of nationalism I 52:58 don't know I don't think so I think we can expect tech dictatorships to arise 53:03 but not long-lasting ones I mean I think that even the best organized dictatorship within the context of 53:11 nationalism is likely as you say to lead to to break itself down because one side 53:19 of the paranoid state of mind who will lead it into conflict and which will 53:27 cause destroy to finally destroy it I mean this is a is a very important point 53:33 and then of course another point which was made by Sir Charles Darwin in his book the next million years which i 53:40 think was one would sure with a in different terms I envisaged in brave new 53:45 world I mean here he points out that the human species is still a wild species it 53:52 has never been domesticated I mean domesticated species is one which has been tamed by another species well until 54:01 we get an invasion from Mars we shall not be tamed by another species all we can do is to try to tame 54:07 ourselves that an oligarchy tries to tame ourselves but the oligarchy still remains wild I mean however much it 54:13 succeeded in taming the domesticating the rest of the race it remit must remain well and this was the part of the 54:21 fable the dramatic part of the fable of brave new world is that the people in 54:27 the utter hierarchy who were not ruthlessly conditioned but could break 54:33 down and I mean this Charles Darwin insists that because man is wild he can 54:40 never expect to to domesticate himself because the people on top would always 54:46 be undomesticated in sooner or later always run wild I I think there's a good 54:52 deal to be said for this this part of you in regard to the permanence of any 54:58 dictatorship yes I have a question 55:04 worried about a relationship that seems to exist between cost consent and 55:10 control if a government wants to control its people of course this job will be 55:15 easier if they are more willing to consent and the job will be correspondingly more costly if the 55:22 corresponding consent isn't there could you make a few remarks about the economic feasibility of introducing 55:29 biological controls of the sort to Port Authority I don't know I mean wouldn't 55:34 it I would have thought in some ways it'll be cheaper than maintaining very large security forces and concentration 55:41 camps and so the - I mean just as in asylums chemical control is a great deal 55:50 of simpler and cheaper than physical control I mean the the bad old days of straight jackets and manacles and so on 55:59 required quite a lot of of people to 56:05 handle the insane whereas the tranquilizers seem to require a lot much 56:11 fewer I mean that you can you can get equal results with simpler and certainly 56:22 pleasanter means I have no idea about the the actual cost situation but it 56:28 seems to me that it might actually be cheaper I don't know well I see that 56:34 some of you are leaving for your four o'clock classes I will give you an opportunity to leave now if mr. Huxley 56:41 will be willing we might be able to entertain some questions from the floor for a few moments would you sir certainly yes how were those of you who 56:48 are obliged to leave now please I apologize haven't gone on so long 56:54 partner surely must refer to here he discussed his question whatever might be able to show up she's not sound negative 57:04 when it's getting a little warm isn't it that seems be a windowless hole 57:12 as part of the conditioning process 57:19 is that any musical vegetation in this hole ic1 no they're the next Tuesday I 57:31 do 57:38 I think there is relating information ever since 57:58 with the new broken scene no they were mainly discussing I mean it was a lot 58:04 about you probably with bringing technology to the underdeveloped countries a lot people from the United 58:12 Nations they're very able man Vietnamese called boob anti charming man he was a 58:24 spoke English well strong French sex because he learned his economics and Paris and he was very interesting I mean 58:33 he said I'm speaking to you like a rat with electrodes in my brain 58:39 because I speak from the inside I'm not one of the experimenters on the outside and he was he was very interesting about 58:46 it o mind about the trouble difficulty that when you do introduce say one area 58:52 of highly evolved technique it one of these backward countries you create an 58:58 enormous gap between the people who run this thing a profit by it and the mass 59:03 of the population I mean a gap which is as serious as the gap between the 59:09 have-nots and and the developed nations as a whole and those who under halves 59:14 and they developed and say what he was saying is you must have a an adaptation 59:21 of technique which shall be suitable to these people and not try to bring in what you have already because their 59:27 little work has been done in this field and there were a number of I mean there were several very able people Richard 59:33 called at the University of Edinburgh and Arthur Goldschmidt - receipt director of 59:40 a special services in their United Nations we had some extremely good talks 59:49 but I have one question here which is 59:55 well this is essentially the question which mr. actually addressed himself to in his last statements that how all 1:00:02 control of the techniques been transmitted from one group to another apparently he found out to the 1:00:08 controllers techniques be transmitted from one elite one generation or lead to 1:00:14 another would you wish to comment further on this question and it would just speak to it just before well I 1:00:22 don't think so I mean I I do think there will clearly be a difficulty I mean that there is always a difficulty in 1:00:29 transferring power I mean after all the hence the Constitution's written 1:00:37 constitutions of the United States or hereditary monarchy which in which you've got de-facto power being de jure 1:00:47 in the the possibility of passing power on without much hitch from one 1:00:54 generation to another it may be that in a thoroughly well controlled dictatorships the problem of power at 1:01:00 the top the struggle for power would not take place but he even there I mean simply because again because the the 1:01:07 oligarchy is itself not subjected to the extremes of conditioning because it must 1:01:13 retain a certain freedom in order to to be able to make adequate decisions that 1:01:20 that may be the struggle for power would always remain a great problem as it has been throughout history except where you 1:01:28 have had written constitutions or acceptable monarchies 1:01:36 yes here could you comment on you that it's precisely the American society 1:01:46 particularly susceptible this type of Raven row the following reason that all 1:01:52 societies condition to adhere great degree of social conformity but in your 1:02:00 creative stress this idea of conformity further question and consequently makes 1:02:07 it much easier to develop these techniques and this is how it seems it politically the extremities there's a 1:02:14 growing feeling that we have to do away with the extremities they have to keep on going to several paths and this would 1:02:19 seem to me to make it much easier for a type of dictatorship he said to slow 1:02:26 them using the mass media that we're development mold of population plus the factor that some of the other 1:02:33 outside societies you have less inhibition about the brutal struggle for 1:02:39 power within the top hierarchies whereas here would be some type of a 1:02:44 so-called legal process that has developed which would keep man from then finally attacking the leaders well it 1:02:55 did this business about conformity 1:03:02 I just don't know it seems a extremely difficult system certainly for me to 1:03:08 judge whether there is a higher degree of conformity here and now than there 1:03:14 has been in other places and in the past I mean I would have thought the the 1:03:22 tendency towards conformity was to some extent offset by the enormous 1:03:29 differentiation of function in modern society I mean that nothing could be 1:03:34 less homogeneous in function than complex modern society when people are 1:03:40 doing extraordinarily different things and although there may be a pressure to 1:03:46 conformity in the in the suburbs or to 1:03:51 speak with home that does seem at considerable pressure to nonconformity 1:03:57 or to differentiation in the functional life of people I mean I have no idea and 1:04:03 to what extent one offsets the other and whether the the conforming drive is 1:04:10 stronger than the the drive towards differentiation I just don't know what 1:04:17 the answer to this I mean they I read about the high degree of conformity and 1:04:24 of course one does see that certainly as compared with the 19th century this society does seem to be more conformist 1:04:31 I mean if one reads the history of the of the utopian colonies which were set 1:04:38 up during the 19th century these this Israeli extravagant I mean it is 1:04:44 inconceivable to think of anything like the Oneida community or Brook farm even 1:04:50 being set up today this would be so outrageous that it 1:04:57 would be impossible to imagine and yet in his Victorian days there was this 1:05:06 freedom to to make experiments of social experiments of the wildest character 1:05:16 again exactly what this mean is exactly though what the significance is for us 1:05:23 and for the future I don't I don't really know I mean I just feel so 1:05:30 incapable of really understanding the the unutterably odd facts of real life I 1:05:38 mean I think once very often us has to accept them there they are and what really they mean I don't know I mean the 1:05:45 abscess is one of the charms of history that it will never really knows what it what it means as a gentleman 1:06:03 Oh 1:06:21 well this I mean is finally related to 1:06:26 the whole mind-body problem I mean what 1:06:32 we still don't know very much about the relation of mind and body I mean I mean 1:06:38 we know clearly that they're related to one another very closely but exactly how 1:06:44 electrochemical events in the central nervous system turn into the G minor 1:06:50 quartet of Mozart we really haven't faintest idea I mean I don't think we have any more ideas and Aquinas or 1:06:58 Aristotle I'm all we can say is as it happens and we do know goodie more about 1:07:03 the nature of the electrical and the chemical events but again what the 1:07:09 bridge is and whether it's enough to say like the neutral monists that the two 1:07:16 aspects the mental and the physical are merely the same thing seeing from different sides again I don't know I 1:07:24 mean even then I mean room or how can the same thing look so profoundly different under something I don't 1:07:31 understand and in relation to the mystical experience I mean clearly that 1:07:38 this is correlated with electrochemical states within the within the central 1:07:47 nervous system and I would be all for studying these states i mean i think it's it's exceeding the importance we 1:07:53 should know about it i mean i can imagine a whole branch of science which 1:07:58 would be called neuro theology or micro 1:08:04 mysticism I mean this sounds funny but 1:08:10 nevertheless it's we have to be able to speak in the same kind of language about 1:08:17 the two of the two aspects of any of these experiences the the neurological 1:08:23 and the subjective and then we I suppose on the philosophical level we have to 1:08:29 make the decision which Henry or William James posed for us I mean he says 1:08:34 perfectly obvious that that a mind is a function of the nervous system but is it 1:08:42 a productive function or is it a transmissive function I mean it does as 1:08:48 Carboni said beginning of the nineteenth century does the brain secrete thought 1:08:55 of the liver secretes bile or is it some kind of valve as as James himself I 1:09:02 think thought and has certainly his barracks are thought through which a preexistent mental element finds access 1:09:12 into the human being I mean they're balanced view was that of course it was it was a kind of reducing thereof which 1:09:18 permitted only those aspects of universal consciousness which were 1:09:25 useful to our survival as animals on the surface of the planet and the social creatures within a society to come 1:09:32 through where I don't know as James says that the the both the points of view are 1:09:38 quite difficult from a philosophical point of view to to justify but the the 1:09:47 transmissive view is no more difficult than the productive view and i perhaps he's right i think of my own view is 1:09:55 that on the hope that he in back saw were nearer the truth and the cabin ease 1:10:00 but i don't know this gentleman watch 1:10:06 out Julian consequence views on artificial 1:10:14 insemination donation but I don't know as I know his views exactly 1:10:25 you can't clarify the embarrassment I think these papers along with a dr. 1:10:31 Hermann Muller the ancestors think that 1:10:39 genetic we can genetically improve the human race by adopting amongst the 1:10:48 population are the practice of artificial insemination using the sperm 1:10:56 of intelligent individuals and I don't know how he determined that these 1:11:02 individuals aren't be chosen but I was just wondering if you were familiar with 1:11:08 well I mean this is it was the whole problem of eugenics I mean if one knew 1:11:15 how to apply eugenic principles I think unquestionably one who could improve the 1:11:21 the average quality of the human race and I mean there is some evidence says 1:11:28 but pointed out a long time ago and as a meadow was pointed out more recently 1:11:35 that there is some evidence that there is a slight decline of average IQ and 1:11:45 that this certainly could be remedied but of course as you say the problem is 1:11:51 to choose who I mean I've one can I can perfectly imagine that if the Cold War 1:11:57 goes on for a very long time that side which first starts artificial 1:12:05 insemination of the production of people with greater talent in the physical sciences will win and I read a paper the 1:12:13 other day by I forget who biologists at University of California at Santa 1:12:18 Barbara maybe it was an amusing paper but I mean it prepared quite interesting 1:12:24 and serious aspects to it on sort of the hypothetical 1:12:30 Cold War action on the part of the 1:12:35 dictatorial powers who were able to make use of eugenics in ways which would not 1:12:42 test this although his name I cannot now remember and where I which were not 1:12:48 necessarily very tyrannical because of the after all the the woman would be 1:12:53 allowed to marry whomever she liked but who provided she had the children by selected two fathers outside the 1:13:03 relationship so that I mean there would be the the actual personal relationships between husband and wife would not be 1:13:08 modified seriously but I mean this as I say was it was a fantasy but he again it 1:13:15 looked like a fantasy which could quite likely come true and who could as the 1:13:22 geneticists I think are all agree II do could certainly lead to considerable results of course on a huge NX to take 1:13:31 place on a in a rapid way you would have to be able to control the and not merely 1:13:38 the male genetic factors but the female which is cause much more difficult but 1:13:44 not impossible I imagine I've one written question here I'd like to read out herself now the population explosion 1:13:51 is a grave danger to mankind yet the right to bear children is a right of free well the only apparent way to stem 1:13:59 this explosion is by some large-scale kind of conditioning or external coercion that this is also a grave 1:14:05 danger is there any way out of this dilemma well the way out of the dilemma shawl is 1:14:12 being pointed out when in most countries of the West where people voluntarily have limited the size of their families 1:14:21 I mean this has happened without any coercion and unless you call the desire to have a good economic life and to 1:14:29 bring up your children well or coercion but I mean this has in fact occurred and 1:14:35 I mean in this country after having reached a low during the Depression the 1:14:42 birth rate happens to have gone out but I mean the point is that they the control of the size of families is now 1:14:49 completely voluntary here I mean or more or less completely voluntary and which 1:14:54 makes it profoundly different from the people in the underdeveloped societies 1:15:01 who are still going on producing ten children because they the habit persists 1:15:08 that in order to for three children survive you have to produce ten but now if you produce ten children seven survey 1:15:15 because of elementary public health precautions which have been brought in 1:15:22 hence of course the the enormous incra sudden increase the the the death rate 1:15:30 which used to be in the upper 30s as was the birth rate has now fallen in many of 1:15:35 these countries to 15 and 12 and even ten so naturally there's an enormous 1:15:40 increase but it's certainly going to 1:15:45 take some time to get people to change 1:15:51 their habits I mean psychological inertia is is much more powerful and 1:15:56 physical inertia was much easier to push a 10-ton truck from a human being mr. 1:16:02 post has one filibuster here you've spoken at the ends to which drugs should not be devoted such as increasing 1:16:10 conformity making men more content with what is actually an intolerable situation securing the power 1:16:16 of a small elite and so on to what ends do you think these drugs should be devoted granted that we happen well I 1:16:25 mean I think the India tickly some of my very very but I think already for 1:16:30 example some of the so-called psychic Energizer's have done a great deal in 1:16:35 the mental field I mean they I understand from doctor Nathan Kline for 1:16:41 example that in very many cases you can use some of these psychic Energizer's 1:16:46 instead of the electric electroshock therapy and people say that electroshock 1:16:54 therapy doesn't do any harm but I cannot believe that partial electrocution is good for anybody 1:17:00 and it seems to me a very good thing that if you you can get people on a 1:17:05 maintenance dose to get them out of these these awful catatonic and 1:17:11 depressed conditions which you seem to be able to do and therefore there are 1:17:16 many people who seems to me outside institutions who who have tendencies in 1:17:22 the same direction which I think a genuine psychic energized I might be 1:17:30 which could be used without harm to people would be of immense value there 1:17:35 was even it was stated to a few years ago I remember thirty Russians had a 1:17:41 five-year plan for increasing mental efficiency biochemical means I don't 1:17:46 know whether this has gone on and what they've discovered but it's I would think it's probably on the cards that 1:17:53 you could increase the span of attention the the amount of time you could 1:17:58 concentrate on things the the power of observation and so on biochemical as 1:18:05 well as by educational means I mean I think that there are a number probably 1:18:11 quite good things you could could and then again in the case of these very 1:18:17 strange substances like psilocybin and lysergic acid I think there is a great 1:18:23 deal to be said for doing what William James talked about of getting people to 1:18:29 realize that the their Ordinaries or common sense view of the world is not 1:18:34 the only view that the University in habit is not the only possible universe 1:18:40 and there are other very strange universes which some people spontaneously inhabit in a man like 1:18:47 William Blake obviously inhabit some extremely different universe from that 1:18:52 which most people inhabit and I I think it's probably very wholesome for people 1:18:58 to to be permitted to realize this fact to perceive that the the world of the 1:19:05 mind is immensely large and that there are these very strange and extraordinary areas in them and and there are plenty 1:19:13 of cases in the literature whether these kind of experiences have produced a kind of conversion the work which was being 1:19:21 done at Harvard now by Leary a prison only local prisons in Boston it's very 1:19:28 interesting a sort of a series of extraordinary conversion experiences 1:19:34 among hardened criminals that have emerged from the isn't here again there 1:19:39 may be I mean we don't know enough about the subject here today there may be 1:19:45 possibilities of very great importance here of removing obstacles I mean the 1:19:54 the justification it was stated by barracks are years ago when he was 1:19:59 defending William James against his use of nitrous oxide our number of fellow 1:20:07 philosophers thought this was infra dig that eminent philosopher should resort 1:20:13 to these chemical means which enabled them in James remark that her only under 1:20:19 nitrous oxide could he understand what ego meant 1:20:27 verax I said the Tobit must be realized that the experiences which mr. James 1:20:34 described are not caused by the gas the 1:20:39 gas is merely the occasion the gases remove certain obstacles which might 1:20:45 have been removed equally well by psychological or psychophysical means so-called spiritual exercises of the 1:20:52 various religions but it can also be removed by these chemical means and that 1:20:59 if you can do so without doing harm to yourself so much the better and incidentally it's one of the 1:21:07 greatest tragedies I think in psychological research that the James I 1:21:14 think about nineteen five made an experiment with peyote and Eddy head of 1:21:21 other weak stomach all that he got was violent vomiting he said I'm afraid I 1:21:27 must take the visions for granted I got only the nausea and it's a it's an awful pity if he'd had a stronger stomach wish 1:21:34 to had this research beginning fifty years ago but his weak stomach prevented 1:21:40 this and we've had to wait too much later to get this thing really going 1:21:45 well before we close the program mr. Delaney Graduate Student Association asked me to 1:21:51 announce that shall be a meeting of the Graduate Student Association next Tuesday at noon now I want to express 1:21:57 our appreciation to mr. Huxley on behalf of all of those who be able lest our augmented knowledge restrict our 1:22:04 understanding thank you very much