Chloroquine is "highly effective" at inhibiting reproduction of Novel Coronavirus nCov in cell culture.

[Razer]

They want you to think of MALARIA, when you think of the Flu. Be VERY afraid. Die of your own fears. It saves oxygen for the rest of us... Hahahaha!

On February 8, 2020 9:18:29 PM PST, jim bell <jdb10987 at yahoo.com> wrote:
>[chloroquine is an old-line drug typically used against malaria]
>[partial quote follows]
>
>https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/science/020620/could-an-old-malaria-drug-help-fight-the-new-coron
>
>ASBMB Today Science Could an old malaria drug help fight the new
>coronavirus?
>Could an old malaria drug
>help fight the new coronavirus?
>By John Arnst
>February 06, 2020
>
>Chloroquine might be getting new life as an antiviral treatment for the
>novel coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has
>infected some 25,000 people in more than 25 countries. For decades, the
>drug was a front-line treatment and prophylactic for malaria.
>
>In a three-page paper published Tuesday in Cell Research, scientists at
>the Wuhan Institute of Virology’s State Key Laboratory of Virology
>write that both chloroquine and the antiviral remdesivir were,
>individually, “highly effective” at inhibiting replication of the novel
>coronavirus in cell culture. Their drug screen evaluated five other
>drugs that were not effective. The authors could not be reached for
>comment.
>
>
>Though the paper is brief, John Lednicky, a professor at the University
>of Florida’s Emerging Pathogens Institute, found its results
>intriguing. “It’s interesting in that it really lacks a lot of details
>but, nevertheless, if you look at the data as presented, at least in
>vitro, it seems like chloroquine can be used as an early-stage drug,”
>he said. “It would be very good if these types of experiments were
>repeated by more laboratories to see whether the same results occur
>across the board.”
>
>Chloroquine is a synthetic form of quinine, a compound found in the
>bark of cinchona trees native to Peru and used for centuries to treat
>malaria.
>
>Chloroquine was an essential element of mass drug administration
>campaigns to combat malaria throughout the second half of the 20th
>century, and remains one of the World Health Organization’s essential
>medicines. However, after the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum
>and Plasmodium vivax began exhibiting resistance to the drug in the
>1960s and 1980s, respectively, it was replaced by similar antimalarial
>compounds and combination therapies. Chloroquine is still widely used
>against the three other species of plasmodium and to treat autoimmune
>disorders and some cases of amebiasis, an intestinal infection caused
>by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica.
>
>Chloroquine’s antiviral properties were explored in the mid-1990s
>against HIV and in the following decade against severe acute
>respiratory syndrome, or SARS, which is closely related to the novel
>coronavirus. In 2004, researchers in Belgium found that chloroquine
>inhibited replication of SARS in cell culture. The following year,
>however, another team at Utah State University and the Chinese
>University of Hong Kong evaluated a gamut of compounds against SARS
>replication in mice infected with the virus, finding that chloroquine
>was only effective as an anti-inflammatory agent. They recommended that
>it could be used in combination with compounds that prevent
>replication. Nevertheless, in 2009, the Belgian group found that lethal
>infections of human coronavirus OC43, a relative of SARS, could be
>averted in newborn mice by administering chloroquine through the
>mother’s milk.
>
>[end of partial quote]
>
>Also:
>
>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0282-0
>
>
>Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged
>novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro
>Manli Wang, Ruiyuan Cao, Leike Zhang, Xinglou Yang, Jia Liu, Mingyue
>Xu, Zhengli Shi, Zhihong Hu, Wu Zhong & Gengfu Xiao 
>
>Cell Research (2020)Cite this article
>
>171k Accesses
>
>1108 Altmetric
>
>Metrics
>details
>
>Dear Editor,
>
>In December 2019, a novel pneumonia caused by a previously unknown
>pathogen emerged in Wuhan, a city of 11 million people in central
>China. The initial cases were linked to exposures in a seafood market
>in Wuhan.1 As of January 27, 2020, the Chinese authorities reported
>2835 confirmed cases in mainland China, including 81 deaths.
>Additionally, 19 confirmed cases were identified in Hong Kong, Macao
>and Taiwan, and 39 imported cases were identified in Thailand, Japan,
>South Korea, United States, Vietnam, Singapore, Nepal, France,
>Australia and Canada. The pathogen was soon identified as a novel
>coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which is closely related to sever acute
>respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV).2 Currently, there is no specific
>treatment against the new virus. Therefore, identifying effective
>antiviral agents to combat the disease is urgently needed.
>
>An efficient approach to drug discovery is to test whether the existing
>antiviral drugs are effective in treating related viral infections. The
>2019-nCoV belongs to Betacoronavirus which also contains SARS-CoV and
>Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). Several drugs, such as
>ribavirin, interferon, lopinavir-ritonavir, corticosteroids, have been
>used in patients with SARS or MERS, although the efficacy of some drugs
>remains controversial.3 In this study, we evaluated the antiviral
>efficiency of five FAD-approved drugs including ribavirin, penciclovir,
>nitazoxanide, nafamostat, chloroquine and two well-known broad-spectrum
>antiviral drugs remdesivir (GS-5734) and favipiravir (T-705) against a
>clinical isolate of 2019-nCoV in vitro.
>
>Standard assays were carried out to measure the effects of these
>compounds on the cytotoxicity, virus yield and infection rates of
>2019-nCoVs. Firstly, the cytotoxicity of the candidate compounds in
>Vero E6 cells (ATCC-1586) was determined by the CCK8 assay. Then, Vero
>E6 cells were infected with nCoV-2019BetaCoV/Wuhan/WIV04/20192 at a
>multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.05 in the presence of varying
>concentrations of the test drugs. DMSO was used in the controls.
>Efficacies were evaluated by quantification of viral copy numbers in
>the cell supernatant via quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and
>confirmed with visualization of virus nucleoprotein (NP) expression
>through immunofluorescence microscopy at 48 h post infection (p.i.)
>(cytopathic effect was not obvious at this time point of infection).
>Among the seven tested drugs, high concentrations of three nucleoside
>analogs including ribavirin (half-maximal effective concentration
>(EC50) = 109.50 μM, half-cytotoxic concentration (CC50) > 400 μM,
>selectivity index (SI) > 3.65), penciclovir (EC50 = 95.96 μM,
>CC50 > 400 μM, SI > 4.17) and favipiravir (EC50 = 61.88 μM,
>CC50 > 400 μM, SI > 6.46) were required to reduce the viral infection
>(Fig. 1a and Supplementary information, Fig. S1). However, favipiravir
>has been shown to be 100% effective in protecting mice against Ebola
>virus challenge, although its EC50 value in Vero E6 cells was as high
>as 67 μM,4 suggesting further in vivo studies are recommended to
>evaluate this antiviral nucleoside. Nafamostat, a potent inhibitor of
>MERS-CoV, which prevents membrane fusion, was inhibitive against the
>2019-nCoV infection (EC50 = 22.50 μM, CC50 > 100 μM, SI > 4.44).
>Nitazoxanide, a commercial antiprotozoal agent with an antiviral
>potential against a broad range of viruses including human and animal
>coronaviruses, inhibited the 2019-nCoV at a low-micromolar
>concentration (EC50 = 2.12 μM; CC50 > 35.53 μM; SI > 16.76). Further in
>vivo evaluation of this drug against 2019-nCoV infection is
>recommended. Notably, two compounds remdesivir (EC50 = 0.77 μM;
>CC50 > 100 μM; SI > 129.87) and chloroquine (EC50 = 1.13 μM;
>CC50 > 100 μM, SI > 88.50) potently blocked virus infection at
>low-micromolar concentration and showed high SI (Fig. 1a, b).

Rr
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