Chloroquine is "highly effective" at inhibiting reproduction of Novel Coronavirus nCov in cell culture.

Razer g2s at riseup.net
Sat Feb 8 22:09:57 PST 2020


Drink Schweppes Quinine Water to cure a cold or flu (That's what the "horrible horrible WooHoo Corona virus" is. Its a fucking flu... Big whoop!). Why not? 

On February 8, 2020 9:18:29 PM PST, jim bell <jdb10987 at yahoo.com> wrote:
>[chloroquine is an old-line drug typically used against malaria]
>[partial quote follows]
>
>https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/science/020620/could-an-old-malaria-drug-help-fight-the-new-coron
>
>ASBMB Today Science Could an old malaria drug help fight the new
>coronavirus?
>Could an old malaria drug
>help fight the new coronavirus?
>By John Arnst
>February 06, 2020
>
>Chloroquine might be getting new life as an antiviral treatment for the
>novel coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has
>infected some 25,000 people in more than 25 countries. For decades, the
>drug was a front-line treatment and prophylactic for malaria.
>
>In a three-page paper published Tuesday in Cell Research, scientists at
>the Wuhan Institute of Virology’s State Key Laboratory of Virology
>write that both chloroquine and the antiviral remdesivir were,
>individually, “highly effective” at inhibiting replication of the novel
>coronavirus in cell culture. Their drug screen evaluated five other
>drugs that were not effective. The authors could not be reached for
>comment.
>
>
>Though the paper is brief, John Lednicky, a professor at the University
>of Florida’s Emerging Pathogens Institute, found its results
>intriguing. “It’s interesting in that it really lacks a lot of details
>but, nevertheless, if you look at the data as presented, at least in
>vitro, it seems like chloroquine can be used as an early-stage drug,”
>he said. “It would be very good if these types of experiments were
>repeated by more laboratories to see whether the same results occur
>across the board.”
>
>Chloroquine is a synthetic form of quinine, a compound found in the
>bark of cinchona trees native to Peru and used for centuries to treat
>malaria.
>
>Chloroquine was an essential element of mass drug administration
>campaigns to combat malaria throughout the second half of the 20th
>century, and remains one of the World Health Organization’s essential
>medicines. However, after the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum
>and Plasmodium vivax began exhibiting resistance to the drug in the
>1960s and 1980s, respectively, it was replaced by similar antimalarial
>compounds and combination therapies. Chloroquine is still widely used
>against the three other species of plasmodium and to treat autoimmune
>disorders and some cases of amebiasis, an intestinal infection caused
>by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica.
>
>Chloroquine’s antiviral properties were explored in the mid-1990s
>against HIV and in the following decade against severe acute
>respiratory syndrome, or SARS, which is closely related to the novel
>coronavirus. In 2004, researchers in Belgium found that chloroquine
>inhibited replication of SARS in cell culture. The following year,
>however, another team at Utah State University and the Chinese
>University of Hong Kong evaluated a gamut of compounds against SARS
>replication in mice infected with the virus, finding that chloroquine
>was only effective as an anti-inflammatory agent. They recommended that
>it could be used in combination with compounds that prevent
>replication. Nevertheless, in 2009, the Belgian group found that lethal
>infections of human coronavirus OC43, a relative of SARS, could be
>averted in newborn mice by administering chloroquine through the
>mother’s milk.
>
>[end of partial quote]
>
>Also:
>
>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0282-0
>
>
>Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged
>novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro
>Manli Wang, Ruiyuan Cao, Leike Zhang, Xinglou Yang, Jia Liu, Mingyue
>Xu, Zhengli Shi, Zhihong Hu, Wu Zhong & Gengfu Xiao 
>
>Cell Research (2020)Cite this article
>
>171k Accesses
>
>1108 Altmetric
>
>Metrics
>details
>
>Dear Editor,
>
>In December 2019, a novel pneumonia caused by a previously unknown
>pathogen emerged in Wuhan, a city of 11 million people in central
>China. The initial cases were linked to exposures in a seafood market
>in Wuhan.1 As of January 27, 2020, the Chinese authorities reported
>2835 confirmed cases in mainland China, including 81 deaths.
>Additionally, 19 confirmed cases were identified in Hong Kong, Macao
>and Taiwan, and 39 imported cases were identified in Thailand, Japan,
>South Korea, United States, Vietnam, Singapore, Nepal, France,
>Australia and Canada. The pathogen was soon identified as a novel
>coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which is closely related to sever acute
>respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV).2 Currently, there is no specific
>treatment against the new virus. Therefore, identifying effective
>antiviral agents to combat the disease is urgently needed.
>
>An efficient approach to drug discovery is to test whether the existing
>antiviral drugs are effective in treating related viral infections. The
>2019-nCoV belongs to Betacoronavirus which also contains SARS-CoV and
>Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). Several drugs, such as
>ribavirin, interferon, lopinavir-ritonavir, corticosteroids, have been
>used in patients with SARS or MERS, although the efficacy of some drugs
>remains controversial.3 In this study, we evaluated the antiviral
>efficiency of five FAD-approved drugs including ribavirin, penciclovir,
>nitazoxanide, nafamostat, chloroquine and two well-known broad-spectrum
>antiviral drugs remdesivir (GS-5734) and favipiravir (T-705) against a
>clinical isolate of 2019-nCoV in vitro.
>
>Standard assays were carried out to measure the effects of these
>compounds on the cytotoxicity, virus yield and infection rates of
>2019-nCoVs. Firstly, the cytotoxicity of the candidate compounds in
>Vero E6 cells (ATCC-1586) was determined by the CCK8 assay. Then, Vero
>E6 cells were infected with nCoV-2019BetaCoV/Wuhan/WIV04/20192 at a
>multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.05 in the presence of varying
>concentrations of the test drugs. DMSO was used in the controls.
>Efficacies were evaluated by quantification of viral copy numbers in
>the cell supernatant via quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and
>confirmed with visualization of virus nucleoprotein (NP) expression
>through immunofluorescence microscopy at 48 h post infection (p.i.)
>(cytopathic effect was not obvious at this time point of infection).
>Among the seven tested drugs, high concentrations of three nucleoside
>analogs including ribavirin (half-maximal effective concentration
>(EC50) = 109.50 μM, half-cytotoxic concentration (CC50) > 400 μM,
>selectivity index (SI) > 3.65), penciclovir (EC50 = 95.96 μM,
>CC50 > 400 μM, SI > 4.17) and favipiravir (EC50 = 61.88 μM,
>CC50 > 400 μM, SI > 6.46) were required to reduce the viral infection
>(Fig. 1a and Supplementary information, Fig. S1). However, favipiravir
>has been shown to be 100% effective in protecting mice against Ebola
>virus challenge, although its EC50 value in Vero E6 cells was as high
>as 67 μM,4 suggesting further in vivo studies are recommended to
>evaluate this antiviral nucleoside. Nafamostat, a potent inhibitor of
>MERS-CoV, which prevents membrane fusion, was inhibitive against the
>2019-nCoV infection (EC50 = 22.50 μM, CC50 > 100 μM, SI > 4.44).
>Nitazoxanide, a commercial antiprotozoal agent with an antiviral
>potential against a broad range of viruses including human and animal
>coronaviruses, inhibited the 2019-nCoV at a low-micromolar
>concentration (EC50 = 2.12 μM; CC50 > 35.53 μM; SI > 16.76). Further in
>vivo evaluation of this drug against 2019-nCoV infection is
>recommended. Notably, two compounds remdesivir (EC50 = 0.77 μM;
>CC50 > 100 μM; SI > 129.87) and chloroquine (EC50 = 1.13 μM;
>CC50 > 100 μM, SI > 88.50) potently blocked virus infection at
>low-micromolar concentration and showed high SI (Fig. 1a, b).

Rr
Sent from my Androgyne dee-vice
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