Well, it's certainly an interesting concept that a person can make chips "in his own garage", etc.    I did my own share of circuit design, mostly in the 1970's, designing and fabricating PC boards (That's "printed circuit", not "personal computer", and certainly not "politically-correct"!!!)   I designed and built a constant-temperature-bath with zero-crossing power controller (a task which would have been made trivial with the SSR's (solid-state relays, see Crydom) that eventually became commonplace), a 4-digit frequency counter, a 4 1/2 digit DVM, and my should-have-been-famous "Bellyache I" computer (a play on the name of the Illiac IV computer), with a maximum of about 600 IC's, mostly wire-wrapped.  The latter eventually drove a 6 Mhz Z-80 at 12.5 MHz, a very early example of over-clocking.  I also cooled the Z-80 with a thermoelectric device, that I had bought a few years earlier from a surplus company called "B+F Electronics" in Massachusetts.  Yet another idea that eventually went bigtime, along with my invention of the disk emulator ("solid-state disk"), the "SemiDisk" in August 1980. However, what I find more useful would be the idea (very old, I realize) that a person or company can design the chips, and then have them fabbed in a custom-wafer facility.  For some reason, the company "Orbit Semiconductor" comes to mind: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_Semiconductor    A person could readily do circuit design, presumably today using pre-designed building-blocks, finalize the chip design in software including simulation, and have them fabbed (along with the designs of many other people) on the same wafer, probably with the same pad-layout to enable custom-testing at the fab.   But instead of every chip being identical, each chip design would be repeated a few times over the wafer.  People could go from having a small number of wafer-spots, or many, depending on how big their order was.   Modern tools (circuit design; layout; simulation; test) should make this process far simpler than it would have been in, say, 1985.   I think Orbit Semiconductor did this in 1985, making possible the idea of a "fabless" chip company.                                Jim Bell On Sunday, August 11, 2019, 01:28:08 AM PDT, grarpamp <grarpamp@gmail.com> wrote: http://sam.zeloof.xyz/category/semiconductor/ https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=20657398 I am very excited to announce the details of my first integrated circuit and share the journey that this project has taken me on over the past year. I hope that my success will inspire others and help start a revolution in home chip fabrication. When I set out on this project I had no idea of what I had gotten myself into, but in the end I learned more than I ever thought I would about physics, chemistry, optics, electronics, and so many other fields. Furthermore, my efforts have only been matched with the most positive feedback and support from the world; I owe a sincere thanks to everyone who has helped me, given me advice, and inspired me on this project. Especially my amazing parents, who not only support and encourage me in any way they can but also give me a space to work in and put up with the electricity costs… Thank you! Without further ado, I present the first home (garage) made lithographically-fabricated integrated circuit – the “Z1” PMOS dual differential amplifier chip. I say “lithographically-fabricated” because Jeri Ellsworth made the first transistors and logic gates (meticulously hand wired with conductive epoxy) and showed the world that this is possible. Inspired by her work, I have demonstrated ICs made by a scalable, industry-standard, photolithographic process. Needless to say, this is the logical step-up from my previous replication of Jeri’s FET fabrication work.