Re: Electronic Signature Act Of 1996
I think more apropos to the discussion of electronic signatures is UCC 1-201(39), "'Signed' includes any symbol executed or adopted by a party with present intention to authenticate a writing." Comment 39 to 1-201 indicates "[a]uthentication may be printed, stamped or written; it may be by initials or by thumbprint. It may be on any part of the document and in appropriate cases may be found in a billhead or letterhead. No catalog of possible authentications can be complete and the court must use common sense and commercial experience in passing upon these matters. The question always is whether the symbol was executed or adopted by the party with present intention to authenticate the writing." And comment 2 to 3-401 (re negotiable instruments) indicates that a signature may be "handwritten, typed, printed or made in any other manner." So I don't see why that wouldn't include a PGP signature, a traditional ".signature" block, or the typed "/s/ Greg Broiles" used in some circumstances. (Of course, the UCC doesn't apply to every transaction, nor is it adopted in identical form in every state, blah blah blah.) But it's always nice if the legislature is willing to say "This is the right way to create an electronic signature" because then we don't have to wonder. (However, a signature and a contract are not the same thing - and you don't need to have a contract to have an enforceable obligation. A nonrepudiable document still isn't a self-executing one.) -- Greg Broiles |"Post-rotational nystagmus was the subject of gbroiles@netbox.com |an in-court demonstration by the People http://www.io.com/~gbroiles |wherein Sgt Page was spun around by Sgt |Studdard." People v. Quinn 580 NYS2d 818,825.
On Wed, 5 Jun 1996, Greg Broiles wrote:
I think more apropos to the discussion of electronic signatures is UCC 1-201(39), "'Signed' includes any symbol executed or adopted by a party with present intention to authenticate a writing." Comment 39 to 1-201 indicates "[a]uthentication may be printed, stamped or written; it may be by initials or by thumbprint. It may be on any part of the document and in appropriate cases may be found in a billhead or letterhead. No catalog of possible authentications can be complete and the court must use common sense and commercial experience in passing upon these matters. The question always is whether the symbol was executed or adopted by the party with present intention to authenticate the writing." And comment 2 to 3-401 (re negotiable instruments) indicates that a signature may be "handwritten, typed, printed or made in any other manner."
Please remember that the UCC's application is generally restricted to the sales of goods or acts between merchants.
So I don't see why that wouldn't include a PGP signature, a traditional ".signature" block, or the typed "/s/ Greg Broiles" used in some circumstances. (Of course, the UCC doesn't apply to every transaction, nor is it adopted in identical form in every state, blah blah blah.) But it's always nice if the legislature is willing to say "This is the right way to create an electronic signature" because then we don't have to wonder. (However, a signature and a contract are not the same thing - and you don't need to have a contract to have an enforceable obligation. A nonrepudiable document still isn't a self-executing one.)
See above.
-- Greg Broiles |"Post-rotational nystagmus was the subject of gbroiles@netbox.com |an in-court demonstration by the People http://www.io.com/~gbroiles |wherein Sgt Page was spun around by Sgt |Studdard." People v. Quinn 580 NYS2d 818,825.
--- My preferred and soon to be permanent e-mail address:unicorn@schloss.li "In fact, had Bancroft not existed, potestas scientiae in usu est Franklin might have had to invent him." in nihilum nil posse reverti 00B9289C28DC0E55 E16D5378B81E1C96 - Finger for Current Key Information Opp. Counsel: For all your expert testimony needs: jimbell@pacifier.com
Zychik Chronicle is a free electonic publication, it's recommended by my Libritarian/Chryto-Anarchal Capiltalist friends. ---fowarded message ---------------World Trade & Liberty: (CyberWire Dispatch June 3rd, brock@well.com for a free subscription) Brook Meeks the author of CyberWire calls it a "virtual nuke hurled into the arcane subculture of encryption technology." So let's go back to the days before the virtual nuke. The father of encryption technology for most of us layman is Phil Zimmerman, the author of PGP. Essentially, Phil's PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) allows you to use encryption technology that the government would have to spend too much time and too much money to bust every message you sent. Phil's profit on PGP was zero. He offered it for free. The government, always willing to let no good deed go unpunished, spent the last 4 years threatening to put Phil in jail for exporting sensitive technology. Phil didn't export a thing. Someone - not Phil - loaded PGP on the net, and lo and behold, the net being a global village, PGP toured the village. After harassing Phil for four years, the gov't dropped its case - in large part due to the financial and legal support Phil got from those evil perverts called Netizens, Net Surfers, Hackers, Cypherpunks, Electronic Freedom Foundation, Libertarians and other various forms of traitorous electronic scum. I know his defense fund got a check from me and my wife. Anyway, the government started feeling threatened by hordes of Pagans who don't worship at the alter called Congress. So it offered us peanut-brains the Clipper chip. Oops, make that KKKlipper chip. The idea behind the KKKlipp-your-liberties-chip was that you could have all the privacy you wanted by using the gov't chip, as long as the gov't had the "key" to unlock your code. Duh, I don't know why all of us peanut brains didn't line up to get that chip? What's the matter with Americans? Don't they know a good deal when they see one. So, just to get even with us peanut-brains, Bill-if-I-can't-look-up-your-skirt- then-I'm-going-to-spy-on-your-motherboard-Clinton set up rules which basically made it impossible for the US to compete in the "robust encryption technologies [field], at a possible loss of $60 billion for US companies." Well, for some strange reason one of us peanut-brained Pagans, one of us low life Hackers, one of us Netizen pond scum smelled buckies. His name is Jim Bizdos. He's president of RSA. What RSA did was to hook up with some of those funny speaking, slant-eyed, yellow people called Japanese scuzzballs. Yup, Jim & the Japs came out with a "monster chipset capable of scrambling voice and data real time with a 'key length' of up to 1024 bits." The operative term here is key length. The longer the key, the better the encryption. US law says US companies can't export a key length greater than 40 bits. Now here's the catch: Jim-unAmerican-greedy-guy and them Thieving-low-down-Japs ain't exporting nutin'. They made the stuff in Yellow- Peril Country. You know, Japan! Gosh, my fingers shook as wrote that Jap word. Besides being attacked by the Japs, look out for the Limeys (Brits) and the Frogs (The French). Dem folx is also developing encryption technology that will put a child molester in every American home, a Republican in every American trash can and a Democrat in every US toilet. Phil Zimmerman was the pioneer, but as Brock Meeks says, PGP is "tough to use." The RSA chip set works in real time! It scrambles voice *and* data. 15 low-down-degenerate-self-indulgent-uncaring-countries "have already placed orders for these chips." Japanese law forbids building chips that have what's called "an escrow function." An escrow function means the gov't gets a key to your code. In other words those damned Japs are attacking us again by making it a legal requirement that your privacy and mine be protected. Damn, we should have bombed on the whole country when we had the chance. Hey, tell you what, after the FBI blows Justus to hell and back, let's send the Federal Bloodletters and Incinerator-crew after the Yellow People. Yup, we don't no world trade. It's a threat to our pure KKKulture. World trade is also a threat to jobs. If the Gestapo can't listen in on your phone calls and decode your e-mail what are all those poor little FBI, BATF, sheriffs, and local cops going to do? Comment: We're entering a period of world trade in which any government that limits the liberties of its citizens will be punished in the market place by competing governments. The fun has just begun. Joe Zychik Editor, The Zychik Chronicle ------- Posted daily Mon-Fri after 3 pm PST at http://www.pacificnet.net/~jzychik To receive the ZC, free, contact: jzychik@pacificnet.net
participants (3)
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Black Unicorn -
Greg Broiles -
Syed Yusuf