Mr. Geiger writes:

I think that there is plenty of case law of extending constutional protections to non-citizens. One that comes to mind were the rulings against California inwhich the courts ruled the they were obligated to provide schooling and social services to illegal aliens (a really fucked rulling IMNSHO but if some good can come out of it no sense not making use of it).

But that applied to non-citizens on US soil. IIRC, it removed the distinction between "good aliens" (i.e., those who had green cards) and "bad aliens" where availability of services was concerned. I don't think non-citizens who aren't on US soil have any particular protection under US law. They can bring a lawsuit against the US or a US entity, but I think that's about it (cf. Jim Choate's posting of the relevant Constitutional sections).