I almost titled this thread "'Contempt' charges likely to increase in popularity," but I felt the "popularity" would draw comment. By "popularity" I mean amongst judges and law enforcement. Many of the proposals here and in related discussions of offshore asset protection posit the following situations: * Alice places a copy of her key, or secret-shared parts of her key, in a location not reachable by subpoena. (This might be via strong crypto, a la mixes and pools, or just in a jurisdiction which historically and typically does not honor U.S. subpoenas.) * Alice deposits some fraction of her assets in accounts in jurisdictions which are friendly to such purposes. (Either "tax havens" or "asset protection havens," such as are described in various books and seminars.) * Alice receives information from a witness or source in a criminal case. She declines to say who this source is. Depending on the "shield laws" (about which I'm no expert), she may be held in contempt unless she reveals this information. (Side Note: I don't believe the law should make the distinction it has made between, say, Alice B. Toklas, Reporter for the "Washington Post," and Tim May, reporter for the "Cypherpunks" list; the law seems to create a distinction between "the press" and the rest of us. On what basis?) * Alice places her child in the hands of someone known only to her, e.g., to prevent the child from being given visitation rights by a spouse. (This last example is of a real one, based on the Rebecca Morgan case. The other examples are real, too, though not necessarily associated with a particular case.) In these cases, Alice has a secret of some sort and says "nyah nyah nyah" to those seeking the secret. With strong crypto, such situations are likely to become more common. The courts know that Alice can in fact retrieve the secrets, the funds, the child...and the courts know that only a "contempt of court" decree will serve as the lever to pry out this retrieval. What about the Fifth Amendment? Scholars are addressing this issue of compelled disclosure of cryptographic keys. Note, of course, that diaries, business records, papers, and, indeed, the entire contents of a putative crime scene are accessible to crime investigators and the legal system. (Whether giving up a key constitutes "testifying against one's self" or not is undecided, so far as I know. My own inclination is that it will be decided to be no different than the key to a locked diary--by itself, it is not self-incrimination.) That the key is _stored_ someplace else (the escrow agent, either in the country or outside the country) makes the "cannot be compelled to testify against one's self" interpretation even more of a reach, in my non-lawyer opinion. So, I see a rise in the use of "contempt" charges. Contempt charges have a kind of time limit, in practice, and there is a common interpretation that a person may be jailed on contempt charges so long as there is likelihood that she will eventually reveal the information sought. (Reporters have been jailed for more than six months, and I recall that Rebecca Morgan was jailed for a couple of years for refusing to tell the court the whereabouts of her daughter...) In short, "If you can retrieve the information or assets we order you to, and don't, then you'll be held in contempt of court until you do." If the secrets or assets _cannot_ be retrieved--a scenario which is possible, if the protocol is so written (clauses for court action)--then contempt charges are meaningless and would not stand, IMNALO. Legal students out there might find that specializing in this area of law brings in more clients in the coming decades. --Tim May Boycott "Big Brother Inside" software! We got computers, we're tapping phone lines, we know that that ain't allowed. ---------:---------:---------:---------:---------:---------:---------:---- Timothy C. May | Crypto Anarchy: encryption, digital money, tcmay@got.net 408-728-0152 | anonymous networks, digital pseudonyms, zero W.A.S.T.E.: Corralitos, CA | knowledge, reputations, information markets, Higher Power: 2^756839 - 1 | black markets, collapse of governments. "National borders aren't even speed bumps on the information superhighway."