Anonymous scripsit
Mr. Unicorn is rude and uninformed. He will go far.
Anonymous must be a Baker & Botts associate.
1) The act does not make it a per se offense to have a remailer.
2) The act makes it an offense to aid a terrorist.
3) Query: is there a scienter requirement in (2)?
4) Query: and if so how will it be diluted by the investigation requirements in the act?
[for the sake of simplicity, we will ignore the fact that there are scienter requirements in a related part of the bill already, and use Mr. Unicorn's hypothetical of no explicit requirement of scienter]
1> Please point these out. 2> Please show the connection between related parts of the bill and the offense definition. (I was at a loss to make such a connection, have I missed something?)
3a) There must be a scienter requirement to avoid turning the proscription in (2) into either (i) a per se offense, excluded by (1), or (ii) a violation of due process.
By refering back to (1) here you are assuming that which is to be proven: It is not a per se offense to run a remailer because that would violate your premise that is it not a per se offense to run a remailer. Or is your premise based on some other reference? Instead you might ask how the statute will be read in the context of the differing language between the investigation threshold requirement and the definition of offense. Why would one mention intent so explicitly and the other ignore it? Did congress anticipate the difficulty of showing intent in this type of prosecution and structure the act accordingly? This would be my argument as a prosecuter.
3b) Query: why would it be a violation of due process to have a ban on unknowingly aiding terrorists in the manner Mr. Unicorn wishes to read the satute?
Ah, but the counter to this arguement (obviously structured well into the statute) is that there will never be any investigation into the offense without resonable facts to suggest intent. (This is the killjoy to the due process arguement.)
An analogy will make the point. Suppose the act concerned restaurant regulation, and made it an offence to "feed" a terrorist. Carlos walks into your joint in disguise, orders and duly consumes ham on rye. What verdict? Courts will do what it takes to say not guilty, whether via due process, the rule of leniency, or statutory construction.
You rely on the construction tending to constitutionality here, but it is equally valid to construct the statute as meeting the due process requirement via the investagatory intent requirement. This was my entire point. Given the difference in the requirements between allowing investigation and definition of offense, there is a basic imbalance in the act. Why? Accident, poor drafting? Intent?
N.B. these problems could be cured, and due process observed, by finding a duty to make enquiry or imputing a negligence standard of some sort, but we do not see any hint of this in the statute.
Exactly. So why are they not? Why is this never mentioned. I can only believe that the structure of the statute is intended to provide this arguement as a loophole. I'm not paranoid enough to want to claim that this is to peg remailer operators specifically, (duh) but what are the implications for a very soft offense definition in a federal crime bill?
4) Aha! you say, but terrorism is different from nice law abiding restaurants, and we brave c'punkers that we are, are on the Edge, not like the honest sandwitchman. The courts will not give us any breaks. Alas, there is the case of Ratzlaf v. United States, 114 S.Ct. 655 (1994) [summary quoted below], in which the Supreme Court imputed a scienter requirement into a money laundering statute which on its face required no such scienter at all.
I have not had time to look at 31 USC 5324(3) in detail with reference to this problem. Nor have I looked at the case. At first glance it looks promising, but I remain a skeptic. It is too tempting to use the language in the investigatory intent requirement to dismiss the arguements you make. I must admit to being impressed at this reference however. I may be eating crow soon.
5) QED. (As for others who are as quick to damn as to praise...watch your cholestorol!)
I eat Sausage McMuffins with egg every morning.
//QUOTING-- SYLLABUS:
time it is called into play. Because currency structuring is not inevitably nefarious, this Court is unpersuaded by the United States' argument that structuring is so obviously "evil" or inherently "bad" that the "willfulness" requirement is satisfied irrespective of the defendant's knowledge of the illegality of structuring.
In any event, this is the real key here. What do you think a judge will find encrypted remailing rates on the "nefarious" scale? In context I think it will be quite harsh. Especially given the very nature of the act, (to avoid detection of one thing or another). I believe anonymous remailers have some use. But they are so targeted to prevent GOVERNMENT observation and intercepts, that they just plain look bad. This would be the key distinction in such a case from Raztlaf. All a judge has to do to throw out this entire argument is find that encrypted, traffic analysis foiling, anonymous remailers are more nefarious than currency structuring. Given the (lack of) public exposure to the technology, what do YOU think this ruling will turn out to be, especially if the only real legitimate argument for why remailers are legitimate rests on more libertarian grounds.
SOLONg
Impressed with your research skills, not quite convinced with your argument. -uni- (Dark) -- 073BB885A786F666 nemo repente fuit turpissimus - potestas scientiae in usu est 6E6D4506F6EDBC17 quaere verum ad infinitum, loquitur sub rosa - wichtig!