-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Below is a copy of "A Short History of Liberty" by Dean Russell first published in the Freeman in Jan 1955. Copied from "Essays in Liberty" Volume III, published by the FEE (The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc,) 1958. "From Biblical times onward, the history of liberty and progress among various peoples seems to have followed a remarkably similar pattern. there are exceptions, of course-and the time element varies widely-but the pattern may be generally described by ten key ideas in sequence:" 1. BONDAGE. At some point in their histories, all peoples seem to have existed in some form of bondage or slavery-frequently even to their own domestic rulers by their own votes or acquiescence. But when thoughtful persons finally become aware that they are no longer free men, they want to know why. When they ask themselves that question, they automatically turn to contemplation and soul searching. Out of this grows ... 2. FAITH. If people in bondage have no faith-either in a personal Creator or impersonal ideal-they will remain slaves and eventually die out or be absorbed by another culture. But an intelligent faith will almost always develop into ... 3. UNDERSTANDING. A person's faith needs to be buttressed by an understanding of why it is evil to force any peaceful person to conform to the will and ideas of another person. Otherwise, he is apt to remain a faithful slave or attempt to become a slave-owner. But the combination of faith and understanding results in the necessary ... 4. COURAGE. You may depend upon it, courageous men with faith and understanding will neither remain in bondage nor keep others in bondage. Even against great odds, this combination leads to ... 5. LIBERTY. Liberty is a relationship among persons wherein no person molests any other peaceful person in his ideas, possessions, or actions. Liberty may also be viewed as the responsibility one assumes for himself and recognizes in all others, for there can be no liberty where there is no responsibility. Liberty has never existed completely among any people at any time; but where it has existed to a high degree, the resulting freedom to work, trade, choose, win, lose, and bargain has always meant ... 6. ABUNDANCE. But if an abundance of material things is the primary aim of a person, his life is devoid of any real meaning. For if the goal is abundance, its achievement logically results in ... 7. COMPLACENCY. Complacency and self-satisfaction (the "full barns" of the Biblical lesson) inevitably lead to ... 8. APATHY. With apathy comes a dullness and loss of interest-a "let George do it" philosophy. And there will always be many political "Georges" around to accept this invitation to seize both the reins and the whip. This always degenerates into ... 9. DEPENDENCY. For a time, it is possible for dependents to be unaware that they are dependents. As they continue to shed the personal responsibilities which *are* freedom, they also continue to delude themselves that they are still free people-"We never had it so good." Or they may be deluded into believing that they are still free so long they themselves are able to participate in the mechanical processes of selecting their rulers-"We can still vote, can't we?" But dependents are at the mercy of the persons or groups or parties upon whom they depend for their housing, or security in old age, or subsidies, or education, or medical care, or any of the other "aides" from political authority which cause persons to depend on others instead of themselves. Sooner or later, this dependency becomes know by its true nature ... 10. BONDAGE. Fortunately, the record shows that people can regain their faith, understanding, and courage. They can again become persons and citizens who are responsible for their own welfare, rather than units and subjects identified by numbers for the purposes of regimentation and subsidization. The record shows that people can, by their own intelligent actions, regain their liberty any time they want it. - -- - --------------------------------------------------------------- William H. Geiger III http://www.amaranth.com/~whgiii Geiger Consulting Cooking With Warp 4.0 Author of E-Secure - PGP Front End for MR/2 Ice PGP & MR/2 the only way for secure e-mail. OS/2 PGP 2.6.3a at: http://www.amaranth.com/~whgiii/pgpmr2.html - --------------------------------------------------------------- -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: 2.6.3a Charset: cp850 Comment: Registered_User_E-Secure_v1.1b1_ES000000 iQCVAwUBNBXK9I9Co1n+aLhhAQF1iQQAgaukTVudUNFRAZUk++bbiN6Q3UK4XMCN enLRoBh5fb5wuBi3UHj2jGZ9d5DAr4KeksyRUTbK4ULpi/UXs0Eo8Dcgjp6I4afH XBlgDO+brpCebSbKU5pHATu2gviSmFCAlWYtsDbQdzja3mHsaZtVfU57sn9ZntFa YLP0lRWw3bg= =CrrO -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----