Leo Van Hove writes:
I am currently preparing a paper on payment systems for the Internet and related issues. I recently found out that so-called observers could be placed on smart cards (in order to prevent double spending, or even to prevent people from cheating on taxes...).
To be honest that's about all I know about observers and I am very eager to find out more. I am, however, having a hard time finding interesting references on this subject.
Hence, all suggestions to get me started would be extremely welcome. Questions of particular interest are: possible functions (and limits), how 'real' are they already?, what about privacy?, ...
With ecash it's possible to duplicate a coin and spend it twice --- it's not really any different than copying a file and printing each copy, after all. In most ecash schemes, the double-spender can be detected and identified when the coins are deposited, but this could be long enough for him to disappear, leaving the bank or the payee holding the bag. An "observer" is designed to create a prior restraint to double-spending. The observer is a tamper-resistant smart card that must be involved in all coin transfers. When the coin is withdrawn from the bank, the observer's signature is needed to validate it. When the coin is spent, the *same* observer's signature is again needed to validate it. The observer won't sign the same coin twice during the spend protocol. To double-spend with an observer present, you'd need to bypass the tamper resistance.