Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse

   [1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse

   During the early stages of the [2]Iraq War, members of the [3]United
   States Army and the [4]CIA committed a series of [5]human rights
   violations and [6]war crimes against detainees in the [7]Abu Ghraib
   prison in [8]Iraq, including [9]physical and [10]sexual
   abuse, [11]torture, [12]rape, [13]sodomy, and the [14]killing of
   Manadel al-Jamadi.^[15][1]^[16][2]^[17][3]^[18][4] The abuses came to
   public attention with the publication of photographs of the abuse
   by [19]CBS News in April 2004. The incidents caused shock and outrage,
   receiving widespread condemnation within the United States and
   internationally.^[20][5]
   This image of a prisoner ([21]Ali Shallal al-Qaisi) being tortured has
   become internationally infamous, eventually making it onto the cover
   of [22]The Economist (see "[23]Media coverage" below)

   The [24]George W. Bush administration claimed that the abuses at Abu
   Ghraib were isolated incidents and not indicative of U.S.
   policy.^[25][6]^[26][7]^: 328  This was disputed by humanitarian
   organizations including the [27]Red Cross, [28]Amnesty International,
   and [29]Human Rights Watch; these organizations stated that the abuses
   at Abu Ghraib were part of a wider pattern of torture and brutal
   treatment at American overseas detention centers, including those in
   Iraq, in [30]Afghanistan, and at [31]Guantanamo Bay.^[32][7]^: 328 

   Documents popularly known as the [33]Torture Memos came to light a few
   years later. These documents, prepared in the months leading up to
   the [34]2003 invasion of Iraq by the [35]United States Department of
   Justice, authorized certain [36]enhanced interrogation
   techniques(generally held to involve torture) of foreign detainees. The
   memoranda also argued that [37]international humanitarian laws, such as
   the [38]Geneva Conventions, did not apply to American interrogators
   overseas. Several subsequent U.S. Supreme Court decisions,
   including [39]Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), have overturned Bush
   administration policy, ruling that the Geneva Conventions do apply.

   In response to the events at Abu Ghraib, the United States Department
   of Defense removed 17 soldiers and officers from duty. Eleven soldiers
   were charged with [40]dereliction of duty, maltreatment, [41]aggravated
   assault and [42]battery. Between May 2004 and April 2006, these
   soldiers were [43]court-martialed, convicted, sentenced to military
   prison, and [44]dishonorably discharged from service. Two soldiers,
   found to have perpetrated many of the worst offenses at the prison,
   Specialist [45]Charles Graner and PFC [46]Lynndie England, were subject
   to more severe charges and received harsher sentences. Graner was
   convicted of assault, [47]battery, conspiracy, maltreatment of
   detainees, committing indecent acts and dereliction of duty; he was
   sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and loss of rank, pay and
   benefits.^[48][8] England was convicted of [49]conspiracy, maltreating
   detainees and committing an indecent act and sentenced to three years
   in prison.^[50][9] [51]Brigadier General [52]Janis Karpinski, the
   commanding officer of all detention facilities in Iraq, was reprimanded
   and demoted to the rank of [53]colonel. Several more military personnel
   who were accused of perpetrating or authorizing the measures, including
   many of higher rank, were not prosecuted. In 2004, President [54]George
   W. Bush and Defense Secretary [55]Donald Rumsfeldapologized for the Abu
   Ghraib abuses.

References

   Visible links
   1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse
   2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War
   3. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army
   4. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency
   5. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_violations
   6. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes
   7. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison
   8. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq
   9. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abuse
  10. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse
  11. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture
  12. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape
  13. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomy
  14. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Manadel_al-Jamadi
  15. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-New_Yorker_2004-05-17-1
  16. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-Benjamin2009-2
  17. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-hersh2007-3
  18. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-walsh2006-4
  19. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News
  20. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-Sontag-5
  21. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Shallal_al-Qaisi
  22. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist
  23. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#Media_coverage
  24. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush
  25. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-Brown_2005-6
  26. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-Smeulers-7
  27. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross
  28. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International
  29. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch
  30. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan
  31. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base
  32. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-Smeulers-7
  33. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_Memos
  34. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq
  35. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice
  36. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques
  37. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law
  38. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions
  39. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld
  40. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty
  41. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggravated_assault
  42. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(crime)
  43. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts-martial
  44. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dishonorable_discharge
  45. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Graner
  46. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynndie_England
  47. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(crime)
  48. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-graner_gets_10_years-8
  49. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)
  50. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse#cite_note-9
  51. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General
  52. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janis_Karpinski
  53. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)
  54. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush
  55. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld

   Hidden links:
  57. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AbuGhraibAbuse-standing-on-box.jpg