[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind Quantum mind The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses proposing that [2]classical mechanics cannot explain [3]consciousness.^[4][1] It posits that [5]quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as [6]entanglement and [7]superposition, may play an important part in the brain's function and could explain consciousness. The hypotheses assert that consciousness is somehow quantum-mechanical and can overlap with [8]quantum mysticism, a [9]pseudoscientific movement that assigns supernatural characteristics to various quantum phenomena such as [10]nonlocality and the [11]observer effect.^[12][2] Contents * [13]1 History * [14]2 Approaches + [15]2.1 Bohm + [16]2.2 Penrose and Hameroff + [17]2.3 Umezawa, Vitiello, Freeman + [18]2.4 Pribram, Bohm, Kak + [19]2.5 Stapp + [20]2.6 David Pearce * [21]3 Criticism + [22]3.1 Conceptual problems + [23]3.2 Practical problems + [24]3.3 Ethical problems * [25]4 See also * [26]5 References * [27]6 Further reading * [28]7 External links History [29]Eugene Wigner developed the idea that quantum mechanics has something to do with the workings of the mind. He proposed that the [30]wave function collapses due to its interaction with consciousness. [31]Freeman Dyson argued that "mind, as manifested by the capacity to make choices, is to some extent inherent in every electron".^[32][3] Other contemporary physicists and philosophers considered these arguments unconvincing.^[33][4] [34]Victor Stenger characterized quantum consciousness as a "myth" having "no scientific basis" that "should take its place along with gods, unicorns and dragons".^[35][5] [36]David Chalmers argues against quantum consciousness. He instead discusses how [37]quantum mechanics may relate to [38]dualistic consciousness.^[39][6] Chalmers is skeptical that any new physics can resolve the [40]hard problem of consciousness.^[41][7]^[42][8] Approaches Bohm [43]David Bohm viewed [44]quantum theory and [45]relativity as contradictory, which implied a more fundamental level in the universe.^[46][9] He claimed that both quantum theory and relativity pointed to this deeper theory, which he formulated as a quantum field theory. This more fundamental level was proposed to represent an undivided wholeness and an [47]implicate order, from which arises the [48]explicate order of the universe as we experience it. Bohm's proposed order applies both to matter and consciousness. He suggested that it could explain the relationship between them. He saw mind and matter as projections into our explicate order from the underlying implicate order. Bohm claimed that when we look at matter, we see nothing that helps us to understand consciousness. Bohm discussed the experience of listening to music. He believed that the feeling of movement and change that make up our experience of music derive from holding the immediate past and the present in the brain together. The musical notes from the past are transformations rather than memories. The notes that were implicated in the immediate past become explicate in the present. Bohm viewed this as consciousness emerging from the implicate order. Bohm saw the movement, change or flow, and the coherence of experiences, such as listening to music, as a manifestation of the implicate order. He claimed to derive evidence for this from [49]Jean Piaget's work on infants.^[50][10] He held these studies to show that young children learn about time and space because they have a "hard-wired" understanding of movement as part of the implicate order. He compared this hard-wiring to [51]Chomsky's theory that grammar is hard-wired into human brains. Bohm never proposed a specific means by which his proposal could be falsified, nor a neural mechanism through which his "implicate order" could emerge in a way relevant to consciousness.^[52][9] He later collaborated on [53]Karl Pribram's [54]holonomic brain theory as a model of quantum consciousness.^[55][11] According to philosopher [56]Paavo Pylkkänen, Bohm's suggestion "leads naturally to the assumption that the physical correlate of the [57]logical thinking process is at the classically describable level of the brain, while the basic thinking process is at the quantum-theoretically describable level".^[58][12] Penrose and Hameroff Main article: [59]Orchestrated objective reduction Theoretical physicist [60]Roger Penrose and [61]anaesthesiologist [62]Stuart Hameroff collaborated to produce the theory known as "[63]orchestrated objective reduction" (Orch-OR). Penrose and Hameroff initially developed their ideas separately and later collaborated to produce Orch-OR in the early 1990s. They reviewed and updated their theory in 2013.^[64][13]^[65][14] Penrose's argument stemmed from [66]Gödel's incompleteness theorems. In his first book on consciousness, [67]The Emperor's New Mind (1989),^[68][15] he argued that while a formal system cannot prove its own consistency, Gödel's unprovable results are provable by human mathematicians.^[69][16] Penrose took this to mean that human mathematicians are not formal proof systems and not running a computable algorithm. According to Bringsjord and Xiao, this line of reasoning is based on fallacious [70]equivocation on the meaning of computation.^[71][17] In the same book, Penrose wrote: "One might speculate, however, that somewhere deep in the brain, cells are to be found of single quantum sensitivity. If this proves to be the case, then quantum mechanics will be significantly involved in brain activity."^[72][15]^: 400  Penrose determined that [73]wave function collapse was the only possible physical basis for a non-computable process. Dissatisfied with its randomness, he proposed a new form of wave function collapse that occurs in isolation and called it objective reduction. He suggested each quantum superposition has its own piece of spacetime curvature and that when these become separated by more than one [74]Planck length, they become unstable and collapse.^[75][18] Penrose suggested that objective reduction represents neither randomness nor algorithmic processing but instead a non-computable influence in [76]spacetime geometry from which mathematical understanding and, by later extension, consciousness derives.^[77][18] Hameroff provided a hypothesis that [78]microtubules would be suitable hosts for quantum behavior.^[79][19] Microtubules are composed of [80]tubulin [81]protein dimer subunits. The dimers each have [82]hydrophobic pockets that are 8 nm apart and may contain delocalized [83]π electrons. Tubulins have other smaller non-polar regions that contain π-electron-rich [84]indole rings separated by about 2 nm. Hameroff proposed that these electrons are close enough to become entangled.^[85][20] He originally suggested that the tubulin-subunit electrons would form a [86]Bose–Einstein condensate, but this was discredited.^[87][21] He then proposed a Frohlich condensate, a hypothetical coherent oscillation of dipolar molecules, but this too was experimentally discredited.^[88][22] Orch-OR has made numerous false biological predictions and is not an accepted model of brain physiology.^[89][23] In other words, there is a missing link between physics and neuroscience.^[90][24] For instance, the proposed predominance of A-lattice microtubules, more suitable for information processing, was falsified by Kikkawa et al.,^[91][25]^[92][26] who showed that all in vivo microtubules have a B lattice and a seam. The proposed existence of gap junctions between neurons and [93]glial cells was also falsified.^[94][27] Orch-OR predicted that microtubule coherence reaches the synapses through dendritic lamellar bodies (DLBs), but De Zeeuw et al. proved this impossible^[95][28] by showing that DLBs are micrometers away from gap junctions.^[96][29] In 2014, Hameroff and Penrose claimed that the discovery of quantum vibrations in microtubules by Anirban Bandyopadhyay of the [97]National Institute for Materials Science in Japan in March 2013^[98][30] corroborates Orch-OR theory.^[99][14]^[100][31] Although these theories are stated in a scientific framework, it is difficult to separate them from scientists' personal opinions. The opinions are often based on intuition or subjective ideas about the nature of consciousness. For example, Penrose wrote:^[101][32] [M]y own point of view asserts that you can't even simulate conscious activity. What's going on in conscious thinking is something you couldn't properly imitate at all by computer.... If something behaves as though it's conscious, do you say it is conscious? People argue endlessly about that. Some people would say, "Well, you've got to take the operational viewpoint; we don't know what consciousness is. How do you judge whether a person is conscious or not? Only by the way they act. You apply the same criterion to a computer or a computer-controlled robot." Other people would say, "No, you can't say it feels something merely because it behaves as though it feels something." My view is different from both those views. The robot wouldn't even behave convincingly as though it was conscious unless it really was—which I say it couldn't be, if it's entirely computationally controlled. Penrose continues:^[102][33] A lot of what the brain does you could do on a computer. I'm not saying that all the brain's action is completely different from what you do on a computer. I am claiming that the actions of consciousness are something different. I'm not saying that consciousness is beyond physics, either—although I'm saying that it's beyond the physics we know now.... My claim is that there has to be something in physics that we don't yet understand, which is very important, and which is of a noncomputational character. It's not specific to our brains; it's out there, in the physical world. But it usually plays a totally insignificant role. It would have to be in the bridge between quantum and classical levels of behavior—that is, where quantum measurement comes in. [103]W. Daniel Hillis responded: "Penrose has committed the classical mistake of putting humans at the center of the universe. His argument is essentially that he can't imagine how the mind could be as complicated as it is without having some magic elixir brought in from some new principle of physics, so therefore it must involve that. It's a failure of Penrose's imagination.... It's true that there are unexplainable, uncomputable things, but there's no reason whatsoever to believe that the complex behavior we see in humans is in any way related to uncomputable, unexplainable things."^[104][33] Lawrence Krauss is also blunt in criticizing Penrose's ideas. He has said: "Roger Penrose has given lots of new-age crackpots ammunition by suggesting that at some fundamental scale, quantum mechanics might be relevant for consciousness. When you hear the term 'quantum consciousness', you should be suspicious.... Many people are dubious that Penrose's suggestions are reasonable, because the brain is not an isolated quantum-mechanical system."^[105][2] Umezawa, Vitiello, Freeman [106]Hiroomi Umezawa and collaborators proposed a quantum field theory of memory storage.^[107][34]^[108][35] Giuseppe Vitiello and [109]Walter Freeman proposed a dialog model of the mind. This dialog takes place between the classical and the quantum parts of the brain.^[110][36]^[111][37]^[112][38] Their quantum field theory models of [113]brain dynamics are fundamentally different from the Penrose–Hameroff theory. Pribram, Bohm, Kak [114]Karl Pribram's [115]holonomic brain theory (quantum holography) invoked quantum mechanics to explain higher-order processing by the mind.^[116][39]^[117][40] He argued that his holonomic model solved the [118]binding problem.^[119][41] Pribram collaborated with Bohm in his work on quantum approaches to mind and he provided evidence on how much of the processing in the brain was done in wholes.^[120][42] He proposed that ordered water at [121]dendritic membrane surfaces might operate by structuring Bose–Einstein condensation supporting quantum dynamics.^[122][43] Stapp [123]Henry Stapp proposed that quantum waves are reduced only when they interact with consciousness. He argues from the orthodox quantum mechanics of [124]John von Neumann^[[125]clarify] that the quantum state collapses when the observer selects one among the alternative quantum possibilities as a basis for future action. The collapse, therefore, takes place in the expectation that the observer associated with the state. Stapp's work drew criticism from scientists such as David Bourget and Danko Georgiev.^[126][44] Georgiev^[127][45]^[128][46]^[129][47] criticized Stapp's model in two respects: * Stapp's mind does not have its own [130]wavefunction or [131]density matrix, but nevertheless can act upon the brain using [132]projection operators. Such usage is not compatible with standard quantum mechanics because one can attach any number of ghostly minds to any point in space that act upon physical quantum systems with any projection operators. Stapp's model therefore negates "the prevailing principles of physics".^[133][45] * Stapp's claim that [134]quantum Zeno effect is robust against environmental decoherence directly contradicts a basic theorem in [135]quantum information theory: that acting with projection operators upon the density matrix of a quantum system can only increase the system's [136]von Neumann entropy.^[137][45]^[138][46] Stapp has responded to both of Georgiev's objections.^[[139]specify]^[140][48]^[141][49] David Pearce British philosopher [142]David Pearce defends what he calls physicalistic idealism ("the non-materialist physicalist claim that reality is fundamentally experiential and that the natural world is exhaustively described by the equations of physics and their solutions") and has conjectured that unitary conscious minds are physical states of [143]quantum coherence (neuronal superpositions).^[144][50]^[145][51]^[146][52]^[147][53] This conjecture is, according to Pearce, amenable to falsification, unlike most theories of consciousness, and Pearce has outlined an experimental protocol describing how the hypothesis could be tested using [148]matter-wave interferometry to detect [149]nonclassical interference patterns of [150]neuronal superpositions at the onset of [151]thermal decoherence.^[152][54] Pearce admits that his ideas are "highly speculative", "counterintuitive", and "incredible".^[153][52] Criticism These hypotheses of the quantum mind remain hypothetical speculation, as Penrose and Pearce admit in their discussions. Until they make a prediction that is tested by experimentation, the hypotheses aren't based on empirical evidence. According to Krauss, "It is true that quantum mechanics is extremely strange, and on extremely small scales for short times, all sorts of weird things happen. And in fact, we can make weird quantum phenomena happen. But what quantum mechanics doesn't change about the universe is, if you want to change things, you still have to do something. You can't change the world by thinking about it."^[154][2] The process of testing the hypotheses with experiments is fraught with conceptual/theoretical, practical, and ethical problems. Conceptual problems The idea that a quantum effect is necessary for consciousness to function is still in the realm of philosophy. Penrose proposes that it is necessary, but other theories of consciousness do not indicate that it is needed. For example, [155]Daniel Dennett proposed a theory called [156]multiple drafts model, which doesn't indicate that quantum effects are needed, in his 1991 book [157]Consciousness Explained.^[158][55] A philosophical argument on either side isn't scientific proof, although philosophical analysis can indicate key differences in the types of models and show what type of experimental differences might be observed. But since there isn't a clear consensus among philosophers, it isn't conceptual support that a quantum mind theory is needed. There are computers that are specifically designed to compute using quantum-mechanical effects. [159]Quantum computing is [160]computing using [161]quantum-mechanical [162]phenomena, such as [163]superposition and [164]entanglement.^[165][56] They are different from [166]binary [167]digital electronic computers based on [168]transistors. Whereas common digital computing requires that the data be encoded into binary digits ([169]bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses [170]quantum bits, which can be in [171]superpositions of states. One of the greatest challenges is controlling or removing [172]quantum decoherence. This usually means isolating the system from its environment, as interactions with the external world cause the system to decohere. Some quantum computers require their qubits to be cooled to 20 millikelvins in order to prevent significant decoherence.^[173][57] As a result, time-consuming tasks may render some quantum algorithms inoperable, as maintaining the state of qubits long enough eventually corrupts the superpositions.^[174][58] There aren't any obvious analogies between the functioning of quantum computers and the human brain. Some hypothetical models of quantum mind have proposed mechanisms for maintaining quantum coherence in the brain, but they have not been shown to operate. [175]Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon often invoked for quantum mind models. This effect occurs when pairs or groups of [176]particles interact so that the [177]quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the other(s), even when the particles are separated by a large distance. Instead, a quantum state has to be described for the whole system. [178]Measurements of physical properties such as [179]position, [180]momentum, [181]spin, and [182]polarization, performed on entangled particles are found to be [183]correlated. If one particle is measured, the same property of the other particle immediately adjusts to maintain the conservation of the physical phenomenon. According to the formalism of quantum theory, the effect of measurement happens instantly, no matter how far apart the particles are.^[184][59]^[185][60] It is not possible to use this effect to transmit classical information at faster-than-light speeds^[186][61] (see [187]Faster-than-light § Quantum mechanics). Entanglement is broken when the entangled particles [188]decohere through interaction with the environment—for example, when a measurement is made^[189][62] or the particles undergo random collisions or interactions. According to Pearce, "In neuronal networks, ion–ion scattering, ion–water collisions, and long-range Coulomb interactions from nearby ions all contribute to rapid decoherence times; but thermally induced decoherence is even harder experimentally to control than collisional decoherence." He anticipated that quantum effects would have to be measured in femtoseconds, a trillion times faster than the rate at which neurons function (milliseconds).^[190][54] Another possible conceptual approach is to use quantum mechanics as an analogy to understand a different field of study like consciousness, without expecting that the laws of quantum physics will apply. An example of this approach is the idea of [191]Schrödinger's cat. [192]Erwin Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create entanglement of a large-scale system by making it dependent on an elementary particle in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's survival depended on the state of a [193]radioactive atom—whether it had decayed and emitted radiation. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat is both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.^[194][63] But since Schrödinger's time, physicists have given other [195]interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.^[196][64]^[197][65] Schrödinger's famous [198]thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" In the same way, one can ask whether the act of making a decision is analogous to having a superposition of states of two decision outcomes, so that making a decision means "opening the box" to reduce the brain from a combination of states to one state. This analogy about decision-making uses a formalism derived from quantum mechanics, but doesn't indicate the actual mechanism by which the decision is made. In this way, the idea is similar to [199]quantum cognition. This field clearly distinguishes itself from the quantum mind, as it is not reliant on the hypothesis that there is something micro-physical quantum-mechanical about the brain. Quantum cognition is based on the quantum-like paradigm,^[200][66]^[201][67] generalized quantum paradigm,^[202][68] or quantum structure paradigm^[203][69] that information processing by complex systems such as the brain can be mathematically described in the framework of quantum information and quantum probability theory. This model uses quantum mechanics only as an analogy, but doesn't propose that quantum mechanics is the physical mechanism by which it operates. For example, quantum cognition proposes that some decisions can be analyzed as if there is interference between two alternatives, but it is not a physical quantum interference effect. Practical problems The demonstration of a quantum-mind effect by experiment is necessary. Is there a way to show that consciousness is impossible without a quantum effect? Can a sufficiently complex digital, non-quantum computer be shown to be incapable of consciousness? Perhaps a quantum computer will show that quantum effects are needed. In any case, complex computers that are either digital or quantum computers may be built. These could demonstrate which type of computer is capable of conscious, intentional thought. But they don't exist yet, and no experimental test has been demonstrated. Quantum mechanics is a mathematical model that can provide some extremely accurate numerical predictions. [204]Richard Feynman called quantum electrodynamics, based on the quantum-mechanics formalism, "the jewel of physics" for its [205]extremely accurate predictions of quantities like the [206]anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the [207]Lamb shift of the [208]energy levels of [209]hydrogen.^[210][70]^: Ch. 1  So it is not impossible that the model could provide an accurate prediction about consciousness that would confirm that a quantum effect is involved. If the mind depends on quantum mechanical effects, the true proof is to find an experiment that provides a calculation that can be compared to experimental measurement. It has to show a measurable difference between a classical computation result in a brain and one that involves quantum effects. The main theoretical argument against the quantum-mind hypothesis is the assertion that quantum states in the brain would lose coherency before they reached a scale where they could be useful for neural processing. This supposition was elaborated by [211]Max Tegmark. His calculations indicate that quantum systems in the brain decohere at sub-picosecond timescales.^[212][71]^[213][72] No response by a brain has shown computational results or reactions on this fast of a timescale. Typical reactions are on the order of milliseconds, trillions of times longer than sub-picosecond timescales.^[214][73] Daniel Dennett uses an experimental result in support of his [215]multiple drafts model of [216]an optical illusion that happens on a time scale of less than a second or so. In this experiment, two different-colored lights, with an angular separation of a few degrees at the eye, are flashed in succession. If the interval between the flashes is less than a second or so, the first light that is flashed appears to move across to the position of the second light. Furthermore, the light seems to change color as it moves across the visual field. A green light will appear to turn red as it seems to move across to the position of a red light. Dennett asks how we could see the light change color before the second light is observed.^[217][55] Velmans argues that the [218]cutaneous rabbit illusion, another illusion that happens in about a second, demonstrates that there is a delay while modelling occurs in the brain and that this delay was discovered by [219]Libet.^[220][74] These slow illusions that happen at times of less than a second don't support a proposal that the brain functions on the picosecond time scale. According to David Pearce, a demonstration of picosecond effects is "the fiendishly hard part – feasible in principle, but an experimental challenge still beyond the reach of contemporary molecular matter-wave interferometry. [...] The conjecture predicts that we'll discover the interference signature of sub-femtosecond macro-superpositions."^[221][54] Penrose says:^[222][33] The problem with trying to use quantum mechanics in the action of the brain is that if it were a matter of quantum nerve signals, these nerve signals would disturb the rest of the material in the brain, to the extent that the quantum coherence would get lost very quickly. You couldn't even attempt to build a quantum computer out of ordinary nerve signals, because they're just too big and in an environment that's too disorganized. Ordinary nerve signals have to be treated classically. But if you go down to the level of the microtubules, then there's an extremely good chance that you can get quantum-level activity inside them. For my picture, I need this quantum-level activity in the microtubules; the activity has to be a large-scale thing that goes not just from one microtubule to the next but from one nerve cell to the next, across large areas of the brain. We need some kind of coherent activity of a quantum nature which is weakly coupled to the computational activity that Hameroff argues is taking place along the microtubules. There are various avenues of attack. One is directly on the physics, on quantum theory, and there are certain experiments that people are beginning to perform, and various schemes for a modification of quantum mechanics. I don't think the experiments are sensitive enough yet to test many of these specific ideas. One could imagine experiments that might test these things, but they'd be very hard to perform. A demonstration of a quantum effect in the brain has to explain this problem or explain why it is not relevant, or that the brain somehow circumvents the problem of the loss of quantum coherency at body temperature. As Penrose proposes, it may require a new type of physical theory. Ethical problems According to Lawrence Krauss, "You should be wary whenever you hear something like 'Quantum mechanics connects you with the universe' ... or 'quantum mechanics unifies you with everything else'. You can begin to be skeptical that the speaker is somehow trying to use quantum mechanics to argue fundamentally that you can change the world by thinking about it."^[223][2] A subjective feeling is not sufficient to make this determination. Humans don't have a reliable subjective feeling for how we do a lot of functions. According to Daniel Dennett, "On this topic, Everybody's an expert... but they think that they have a particular personal authority about the nature of their own conscious experiences that can trump any hypothesis they find unacceptable."^[224][75] Since humans are the only animals that can verbally communicate their conscious experience, performing experiments to demonstrate quantum effects in consciousness requires experimentation on a living human brain.^[[225]citation needed] This is not automatically excluded or impossible, but it seriously limits the kinds of experiments that can be done. Studies of the ethics of brain studies are being actively solicited^[226][76] by the [227]BRAIN Initiative, a U.S. Federal Government funded effort to document the connections of neurons in the brain. An ethically objectionable practice by proponents of quantum mind theories involves the practice of using quantum-mechanical terms in an effort to make the argument sound more impressive, even when they know that those terms are irrelevant. Dale DeBakcsy notes that "trendy parapsychologists, academic relativists, and even the [228]Dalai Lama have all taken their turn at robbing modern physics of a few well-sounding phrases and stretching them far beyond their original scope in order to add scientific weight to various pet theories".^[229][77] At the very least, these proponents must make a clear statement about whether quantum formalism is being used as an analogy or as an actual physical mechanism, and what evidence they are using for support. An ethical statement by a researcher should specify what kind of relationship their hypothesis has to the physical laws. Misleading statements of this type have been given by, for example, [230]Deepak Chopra. Chopra has commonly referred to topics such as [231]quantum healing or quantum effects of consciousness. Seeing the human body as being undergirded by a "quantum-mechanical body" composed not of matter but of energy and information, he believes that "human aging is fluid and changeable; it can speed up, slow down, stop for a time, and even reverse itself", as determined by one's state of mind.^[232][78] [233]Robert Carroll states that Chopra attempts to integrate [234]Ayurveda with quantum mechanics to justify his teachings.^[235][79] Chopra argues that what he calls "quantum healing" cures any manner of ailments, including cancer, through effects that he claims are literally based on the same principles as quantum mechanics.^[236][80] This has led physicists to object to his use of the term quantum in reference to medical conditions and the human body.^[237][80] Chopra said: "I think quantum theory has a lot of things to say about the [238]observer effect, about non-locality, about correlations. So I think there’s a school of physicists who believe that consciousness has to be equated, or at least brought into the equation, in understanding quantum mechanics."^[239][81] On the other hand, he also claims that "[quantum effects are] just a metaphor. Just like an electron or a photon is an indivisible unit of information and energy, a thought is an indivisible unit of consciousness."^[240][81] In his book Quantum Healing, Chopra stated the conclusion that [241]quantum entanglement links everything in the Universe, and therefore it must create consciousness.^[242][82] In either case, the references to the word "quantum" don't mean what a physicist would claim, and arguments that use the word "quantum" shouldn't be taken as scientifically proven. Chris Carter includes statements in his book Science and Psychic Phenomena^[243][83] of quotes from quantum physicists in support of psychic phenomena. In a review of the book, Benjamin Radford wrote that Carter used such references to "quantum physics, which he knows nothing about and which he (and people like Deepak Chopra) love to cite and reference because it sounds mysterious and paranormal.... Real, actual physicists I've spoken to break out laughing at this crap.... If Carter wishes to posit that quantum physics provides a plausible mechanism for psi, then it is his responsibility to show that, and he clearly fails to do so."^[244][84] Sharon Hill has studied amateur paranormal research groups, and these groups like to use "vague and confusing language: ghosts 'use energy', are made up of 'magnetic fields', or are associated with a 'quantum state'".^[245][85]^[246][86] Statements like these about quantum mechanics indicate a temptation to misinterpret technical, mathematical terms like entanglement in terms of mystical feelings. This approach can be interpreted as a kind of [247]scientism, using the language and authority of science when the scientific concepts don't apply. Perhaps the final question is, what difference does it make if quantum effects are involved in computations in the brain? It is already known that quantum mechanics plays a role in the brain since quantum mechanics determines the shapes and properties of molecules like [248]neurotransmitters and [249]proteins, and these molecules affect how the brain works. This is the reason that drugs such as [250]morphine affect consciousness. As Daniel Dennett said, "quantum effects are there in your car, your watch, and your computer. But most things — most macroscopic objects — are, as it were, oblivious to quantum effects. They don't amplify them; they don't hinge on them."^[251][33] Lawrence Krauss said: "We're also connected to the universe by gravity, and we're connected to the planets by gravity. But that doesn't mean that astrology is true.... Often, people who are trying to sell whatever it is they're trying to sell try to justify it on the basis of science. Everyone knows quantum mechanics is weird, so why not use that to justify it? ... I don't know how many times I've heard people say, 'Oh, I love quantum mechanics because I'm really into meditation, or I love the spiritual benefits that it brings me.' But quantum mechanics, for better or worse, doesn't bring any more spiritual benefits than gravity does."^[252][2] See also * [253]Artificial consciousness * [254]Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics * [255]Coincidence detection in neurobiology * [256]Electromagnetic theories of consciousness * [257]Evolutionary neuroscience * [258]Many-minds interpretation * [259]Hameroff-Penrose Orchestrated Objective Reduction * [260]Hard problem of consciousness * [261]Holonomic brain theory * [262]Mechanism (philosophy) * [263]Quantum cognition * [264]Quantum neural network References 1. [265]"Quantum Approaches to Consciousness". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. May 19, 2011 [First published Tue Nov 30, 2004]. Boyle, Alan. [266]"How to Spot Quantum Quackery". NBC News Science News. Retrieved 8 Mar 2018. [267]Dyson, Freeman (2004). Infinite in All Directions: Gifford Lectures Given at Aberdeen, Scotland April–November 1985 (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. p. 297. [268]ISBN [269]0060728892. [270]Searle, John R. (1997). [271]The Mystery of Consciousness (1st ed.). New York: New York Review of Books. pp. [272]53–88. [273]ISBN [274]9780940322066. [275]Stenger, Victor. [276]The Myth of Quantum Consciousness (PDF). The Humanist. 53, No. 3 (May–June 1992). pp. 13–15. Stephen P. Stich; Ted A. Warfield (15 April 2008). [277]The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind. Blackwell Philosophy Guides. John Wiley & Sons. p. 126. [278]ISBN [279]9780470998755. [280]David J. Chalmers (1995). [281]"Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 2 (3): 200–219. Chalmers, David J. (1997). The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory (Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. [282]ISBN [283]978-0-19-511789-9. [284]Bohm, David (2002). Wholeness and the Implicate Order (Online-Ausg. ed.). Hoboken: Routledge. [285]ISBN [286]0203995155. Piaget, Jean (1997). Jean Piaget: selected works. (The Origin of Intelligence in the Child) (Repr. ed.). London: Routledge. [287]ISBN [288]9780415168861. Wade, Jenny (1996). Changes of Mind: A Holonomic Theory of the Evolution of Consciousness. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press. [289]ISBN [290]9780791428498. Paavo Pylkkänen. [291]"Can quantum analogies help us to understand the process of thought?" (PDF). Mind & Matter. 12 (1): 61–91 [75]. [292]"Discovery of quantum vibrations in 'microtubules' inside brain neurons supports controversial theory of consciousness". ScienceDaily. 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2017-12-28. [293]"Discovery of Quantum Vibrations in "Microtubules" Inside Brain Neurons Corroborates Controversial 20-Year-Old Theory of Consciousness". Elsevier. 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2017-12-28. Penrose, Roger (1989). [294]The Emperor's New Mind. New York, NY: Penguin Books. [295]ISBN [296]0-14-01-4534-6. Gödel, Kurt (1992). On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems (Reprint ed.). New York: Dover Publications. [297]ISBN [298]0486669807. Bringsjord, S. and Xiao, H. 2000. [299]A Refutation of Penrose's Gödelian Case Against Artificial Intelligence. [300]Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. Penrose, Roger (1999). [301]The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics (New ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. [302]ISBN [303]0192861980. Penrose, Roger (1995). [304]Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness (Repr. (with corrections) ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. [305]ISBN [306]0198539789. [307]Hameroff, Stuart (2008). [308]"That's life! The geometry of π electron resonance clouds" (PDF). In Abbott, D.; Davies, P.; Pati, A. (eds.). Quantum aspects of life. World Scientific. pp. 403–434. Retrieved Jan 21, 2010. Roger Penrose & Stuart Hameroff (2011). [309]"Consciousness in the Universe: Neuroscience, Quantum Space-Time Geometry and Orch OR Theory". Journal of Cosmology. 14. Archived from [310]the original on February 7, 2014. Reimers, Jeffrey R.; McKemmish, Laura K.; McKenzie, Ross H.; Mark, Alan E.; Hush, Noel S. (17 March 2009). [311]"Weak, strong, and coherent regimes of Fröhlich condensation and their applications to terahertz medicine and quantum consciousness". PNAS. 106 (11): 4219–4224. [312]Bibcode:[313]2009PNAS..106.4219R. [314]doi:[315]10.1073/pnas.0806273106. [316]PMC [317]2657444. [318]PMID [319]19251667. Khoshbin-e-Khoshnazar M. R. (2007). "Achilles' Heels of the 'Orch OR' Model". NeuroQuantology. 5 (1): 182–185. [320]doi:[321]10.14704/nq.2007.5.1.123. Maurits van den Noort, Sabina Lim, Peggy Bosch (2016-10-28). [322]"Towards a theory of everything: The observer's unconscious brain". Nature. 538 (7623): 36–37. [323]Bibcode:[324]2016Natur.538...36D. [325]doi:[326]10.1038/538036a. Kikkawa, M., Ishikawa, T., Nakata, T., Wakabayashi, T., Hirokawa, N. (1994). [327]"Direct visualization of the microtubule lattice seam both in vitro and in vivo". Journal of Cell Biology. 127 (6): 1965–1971. [328]doi:[329]10.1083/jcb.127.6.1965. [330]PMC [331]2120284. [332]PMID [333]7806574. Kikkawa, M., Metlagel, Z. (2006). [334]"A molecular 'zipper' for microtubules". Cell. 127 (7): 1302–1304. [335]doi:[336]10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.009. [337]PMID [338]17190594. [339]S2CID [340]31980600. F. J. Binmöller & C. M. Müller (1992). "Postnatal development of dye-coupling among astrocytes in rat visual cortex". Glia. 6 (2): 127–137. [341]doi:[342]10.1002/glia.440060207. [343]PMID [344]1328051. [345]S2CID [346]548862. De Zeeuw, C. I., Hertzberg, E. L., Mugnaini, E. (1995). [347]"The dendritic lamellar body: A new neuronal organelle putatively associated with dendrodentritic gap junctions". Journal of Neuroscience. 15 (2): 1587–1604. [348]doi:[349]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01587.1995. [350]PMC [351]6577840. [352]PMID [353]7869120. Hameroff S. (2013-08-12). "Consciousness, the brain, and spacetime geometry". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 929 (1): 74–104. [354]Bibcode:[355]2001NYASA.929...74H. [356]doi:[357]10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05709.x. [358]PMID [359]11349432. [360]S2CID [361]12399940. Sahu S., Ghosh S., Ghosh B., Aswani K., Hirata K., Fujita D., Bandyopadhyay A. (2014-05-14). [362]"Atomic water channel controlling remarkable properties of a single brain microtubule: correlating single protein to its supramolecular assembly". Biosens Bioelectron. 47: 141–148. [363]doi:[364]10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.050. [365]PMID [366]23567633. Osborne, Hannah (2014-01-16). [367]"Quantum Vibrations in Brain Opens 'Pandora's Box' of Theories of Consciousness". Yahoo News UK. Retrieved 2014-08-04. Daniel, Dennett. [368]"Edge Conversation Chapter 10: Intuition Pumps, and response by Roger Penrose". Edge.com. Retrieved 20 Feb 2018. Penrose, Roger. [369]"Edge Conversation Chapter 14: Consciousness Involves Noncomputable Ingredients". Edge.com. Retrieved 20 Feb 2018. Ricciardi L. M.; Umezawa H. (1967). "Brain physics and many-body problems". Kibernetik. 4 (2): 44–48. [370]doi:[371]10.1007/BF00292170. [372]PMID [373]5617419. [374]S2CID [375]29289582. Ricciardi L. M.; Umezawa H. (2004) [1967]. Gordon G. G.; Pribram K. H.; Vitiello G. (eds.). "Brain physics and many-body problems". Brain and Being. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publ Co.: 255–266. G. Vitiello, My Double Unveiled. John Benjamins, 2001. Freeman W.; Vitiello G. (2006). "Nonlinear brain dynamics as macroscopic manifestation of underlying many-body dynamics". Physics of Life Reviews. 3 (2): 93–118. [376]arXiv:[377]q-bio/0511037. [378]Bibcode:[379]2006PhLRv...3...93F. [380]doi:[381]10.1016/j.plrev.2006.02.001. [382]S2CID [383]11011930. Atmanspacher H. (2006), [384]"Quantum Approaches to Consciousness", Quantum Approaches to Consciousness. A critical survey article in Stanford Univ. Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University Pribram K. H. (1999). "Quantum holography: Is it relevant to brain function?". Information Sciences. 115 (1–4): 97–102. [385]doi:[386]10.1016/s0020-0255(98)10082-8. Pribram K. H. (2004). "Consciousness Reassessed". Mind and Matter. 2: 7–35. Pribram, K. (1999) Status Report: Quantum Holography and the Braln. Acta Polyiechnica Scandinavica: Emergence Complexity, Hierarchy, Organization, Vol. 2, pp. 33–60. Pribram, K. H. Holography, holonomy and brain function. Elsevier's Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 1999. Jibu M.; Pribrm K. H.; Yasue K. (1996). "From conscious experience to memory storage and retrieval: The role of quantum brain dynamics and boson condensation of evanescent photons". International Journal of Modern Physics B. 10 (13n14): 1735–1754. [387]Bibcode:[388]1996IJMPB..10.1735J. [389]doi:[390]10.1142/s0217979296000805. Bourget, D. (2004). "Quantum Leaps in Philosophy of Mind: A Critique of Stapp's Theory". [391]Journal of Consciousness Studies. 11 (12): 17–42. Georgiev, D. (2012). "Mind efforts, quantum Zeno effect and environmental decoherence". [392]NeuroQuantology. 10 (3): 374–388. [393]doi:[394]10.14704/nq.2012.10.3.552. Georgiev, D. (2015). "Monte Carlo simulation of quantum Zeno effect in the brain". [395]International Journal of Modern Physics B. 29 (7): 1550039. [396]arXiv:[397]1412.4741. [398]Bibcode:[399]2015IJMPB..2950039G. [400]doi:[401]10.1142/S0217979215500393. [402]S2CID [403]118390522. Georgiev, Danko D. (2017). [404]Quantum Information and Consciousness: A Gentle Introduction. Boca Raton: CRC Press. [405]ISBN [406]9781138104488. [407]OCLC [408]1003273264. Henry P. Stapp (December 2012). [409]"Reply to a Critic: 'Mind Efforts, Quantum Zeno Effect and Environmental Decoherence'". NeuroQuantology. 10 (4): 601–605. Archived from [410]the original on 2018-11-06. Stapp, Henry (2015). "Reply to Georgiev: No-Go for Georgiev's No-Go Theorem". NeuroQuantology. 13 (2). [411]doi:[412]10.14704/nq.2015.13.2.851. Pearce, David. [413]"Non-Materialist Physicalism: An experimentally testable conjecture". Retrieved 15 Feb 2018. Pearce, David. [414]"Quantum computing: the first 540 million years: Abstract of talk given at Tucson conference 'Toward a Science of Consciousness' (2010)". Retrieved 18 Feb 2018. Pearce, David. [415]"The Binding Problem of Consciousness". YouTube.com. Pearce, David. [416]"Schrödinger's Neurons: David Pearce at the '2016 Science of Consciousness' conference in Tucson". YouTube.com. Retrieved 18 Feb 2018. Pearce, David. [417]"Non-Materialist Physicalism: An experimentally testable conjecture, Section 6". Retrieved 15 Feb 2018. Dennett, Daniel, C. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Little, Brown & Co. [418]Gershenfeld, Neil; [419]Chuang, Isaac L. (June 1998). [420]"Quantum Computing with Molecules" (PDF). [421]Scientific American. 278 (6): 66–71. [422]Bibcode:[423]1998SciAm.278f..66G. [424]doi:[425]10.1038/scientificamerican0698-66. Jones, Nicola (19 June 2013). [426]"Computing: The quantum company". Nature. 498 (7454): 286–288. [427]Bibcode:[428]2013Natur.498..286J. [429]doi:[430]10.1038/498286a. [431]PMID [432]23783610. Amy, Matthew; Matteo, Olivia; Gheorghiu, Vlad; Mosca, Michele; Parent, Alex; Schanck, John (November 30, 2016). "Estimating the cost of generic quantum pre-image attacks on SHA-2 and SHA-3". [433]arXiv:[434]1603.09383 [[435]quant-ph]. Matson, John (13 August 2012). [436]"Quantum teleportation achieved over record distances". Nature. [437]doi:[438]10.1038/nature.2012.11163. [439]S2CID [440]124852641. Griffiths, David J. (2004), Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.), Prentice Hall, [441]ISBN [442]0-13-111892-7. [443]Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, London, 2004, p. 603. Asher Peres, [444]Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods, Kluwer, 1993; [445]ISBN [446]0-7923-2549-4 p. 115. [447]Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)". [448]Naturwissenschaften (in German). 23 (48): 807–812. [449]Bibcode:[450]1935NW.....23..807S. [451]doi:[452]10.1007/BF01491891. [453]S2CID [454]206795705. Polkinghorne, J. C. (1985). [455]The Quantum World. Princeton University Press. p. 67. [456]ISBN [457]0691023883. [458]Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Tetlow, Philip (2012). [459]Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science. Gower Publishing, Ltd. p. 321. [460]ISBN [461]978-1409440406. [462]Archived from the original on 2015-05-19. Khrennikov, A (2006). ""Quantum-like brain: "Interference of minds". Biosystems. 84 (3): 225–241. [463]doi:[464]10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.11.005. [465]PMID [466]16427733. Khrennikov, A. Information Dynamics in Cognitive, Psychological, Social, and Anomalous Phenomena (Fundamental Theories of Physics) (Volume 138), Kluwer, 2004. Atmanspacher, H.; Römer, H.; Walach, H. (2002). "Weak quantum theory: Complementarity and entanglement in physics and beyond". Foundations of Physics. 32 (3): 379–406. [467]doi:[468]10.1023/a:1014809312397. [469]S2CID [470]118583726. Aerts, D.; Aerts, S. (1994). "Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes". Foundations of Science. 1: 85–97. [471]doi:[472]10.1007/BF00208726. [473]Feynman, Richard (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton University Press. [474]ISBN [475]978-0-691-12575-6. Tegmark, M. (2000). "Importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes". Physical Review E. 61 (4): 4194–4206. [476]arXiv:[477]quant-ph/9907009. [478]Bibcode:[479]2000PhRvE..61.4194T. [480]doi:[481]10.1103/PhysRevE.61.4194. [482]PMID [483]11088215. [484]S2CID [485]17140058. Charles Seife (4 February 2000). "Cold Numbers Unmake the Quantum Mind". Science. 287 (5454): 791. [486]doi:[487]10.1126/science.287.5454.791. [488]PMID [489]10691548. [490]S2CID [491]33761196. Yuhas, Daisy (May 24, 2012). [492]"Speedy Science: How fast can you react?". Scientific American. Retrieved 18 Feb 2018. Velmans, M. (1992). "Is Consciousness Integrated?". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 15 (2): 229–230. [493]doi:[494]10.1017/s0140525x00068473. (Commentary on Dennett & Kinsbourne "Time and the observer", BBS, 1992, 15(2): 183–201.) Dennett, Daniel (Feb 2017). From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton and Company. [495]ISBN [496]978-0393242072. BRAIN Initiative. [497]"BRAIN Initiative: Research on the Ethical Implications of Advancements in Neurotechnology and Brain Science (R01)". Retrieved 4 Feb 2018. DeBakcsy, Dale (May 2014). "Stop Heisenberg Abuse!: Three Outrageous Misappropriations of Quantum Physics". Skeptical Inquirer. 38 (3): 40–43. Chopra, Deepak (1997). [498]Ageless Body, Timeless Mind: The Quantum Alternative to Growing Old. Random House. p. [499]6. [500]ISBN [501]9780679774495. [502]Carroll, Robert Todd (May 19, 2013), [503]"Deepak Chopra", [504]The Skeptic's Dictionary. [505]Park, Robert L. (September 1, 2005). [506]"Chapter 9: Voodoo medicine in a scientific world". In Ashman, Keith; Barringer, Phillip (eds.). After the Science Wars: Science and the Study of Science. Routledge. pp. 137–. [507]ISBN [508]978-1-134-61618-3. Chopra, Deepak (2013-06-19). [509]"Richard Dawkins Plays God: The Video (Updated)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 Mar 2018. O'Neill, Ian (May 26, 2011). [510]"Does Quantum Theory Explain Consciousness?". Discovery News. Discovery Communications, LLC. Retrieved August 11, 2014. Carter, Chris (2012). Science and Psychic Phenomena: The Fall of the House of Skeptics. Inner Traditions Press. [511]ISBN [512]978-1594774515. Radford, Benjamin (Mar 2014). "The House of Skeptics Serves Psi (and Crow)". Skeptical Inquirer. 37 (2): 60–62. Hill, Sharon (Mar 2012). [513]"Amateur Paranormal Research and Investigation Groups Doing 'Sciencey' Things". Skeptical Inquirer. 36 (2): 38–41. 86. Hill, Sharon. [514]"Scientifical Americans: Paranormal Researchers and the Public Understanding of Science". YouTube.com. Retrieved 17 Feb 2018. Further reading * Flanagan, Brian J. (2003). [515]"Are perceptual fields quantum fields?". NeuroQuantology. 1 (3): 334–364. [516]doi:[517]10.14704/nq.2003.1.3.20. * Georgiev, Danko D. (2017). [518]Quantum Information and Consciousness: A Gentle Introduction. Boca Raton: CRC Press. [519]ISBN [520]9781138104488. [521]OCLC [522]1003273264. * Hodgson, David (1993). [523]The Mind Matters: Consciousness and Choice in a Quantum World. Clarendon Press. [524]ISBN [525]978-0-19-824068-6. * Koch, Christof; Hepp, Klaus (2006). [526]"Quantum mechanics in the brain". Nature. 440 (7084): 611–612. [527]Bibcode:[528]2006Natur.440..611K. [529]doi:[530]10.1038/440611a. [531]PMID [532]16572152. [533]S2CID [534]5085015. * Litt, Abninder; Eliasmith, Chris; Kroon, Frederick W.; Weinstein, Steven; Thagard, Paul (2006). [535]"Is the brain a quantum computer?" (PDF). Cognitive Science. 30 (3): 593–603. [536]doi:[537]10.1207/s15516709cog0000_59. [538]PMID [539]21702826. * [540]Lockwood, Michael (1995). [541]Mind, Brain, and the Quantum: The Compound 'I'. Basil Blackwell. * [542]McFadden, Johnjoe (2000) [543]Quantum Evolution HarperCollins. [544]ISBN [545]0-00-255948-X; [546]ISBN [547]0-00-655128-9 . Final chapter on the quantum mind. * Rosenblum, Bruce; Kuttner, Fred (2011). [548]Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. [549]ISBN [550]9780199753819. * [551]Schrödinger, Erwin (2012). [552]What is Life?: With Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches (PDF). Canto Classics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [553]ISBN [554]978-1107604667. * [555]Weyl, Hermann (1934). [556]Mind and Nature. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. * [557]Wigner, Eugene P. (1970). "Physics and the explanation of life". Foundations of Physics. 1 (1): 35–45. [558]Bibcode:[559]1970FoPh....1...35W. [560]doi:[561]10.1007/bf00708653. [562]S2CID [563]121081834. * Khoshbin-e-Khoshnazar, M.R. (2020). [564]"From Dark Energy of The Very Early Universe To Dim Energy of The Mind". NeuroQuantology. 8 (7): 26–34. [565]doi:[566]10.14704/nq.2003.1.3.20. }} External links * [567]Center for Consciousness Studies, directed by [568]Stuart Hameroff * [569]PhilPapers on Philosophy of Mind, edited by David Bourget and [570]David Chalmers * [571]Quantum Approaches to Consciousness, entry in [572]Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy * [573]Quantum-Mind, founded by Simon Raggett References 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Quantum_Approaches_to_Consciousness-1 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanical 6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition 8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mysticism 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience 10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics) 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Krauss-2 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#History 14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Approaches 15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Bohm 16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Penrose_and_Hameroff 17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Umezawa,_Vitiello,_Freeman 18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Pribram,_Bohm,_Kak 19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Stapp 20. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#David_Pearce 21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Criticism 22. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Conceptual_problems 23. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Practical_problems 24. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Ethical_problems 25. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#See_also 26. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#References 27. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#Further_reading 28. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#External_links 29. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner 30. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse 31. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson 32. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-3 33. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-4 34. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Stenger 35. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-5 36. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers 37. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics 38. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_dualism 39. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Chalmers2003-6 40. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness 41. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Chalmers1995-7 42. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Chalmers1997-8 43. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm 44. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics 45. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity 46. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Bohm1980-9 47. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicate_order 48. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicate_order 49. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget 50. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Piaget1956-10 51. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky 52. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Bohm1980-9 53. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram 54. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory 55. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-11 56. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavo_Pylkkänen 57. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_thinking 58. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-12 59. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction 60. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose 61. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthesiologist 62. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff 63. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction 64. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-13 65. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-elsevier-14 66. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel's_incompleteness_theorems 67. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor's_New_Mind 68. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Emperor-15 69. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Godel2012-16 70. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivocation 71. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-17 72. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Emperor-15 73. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse 74. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_length 75. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-emperornewmind-18 76. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime 77. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-emperornewmind-18 78. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule 79. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-19 80. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubulin 81. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_dimer 82. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic 83. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Π_electrons 84. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole 85. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Hameroff_2007-20 86. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_condensate 87. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penrose-Hameroff2011-21 88. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-22 89. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-23 90. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-24 91. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Kikkawa1994-25 92. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Kikkawa2006-26 93. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglia 94. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Binmoller1992-27 95. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-DeZeeuw1995-28 96. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-29 97. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Materials_Science 98. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-30 99. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-elsevier-14 100. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-31 101. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-32 102. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penroseedge-33 103. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Daniel_Hillis 104. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penroseedge-33 105. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Krauss-2 106. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroomi_Umezawa 107. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-34 108. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-35 109. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Jackson_Freeman_III 110. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-36 111. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-37 112. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-38 113. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_brain_dynamics 114. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram 115. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory 116. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-39 117. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-40 118. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_problem 119. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-41 120. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-42 121. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite 122. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-43 123. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Stapp 124. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann 125. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify 126. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Bourget-44 127. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Georgiev2012-45 128. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Georgiev2015-46 129. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Georgiev2017-47 130. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefunction 131. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix 132. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(linear_algebra) 133. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Georgiev2012-45 134. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Zeno_effect 135. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information_theory 136. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_entropy 137. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Georgiev2012-45 138. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Georgiev2015-46 139. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources 140. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-48 141. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-49 142. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher) 143. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_coherence 144. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-50 145. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-51 146. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Pearcevideo-52 147. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-53 148. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometry 149. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_interference 150. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition 151. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence 152. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Pearce-54 153. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Pearcevideo-52 154. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Krauss-2 155. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett 156. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drafts_model 157. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness_Explained 158. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-dennett1-55 159. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computing 160. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation 161. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics 162. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomena 163. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition 164. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement 165. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-56 166. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number 167. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronic_computer 168. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor 169. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit 170. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit 171. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition 172. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence 173. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-57 174. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-58 175. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement 176. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle 177. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_state 178. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement#Quantum_mechanics 179. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_(vector) 180. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum 181. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics) 182. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves) 183. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation 184. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-59 185. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Griffiths2004-60 186. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-61 187. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light#Quantum_mechanics 188. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence 189. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Peres1993-62 190. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Pearce-54 191. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrödinger's_cat 192. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schrödinger 193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay 194. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Schrodinger1935-63 195. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics 196. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Polkinghorne-64 197. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Tetlow-65 198. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_experiment 199. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cognition 200. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-66 201. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-67 202. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-68 203. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-69 204. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman 205. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_tests_of_QED 206. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_magnetic_moment 207. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_shift 208. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_level 209. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen 210. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-feynbook-70 211. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Tegmark 212. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Tegmark2000-71 213. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Seife-72 214. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-73 215. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_drafts_model 216. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_phi_phenomenon 217. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-dennett1-55 218. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_rabbit_illusion 219. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Libet 220. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-vel-74 221. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Pearce-54 222. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penroseedge-33 223. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Krauss-2 224. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-75 225. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed 226. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-76 227. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAIN_Initiative 228. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalai_Lama 229. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-77 230. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Chopra 231. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_healing 232. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-ageless-78 233. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll 234. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda 235. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-skepdic-web-79 236. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-AshmanBarringer2005-80 237. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-AshmanBarringer2005-80 238. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics) 239. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-dawkins1-81 240. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-dawkins1-81 241. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement 242. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-dnews-82 243. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-83 244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-84 245. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-85 246. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-86 247. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism 248. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitters 249. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins 250. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine 251. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Penroseedge-33 252. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind#cite_note-Krauss-2 253. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness 254. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohm_interpretation 255. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincidence_detection_in_neurobiology 256. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_theories_of_consciousness 257. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience 258. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-minds_interpretation 259. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orch-OR 260. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness 261. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory 262. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_(philosophy) 263. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cognition 264. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_neural_network 265. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/ 266. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/how-spot-quantum-quackery-6c10403763 267. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson 268. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 269. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060728892 270. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle 271. https://archive.org/details/mysteryconscious00sear 272. https://archive.org/details/mysteryconscious00sear/page/n69 273. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780940322066 275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_J_Stenger 276. http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Quantum/QuantumConsciousness.pdf 277. https://books.google.com/books?id=NEGK_ZStddkC&q=dualistic+consciousness&pg=PA126 278. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 279. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470998755 280. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers 281. http://consc.net/papers/facing.html 282. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 283. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511789-9 284. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm 285. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 286. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203995155 287. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 288. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415168861 289. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 290. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791428498 291. http://philpapers.org/archive/PYLCQA.1.pdf 292. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140116085105.htm 293. http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/discovery-of-quantum-vibrations-in-microtubules-inside-brain-neurons-corroborates-controversial-20-year-old-theory-of-consciousness 294. https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmind00roge 295. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 296. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-01-4534-6 297. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 298. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486669807 299. http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/refute.penrose.pdf 300. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_and_Theoretical_Artificial_Intelligence 301. https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewmindc1999penr 302. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 303. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192861980 304. https://archive.org/details/shadowsofmindsea00penr_0 305. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 306. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198539789 307. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff 308. http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/documents/Hameroff_received-1-05-07.pdf 309. https://web.archive.org/web/20140207124412/http://journalofcosmology.com/Consciousness160.html 310. http://journalofcosmology.com/Consciousness160.html 311. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657444 312. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 313. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.4219R 314. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 315. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806273106 316. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier) 317. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657444 318. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 319. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19251667 320. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 321. https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2007.5.1.123 322. https://doi.org/10.1038/538036a 323. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 324. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.538...36D 325. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 326. https://doi.org/10.1038/538036a 327. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120284 328. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 329. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.127.6.1965 330. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier) 331. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2120284 332. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 333. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7806574 334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.009 335. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.009 337. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 338. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17190594 339. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 340. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31980600 341. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 342. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.440060207 343. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 344. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1328051 345. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 346. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:548862 347. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6577840 348. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 349. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-02-01587.1995 350. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier) 351. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6577840 352. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 353. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7869120 354. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 355. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NYASA.929...74H 356. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05709.x 358. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 359. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11349432 360. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 361. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12399940 362. https://zenodo.org/record/889377 363. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.050 365. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 366. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23567633 367. https://uk.news.yahoo.com/quantum-vibrations-brain-opens-39-pandora-39-box-160301481.html 368. https://www.edge.org/conversation/daniel_c_dennett-chapter-10-intuition-pumps 369. https://www.edge.org/conversation/roger_penrose-chapter-14-consciousness-involves-noncomputable-ingredients 370. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 371. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292170 372. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 373. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5617419 374. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 375. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29289582 376. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) 377. https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0511037 378. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 379. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhLRv...3...93F 380. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2006.02.001 382. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 383. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11011930 384. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness 385. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 386. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-0255(98)10082-8 387. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 388. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IJMPB..10.1735J 389. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 390. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217979296000805 391. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Consciousness_Studies 392. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeuroQuantology 393. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 394. https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2012.10.3.552 395. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Modern_Physics_B 396. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) 397. https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.4741 398. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 399. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJMPB..2950039G 400. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 401. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217979215500393 402. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 403. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118390522 404. https://books.google.com/books?id=OtRBDwAAQBAJ 405. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 406. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138104488 407. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) 408. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003273264 409. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106202859/https://www.neuroquantology.com/index.php/journal/article/viewFile/619/548 410. https://www.neuroquantology.com/index.php/journal/article/viewFile/619/548 411. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 412. https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2015.13.2.851 413. https://www.physicalism.com/ 414. https://www.hedweb.com/philsoph/quantum-computer.html 415. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xizbtklciA 416. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N6j1pHiEA4 417. https://www.physicalism.com/#6 418. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gershenfeld 419. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_L._Chuang 420. http://cba.mit.edu/docs/papers/98.06.sciqc.pdf 421. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American 422. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 423. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SciAm.278f..66G 424. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 425. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0698-66 426. https://doi.org/10.1038/498286a 427. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 428. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.498..286J 429. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 430. https://doi.org/10.1038/498286a 431. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 432. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23783610 433. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) 434. https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.09383 435. https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph 436. http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-teleportation-achieved-over-record-distances-1.11163 437. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 438. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2012.11163 439. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 440. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124852641 441. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 442. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-111892-7 443. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose 444. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Theory:_Concepts_and_Methods 445. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 446. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-2549-4 447. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schrödinger 448. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturwissenschaften 449. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 450. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935NW.....23..807S 451. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 452. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01491891 453. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 454. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206795705 455. https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&q="schrodinger's+cat"+"alive+dead&pg=PA67 456. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 457. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691023883 458. https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq="schrodinger's+cat"+"alive+dead 459. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&q="alive+and+dead"&pg=PA321 460. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 461. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409440406 462. https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq="alive+and+dead" 463. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.11.005 465. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 466. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16427733 467. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 468. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014809312397 469. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 470. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118583726 471. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 472. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208726 473. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman 474. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 475. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12575-6 476. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) 477. https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9907009 478. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 479. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvE..61.4194T 480. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 481. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.61.4194 482. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 483. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11088215 484. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 485. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17140058 486. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 487. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5454.791 488. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 489. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10691548 490. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 491. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33761196 492. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bring-science-home-reaction-time/ 493. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 494. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00068473 495. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 496. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393242072 497. https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-MH-17-260.html 498. https://archive.org/details/agelessbodytimel0000chop 499. https://archive.org/details/agelessbodytimel0000chop/page/6 500. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 501. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679774495 502. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll 503. http://www.skepdic.com/chopra.html 504. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic's_Dictionary 505. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Park 506. https://books.google.com/books?id=XImEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 507. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 508. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-61618-3 509. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/deepak-chopra/richard-dawkins-plays-god_b_3467484.html 510. http://news.discovery.com/space/does-quantum-theory-explain-consciousness-110526.htm 511. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 512. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594774515 513. https://www.csicop.org/si/show/amateur_paranormal_research_and_investigation_groups_doing_sciencey_things 514. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hgmTl12isA 515. http://wordassociation1.net/FieldWork.html 516. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 517. https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2003.1.3.20 518. https://books.google.com/books?id=OtRBDwAAQBAJ 519. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 520. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138104488 521. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier) 522. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003273264 523. https://books.google.com/books?id=wrvAQgAACAAJ 524. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 525. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824068-6 526. https://doi.org/10.1038/440611a 527. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 528. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..611K 529. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 530. https://doi.org/10.1038/440611a 531. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 532. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16572152 533. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 534. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5085015 535. http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~celiasmi/Papers/litt et al.2006.quantum brain.cogsci.pdf 536. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 537. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_59 538. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier) 539. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702826 540. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lockwood_(philosopher) 541. https://books.google.com/books?id=wUducgAACAAJ 542. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnjoe_McFadden 543. http://www.surrey.ac.uk/qe/quantumevolution.htm 544. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 545. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255948-X 546. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 547. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-655128-9 548. http://quantumenigma.com/ 549. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 550. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199753819 551. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schrödinger 552. https://archive.org/download/WhatIsLife_201708/What is Life.pdf 553. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) 554. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107604667 555. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl 556. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sw_WcQAACAAJ 557. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Wigner 558. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) 559. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970FoPh....1...35W 560. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 561. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00708653 562. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) 563. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121081834 564. https://neuroquantology.com/ 565. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) 566. https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2003.1.3.20 567. http://consciousness.arizona.edu/ 568. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff 569. https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mind 570. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers 571. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-consciousness/ 572. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy 573. http://www.quantum-mind.co.uk/