Manifestos: Ted Kaczynski: Man Of His Own Principles, Dead At 81
grarpamp
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Sun Jun 11 14:21:04 PDT 2023
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Society_and_Its_Future
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unabomber_Manifesto
Ted Kaczynski authored Industrial Society and Its Future, a
35,000-word manifesto and social critique opposing industrialization,
rejecting leftism, and advocating for a nature-centered form of
anarchism.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski
Ted Kaczynski
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"Unabomber" redirects here. For other uses, see Unabomber (disambiguation).
Ted Kaczynski 2 (cropped).jpg
Kaczynski after his arrest in 1996
Born
Theodore John Kaczynski
May 22, 1942
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died June 10, 2023 (aged 81)
FMC Butner, Durham County, North Carolina, U.S.
Other names Unabomber, FC
Education
Harvard University (BA)
University of Michigan (MA, PhD)
Occupation Mathematician
Notable work Industrial Society and Its Future (1995)
Relatives David Kaczynski (brother)
Conviction(s) 10 counts of transportation, mailing, and use of bombs;
three counts of first-degree murder
Criminal penalty 8 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole
Details
Span of crimes
1978–1995
Killed 3
Injured 23
Date apprehended
April 3, 1996
Scientific career
Fields Complex analysis
Institutions
University of Michigan
University of California, Berkeley
Thesis Boundary Functions (1967)
Doctoral advisor Allen Shields
Signature
Theodore Kaczynski signature.svg
Theodore John Kaczynski (/kəˈzɪnski/ kə-ZIN-skee; May 22, 1942 – June
10, 2023), also known as the Unabomber (/ˈjuːnəbɒmər/), was an
American mathematician and domestic terrorist.[1][2] He was a
mathematics prodigy, but abandoned his academic career in 1969 to
pursue a primitive lifestyle. Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski
murdered three individuals and injured 23 others in a nationwide mail
bombing campaign against people he believed to be advancing modern
technology and the destruction of the natural environment. He authored
Industrial Society and Its Future, a 35,000-word manifesto and social
critique opposing industrialization, rejecting leftism, and advocating
for a nature-centered form of anarchism.[3]
In 1971, Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or
running water near Lincoln, Montana, where he lived as a recluse while
learning survival skills to become self-sufficient. After witnessing
the destruction of the wilderness surrounding his cabin, he concluded
that living in nature was becoming impossible and resolved to fight
industrialization and its destruction of nature through terrorism. In
1979, Kaczynski became the subject of what was, by the time of his
arrest, the longest and most expensive investigation in the history of
the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The FBI used the case
identifier UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber) before his identity
was known, resulting in the media naming him the "Unabomber".
In 1995, Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times promising to
"desist from terrorism" if the Times or The Washington Post published
his manifesto, in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but
necessary in attracting attention to the erosion of human freedom and
dignity by modern technologies that require mass organization.[4] The
FBI and U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno pushed for the publication of
the essay, which appeared in The Washington Post in September 1995.
Upon reading it, Kaczynski's brother, David, recognized the prose
style and reported his suspicions to the FBI. After his arrest in
1996, Kaczynski—maintaining that he was sane—tried and failed to
dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wished him to plead
insanity to avoid the death penalty. He pleaded guilty to all charges
in 1998 and was sentenced to eight consecutive life terms in prison
without the possibility of parole. Kaczynski died in prison of a
reported suicide on June 10, 2023.[5]
Early life
Childhood
Photograph of Kaczynski's birth certificates and drivers licenses
Kaczynski's birth certificate and several of his driver's licenses
Theodore John Kaczynski was born in Chicago on May 22, 1942, to
working-class parents Wanda Theresa (née Dombek) and Theodore Richard
Kaczynski, a sausage maker.[6] The two were Polish Americans who were
raised as Roman Catholics but later became atheists.[7] They married
on April 11, 1939.[7]
>From first to fourth grade (ages six to nine), Kaczynski attended
Sherman Elementary School in Chicago, where administrators described
him as healthy and well-adjusted.[8] In 1952, three years after David
was born, the family moved to suburban Evergreen Park, Illinois, and
Ted transferred to Evergreen Park Central Junior High School. After
testing scored his IQ at 167,[9] he skipped the sixth grade. Kaczynski
later described this as a pivotal event: previously he had socialized
with his peers and was even a leader, but after skipping ahead of them
he felt he did not fit in with the older children, who bullied
him.[10]
Neighbors in Evergreen Park later described the Kaczynski family as
"civic-minded folks," one recalling the parents "sacrificed everything
they had for their children."[7] Both Ted and David were intelligent,
but Ted exceptionally so. Neighbors described him as a smart but
lonely individual.[7][11]
High school
Photograph of Kaczynski in high school with three boys and a girl
Kaczynski (bottom right) with other merit scholarship finalists from
his high school
Kaczynski attended Evergreen Park Community High School, where he
excelled academically. He played the trombone in the marching band and
was a member of the mathematics, biology, coin, and German
clubs.[12][13] In 1996, a former classmate said: "He was never really
seen as a person, as an individual personality ... He was always
regarded as a walking brain, so to speak."[7] During this period,
Kaczynski became intensely interested in mathematics, spending hours
studying and solving advanced problems. He became associated with a
group of like-minded boys interested in science and mathematics, known
as the "briefcase boys" for their habit of carrying briefcases.[13]
Throughout high school, Kaczynski was ahead of his classmates
academically. Placed in a more advanced mathematics class, he soon
mastered the material. He skipped the eleventh grade, and by attending
summer school, he graduated at age 15. Kaczynski was one of his
school's five National Merit finalists and was encouraged to apply to
Harvard University.[12] While still at age 15, he was accepted to
Harvard and entered the university on a scholarship in 1958 at age
16.[14] A classmate later said Kaczynski was emotionally unprepared:
"They packed him up and sent him to Harvard before he was ready ... He
didn't even have a driver's license."[7]
Harvard University
Kaczynski's diplomas from Harvard University and the University of Michigan
During his first year at Harvard, Kaczynski lived at 8 Prescott
Street, which was intended to provide a small, intimate living space
for the youngest, most precocious incoming students. For the following
three years, he lived at Eliot House. His housemates and other
students at Harvard described Kaczynski as a very intelligent but
socially reserved person.[15] Kaczynski earned his Bachelor of Arts
degree in mathematics from Harvard in 1962, finishing with a GPA of
3.12.[16][17][18]
Psychological study
In his second year at Harvard, Kaczynski participated in a study
described by author Alston Chase as a "purposely brutalizing
psychological experiment" led by Harvard psychologist Henry Murray.
Subjects were told they would debate personal philosophy with a fellow
student and were asked to write essays detailing their personal
beliefs and aspirations. The essays were given to an anonymous
individual who would confront and belittle the subject in what Murray
himself called "vehement, sweeping, and personally abusive" attacks,
using the content of the essays as ammunition.[19] Electrodes
monitored the subject's physiological reactions. These encounters were
filmed, and subjects' expressions of anger and rage were later played
back to them repeatedly.[19] The experiment lasted three years, with
someone verbally abusing and humiliating Kaczynski each week.[20][21]
Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study.[22]
Kaczynski's lawyers later attributed his hostility towards mind
control techniques to his participation in Murray's study.[19] During
the Second World War, Murray worked with the Office of Strategic
Services, a U.S. intelligence agency often referred to as the
predecessor to the CIA, where he conducted psychological
experiments.[23] Some sources have suggested that Murray's experiments
were part of Project MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's
program of research into mind control.[24][25] Chase and others have
also suggested that this experience may have motivated Kaczynski's
criminal activities.[26][27] Kaczynski stated he resented Murray and
his co-workers, primarily because of the invasion of his privacy he
perceived as a result of their experiments. Nevertheless, he said he
was "quite confident that [his] experiences with Professor Murray had
no significant effect on the course of [his] life."[28]
Mathematics career
A man in a suit faces the camera while he stands in front of a building.
Kaczynski as an assistant professor at UC Berkeley in 1968
In 1962, Kaczynski enrolled at the University of Michigan, where he
earned his master's and doctoral degrees in mathematics in 1964 and
1967, respectively. Michigan was not his first choice for postgraduate
education; he had applied to the University of California, Berkeley,
and the University of Chicago, both of which accepted him but offered
him no teaching position or financial aid. Michigan offered him an
annual grant of $2,310 (equivalent to $22,348 in 2022) and a teaching
post.[18]
At Michigan, Kaczynski specialized in complex analysis, specifically
geometric function theory. Professor Peter Duren said of Kaczynski,
"He was an unusual person. He was not like the other graduate
students. He was much more focused about his work. He had a drive to
discover mathematical truth." George Piranian, another of his Michigan
mathematics professors, said, "It is not enough to say he was
smart."[29] Professor Allen Shields wrote about Kaczynski in a grade
evaluation that he was the "best man I have seen."[30] Kaczynski
received 1 F, 5 Bs and 12 As in his 18 courses at the university. In
2006, he said he had unpleasant memories of Michigan and felt the
university had low standards for grading, as evidenced by his
relatively high grades.[18]
For a period of several weeks in 1966, Kaczynski experienced intense
sexual fantasies of being female and decided to undergo gender
transition. He arranged to meet with a psychiatrist, but changed his
mind in the waiting room and did not disclose his reason for making
the appointment. Afterwards, enraged, he considered killing the
psychiatrist and other people whom he hated. Kaczynski described this
episode as a "major turning point" in his life:[31][32][33] "I felt
disgusted about what my uncontrolled sexual cravings had almost led me
to do. And I felt humiliated, and I violently hated the psychiatrist.
Just then there came a major turning point in my life. Like a Phoenix,
I burst from the ashes of my despair to a glorious new hope."[32]
In 1967, Kaczynski's dissertation Boundary Functions[34] won the
Sumner B. Myers Prize for Michigan's best mathematics dissertation of
the year.[7] Allen Shields, his doctoral advisor, called it "the best
I have ever directed,"[18] and Maxwell Reade, a member of his
dissertation committee, said, "I would guess that maybe 10 or 12 men
in the country understood or appreciated it."[7][29]
In late 1967, the 25-year-old Kaczynski became an acting assistant
professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught
mathematics. By September 1968, Kaczynski was appointed as an
assistant professor, a sign that he was on track for tenure.[7] His
teaching evaluations suggest he was not well-liked by his students: he
seemed uncomfortable teaching, taught straight from the textbook and
refused to answer questions.[7] Without any explanation, Kaczynski
resigned on June 30, 1969.[34] In a 1970 letter written by the
chairman of the mathematics department, John W. Addison Jr., to
Kaczynski's doctoral advisor Shields, Addison referred to the
resignation as "quite out of the blue,"[35][36] and, markedly, added
that "Kaczynski seemed almost pathologically shy," and that as far as
he knew Kaczynski made no close friends in the department, furthermore
noting that efforts to bring him more into the 'swing of things' had
failed.[37][38]
In 1996, reporters for the Los Angeles Times interviewed
mathematicians about Kaczynski's work and concluded that Kaczynski's
subfield effectively ceased to exist after the 1960s as most of its
conjectures were proven. According to mathematician Donald Rung, if
Kaczynski had continued to work in mathematics he "probably would have
gone on to some other area".[34]
Life in Montana
Photograph of Kaczynski's Bible
Bible belonging to Kaczynski, found in his cabin
After resigning from Berkeley, Kaczynski moved to his parents' home in
Lombard, Illinois. Two years later, in 1971, he moved to a remote
cabin he had built outside Lincoln, Montana, where he could live a
simple life with little money and without electricity or running
water,[39] working odd jobs and receiving significant financial
support from his family.[7]
Kaczynski's cabin, photographed in 1996
Kaczynski's original goal was to become self-sufficient so he could
live autonomously. He used an old bicycle to get to town, and a
volunteer at the local library said he visited frequently to read
classic works in their original languages. Other Lincoln residents
said later that such a lifestyle was not unusual in the area.[40]
Kaczynski's cabin was described by a census taker in the 1990 census
as containing a bed, two chairs, storage trunks, a gas stove, and lots
of books.[12]
Starting in 1975, Kaczynski performed acts of sabotage including arson
and booby trapping against developments near to his cabin.[41] He also
dedicated himself to reading about sociology and political philosophy,
including the works of Jacques Ellul.[19] Kaczynski's brother David
later stated that Ellul's book The Technological Society "became Ted's
Bible".[42] Kaczynski recounted in 1998, "When I read the book for the
first time, I was delighted, because I thought, 'Here is someone who
is saying what I have already been thinking.'"[19]
In an interview after his arrest, Kaczynski recalled being shocked on
a hike to one of his favorite wild spots:[43]
It's kind of rolling country, not flat, and when you get to the
edge of it you find these ravines that cut very steeply in to
cliff-like drop-offs and there was even a waterfall there. It was
about a two days' hike from my cabin. That was the best spot until the
summer of 1983. That summer there were too many people around my cabin
so I decided I needed some peace. I went back to the plateau and when
I got there I found they had put a road right through the middle of it
... You just can't imagine how upset I was. It was from that point on
I decided that, rather than trying to acquire further wilderness
skills, I would work on getting back at the system. Revenge.
Kaczynski was visited multiple times in Montana by his father, who was
impressed by Ted's wilderness skills. Kaczynski's father was diagnosed
with terminal lung cancer in 1990 and held a family meeting without
Kaczynski later that year to map out their future.[12] On October 2,
1990, Kaczynski's father shot and killed himself in his home.[44]
Bombings
Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski mailed or hand-delivered a series of
increasingly sophisticated bombs that cumulatively killed three people
and injured 23 others. Sixteen bombs were attributed to Kaczynski.
While the bombing devices varied widely through the years, many
contained the initials "FC", which Kaczynski later said stood for
"Freedom Club",[45] inscribed on parts inside. He purposely left
misleading clues in the devices and took extreme care in preparing
them to avoid leaving fingerprints; fingerprints found on some of the
devices did not match those found on letters attributed to
Kaczynski.[46][a]
Bombings carried out by Kaczynski[47][48] Date State Location
Detonation Victim(s) Occupation of victim(s) Injuries
May 25, 1978 Illinois Northwestern University Yes Terry Marker
University police officer Minor cuts and burns
May 9, 1979 Yes John Harris Graduate student Minor cuts and burns
November 15, 1979 American Airlines Flight 444 from Chicago to
Washington, D.C. (explosion occurred midflight) Yes Twelve
passengers Multiple Non-lethal smoke inhalation
June 10, 1980 Lake Forest Yes Percy Wood President of United
Airlines Severe cuts and burns over most of body and face
October 8, 1981 Utah University of Utah Bomb defused — — —
May 5, 1982 Tennessee Vanderbilt University Yes Janet Smith
University secretary Severe burns to hands; shrapnel wounds to body
July 2, 1982 California University of California, Berkeley Yes
Diogenes Angelakos Engineering professor Severe burns and shrapnel
wounds to hand and face
May 15, 1985 Yes John Hauser Graduate student Loss of four fingers
and severed artery in right arm; partial loss of vision in left eye
June 13, 1985 Washington The Boeing Company in Auburn Bomb defused — — —
November 15, 1985 Michigan University of Michigan Yes James V.
McConnell Psychology professor Temporary hearing loss
Yes Nicklaus Suino Research assistant Burns and shrapnel wounds
December 11, 1985 California Sacramento Yes Hugh Scrutton
Computer store owner Death
February 20, 1987 Utah Salt Lake City Yes Gary Wright Computer
store owner Severe nerve damage to left arm
June 22, 1993 California Tiburon Yes Charles Epstein Geneticist
Severe damage to both eardrums with partial hearing loss, loss of
three fingers
June 24, 1993 Connecticut Yale University Yes David Gelernter
Computer science professor Severe burns and shrapnel wounds, damage
to right eye, loss of use of right hand
December 10, 1994 New Jersey North Caldwell Yes Thomas J. Mosser
Advertising executive at Burson-Marsteller Death
April 24, 1995 California Sacramento Yes Gilbert Brent Murray
Timber industry lobbyist Death
Initial bombings
Kaczynski's first mail bomb was directed at Buckley Crist, a professor
of materials engineering at Northwestern University. On May 25, 1978,
a package bearing Crist's return address was found in a parking lot at
the University of Illinois at Chicago. The package was "returned" to
Crist, who was suspicious because he had not sent it, so he contacted
campus police. Officer Terry Marker opened the package, which exploded
and caused minor injuries.[49] Kaczynski had returned to Chicago for
the May 1978 bombing and stayed there for a time to work with his
father and brother at a foam rubber factory. In August 1978, his
brother fired him for writing insulting limericks about a female
supervisor Ted had courted briefly.[50][51] The supervisor later
recalled Kaczynski as intelligent and quiet, but remembered little of
their acquaintanceship and firmly denied they had had any romantic
relationship.[52] Kaczynski's second bomb was sent nearly one year
after the first one, again to Northwestern University. The bomb,
concealed inside a cigar box and left on a table, caused minor
injuries to graduate student John Harris when he opened it.[49]
Driver's license photo of Kaczynski from 1978, around the time the
first bombs were mailed
FBI involvement
In 1979, a bomb was placed in the cargo hold of American Airlines
Flight 444, a Boeing 727 flying from Chicago to Washington, D.C. A
faulty timing mechanism prevented the bomb from exploding, but it
released smoke, which caused the pilots to carry out an emergency
landing. Authorities said it had enough power to "obliterate the
plane" had it exploded.[49] Kaczynski sent his next bomb to the
president of United Airlines, Percy Wood. Wood received cuts and burns
over most of his body.[53]
Kaczynski left false clues in most bombs, which he intentionally made
hard to find to make them appear more legitimate. Clues included metal
plates stamped with the initials "FC" hidden somewhere (usually in the
pipe end cap) in bombs, a note left in a bomb that did not detonate
reading "Wu—It works! I told you it would—RV," and the Eugene O'Neill
one-dollar stamps often used as postage on his boxes.[46][54][55] He
sent one bomb embedded in a copy of Sloan Wilson's novel Ice
Brothers.[49] The FBI theorized that Kaczynski's crimes involved a
theme of nature, trees and wood. He often included bits of a tree
branch and bark in his bombs; his selected targets included Percy Wood
and Leroy Wood. The crime writer Robert Graysmith noted his "obsession
with wood" was "a large factor" in the bombings.[56]
Later bombings
A bomb with wires in a wooden box
An FBI reproduction of one of Kaczynski's bombs, once on display at
the now-defunct Newseum in Washington, D.C.
In 1981, a package bearing the return address of a Brigham Young
University professor of electrical engineering, LeRoy Wood Bearnson,
was discovered in a hallway at the University of Utah. It was brought
to the campus police, and was defused by a bomb squad.[57][49] In May
of the following year, a bomb was sent to Patrick C. Fischer, a
professor of computer science at Vanderbilt University. When Fischer's
secretary, Janet Smith, opened the package it exploded, and Smith
received injuries to her face and arms.[49][58]
Kaczynski's next two bombs targeted people at the University of
California, Berkeley. The first, in July 1982, caused serious injuries
to engineering professor Diogenes Angelakos.[49] Nearly three years
later, in May 1985, John Hauser, a graduate student and captain in the
United States Air Force, lost four fingers and the vision in one
eye.[59] Kaczynski handcrafted the bomb from wooden parts.[60] A bomb
sent to the Boeing Company in Auburn, Washington, was defused by a
bomb squad the following month.[59] In November 1985, professor James
V. McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino were both severely
injured after Suino opened a mail bomb addressed to McConnell.[59]
In late 1985, a nail-and-splinter-loaded bomb in the parking lot of a
computer store in Sacramento, California, killed 38-year-old owner of
the store, Hugh Scrutton. On February 20, 1987, a bomb disguised as a
piece of lumber injured Gary Wright in the parking lot of a computer
store in Salt Lake City, Utah; nerves in Wright's left arm were
severed, and at least 200 pieces of shrapnel entered his body.
Kaczynski was spotted while planting the Salt Lake City bomb. This led
to a widely distributed sketch of the suspect as a hooded man with a
mustache and aviator sunglasses.[61][62]
In 1993, after a six-year break, Kaczynski mailed a bomb to the home
of Charles Epstein from the University of California, San Francisco.
Epstein lost several fingers upon opening the package. In the same
weekend, Kaczynski mailed a bomb to David Gelernter, a computer
science professor at Yale University. Gelernter lost sight in one eye,
hearing in one ear, and a portion of his right hand.[63]
In 1994, Burson-Marsteller executive Thomas J. Mosser was killed after
opening a mail bomb sent to his home in New Jersey. In a letter to The
New York Times, Kaczynski wrote he had sent the bomb because of
Mosser's work repairing the public image of Exxon after the Exxon
Valdez oil spill.[64] This was followed by the 1995 murder of Gilbert
Brent Murray, president of the timber industry lobbying group
California Forestry Association, by a mail bomb addressed to previous
president William Dennison, who had retired. Geneticist Phillip Sharp
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology received a threatening
letter shortly afterwards.[63]
Manifesto
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The handwritten draft of Industrial Society and Its Future
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v
t
e
In 1995, Kaczynski mailed several letters to media outlets outlining
his goals and demanding a major newspaper print his 35,000-word essay
Industrial Society and Its Future (dubbed the "Unabomber manifesto" by
the FBI) verbatim.[65][66] He stated he would "desist from terrorism"
if this demand was met.[4][67][68] There was controversy as to whether
the essay should be published, but Attorney General Janet Reno and FBI
Director Louis Freeh recommended its publication out of concern for
public safety and in the hope that a reader could identify the author.
Bob Guccione of Penthouse volunteered to publish it. Kaczynski replied
Penthouse was less "respectable" than The New York Times and The
Washington Post, and said that, "to increase our chances of getting
our stuff published in some 'respectable' periodical", he would
"reserve the right to plant one (and only one) bomb intended to kill,
after our manuscript has been published" if Penthouse published the
document instead of The Times or The Post.[69] The Washington Post
published the essay on September 19, 1995.[70][71]
Kaczynski used a typewriter to write his manuscript, capitalizing
entire words for emphasis, in lieu of italics. He always referred to
himself as either "we" or "FC" ("Freedom Club"), though there is no
evidence that he worked with others. Donald Wayne Foster analyzed the
writing at the request of Kaczynski's defense team in 1996 and noted
that it contained irregular spelling and hyphenation, along with other
linguistic idiosyncrasies. This led him to conclude that Kaczynski was
its author.[72]
Summary
Industrial Society and Its Future begins with Kaczynski's assertion:
"The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster
for the human race."[73][74] He writes that technology has had a
destabilizing effect on society, has made life unfulfilling, and has
caused widespread psychological suffering.[75] Kaczynski argues that
most people spend their time engaged in useless pursuits because of
technological advances; he calls these "surrogate activities", wherein
people strive toward artificial goals, including scientific work,
consumption of entertainment, political activism and following sports
teams.[75] He predicts that further technological advances will lead
to extensive human genetic engineering, and that human beings will be
adjusted to meet the needs of social systems, rather than vice
versa.[75] Kaczynski states that technological progress can be
stopped, in contrast to the viewpoint of people who he says understand
technology's negative effects yet passively accept technology as
inevitable.[76] He calls for a return to primitivist lifestyles.[75]
Kaczynski's critiques of civilization bear some similarities to
anarcho-primitivism, but he rejected and criticized
anarcho-primitivist views.[77][78][79]
Kaczynski argued that the erosion of human freedom is a natural
product of an industrial society because "the system has to regulate
human behavior closely in order to function", and that reform of the
system is impossible as drastic changes to it would not be implemented
because of their disruption of the system.[80] He states that the
system has not yet fully achieved control over all human behavior and
is in the midst of a struggle to gain that control. Kaczynski predicts
that the system will break down if it cannot achieve significant
control, and that it is likely this issue will be decided within the
next 40 to 100 years.[80] He states that the task of those who oppose
industrial society is to promote stress within and upon the society
and to propagate an anti-technology ideology, one that offers the
"counter-ideal" of nature. Kaczynski goes on to say that a revolution
will be possible only when industrial society is sufficiently
unstable.[80]
A significant portion of the document is dedicated to discussing
left-wing politics, with Kaczynski attributing many of society's
issues to leftists.[80] He defines leftists as "mainly socialists,
collectivists, 'politically correct' types, feminists, gay and
disability activists, animal rights activists and the like".[81] He
believes that over-socialization and feelings of inferiority are
primary drivers of leftism,[75] and derides it as "one of the most
widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world".[81]
Kaczynski adds that the type of movement he envisions must be
anti-leftist and refrain from collaboration with leftists, as, in his
view, "leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature, with
human freedom and with the elimination of modern technology".[73]
Although Kaczynski and his manifesto has been embraced by
ecofascists,[82] he rejected fascism,[83] including "the
'ecofascists'", describing ecofascism as 'an aberrant branch of
leftism':[84][85]
The true anti-tech movement rejects every form of racism or
ethnocentrism. This has nothing to do with "tolerance," "diversity,"
"pluralism," "multiculturalism," "equality," or "social justice." The
rejection of racism and ethnocentrism is - purely and simply - a
cardinal point of strategy.[84]
Kaczynski wrote that he considered fascism a "kook ideology" and
Nazism as "evil".[83] Kaczynski never tried to align himself with the
far-right at any point before or after his arrest.[83] He also
criticizes conservatives, describing them as "fools who whine about
the decay of traditional values, yet ... enthusiastically support
technological progress and economic growth"—things he argues have led
to this decay.[81]
Contemporary reception
James Q. Wilson, in a 1998 New York Times Op-Ed, wrote: "If it is the
work of a madman, then the writings of many political
philosophers—Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Paine, Karl Marx—are
scarcely more sane."[86]
"The Unabomber does not like socialization, technology, leftist
political causes or conservative attitudes. Apart from his call for an
(unspecified) revolution, his paper resembles something that a very
good graduate student might have written."[87]
Alston Chase, a fellow alumnus at Harvard University, wrote in 2000
for The Atlantic that "it is true that many believed Kaczynski was
insane because they needed to believe it. But the truly disturbing
aspect of Kaczynski and his ideas is not that they are so foreign but
that they are so familiar." He argued that "We need to see Kaczynski
as exceptional—madman or genius—because the alternative is so much
more frightening."[88]
Other works
University of Michigan–Dearborn philosophy professor David Skrbina
helped to compile Kaczynski's work into the 2010 anthology
Technological Slavery, including the original manifesto, letters
between Skrbina and Kaczynski, and other essays.[89] Kaczynski updated
his 1995 manifesto as Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How to address
advances in computers and the internet. He advocates practicing other
types of protest and makes no mention of violence.[90]
According to a 2021 study, Kaczynski's manifesto "is a synthesis of
ideas from three well-known academics: French philosopher Jacques
Ellul, British zoologist Desmond Morris, and American psychologist
Martin Seligman."[91]
Investigation
FBI poster offering a $1 million reward for information leading to the
Unabomber's capture
FBI poster offering a $1 million reward for information leading to the
Unabomber's capture
Because of the material used to make the mail bombs, U.S. postal
inspectors, who initially had responsibility for the case, labeled the
suspect the "Junkyard Bomber".[92] FBI Inspector Terry D. Turchie was
appointed to run the UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber)
investigation.[93] In 1979, an FBI-led task force that included 125
agents from the FBI, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
(ATF), and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service was formed.[93] The task
force grew to more than 150 full-time personnel, but minute analysis
of recovered components of the bombs and the investigation into the
lives of the victims proved of little use in identifying the suspect,
who built the bombs primarily from scrap materials available almost
anywhere. Investigators later learned that the victims were chosen
indiscriminately from library research.[94]
In 1980, chief agent John Douglas, working with agents in the FBI's
Behavioral Sciences Unit, issued a psychological profile of the
unidentified bomber. It described the offender as a man with
above-average intelligence and connections to academia. This profile
was later refined to characterize the offender as a neo-Luddite
holding an academic degree in the hard sciences, but this
psychologically based profile was discarded in 1983. FBI analysts
developed an alternative theory that concentrated on the physical
evidence in recovered bomb fragments. In this rival profile, the
suspect was characterized as a blue-collar airplane mechanic.[95] The
UNABOMB Task Force set up a toll-free telephone hotline to take calls
related to the investigation, with a $1 million reward for anyone who
could provide information leading to the Unabomber's capture.[96]
Before the publication of Industrial Society and Its Future,
Kaczynski's brother, David, was encouraged by his wife to follow up on
suspicions that Ted was the Unabomber.[97] David was dismissive at
first, but he took the likelihood more seriously after reading the
manifesto a week after it was published in September 1995. He searched
through old family papers and found letters dating to the 1970s that
Ted had sent to newspapers to protest the abuses of technology using
phrasing similar to that in the manifesto.[98]
Before the manifesto's publication, the FBI held many press
conferences asking the public to help identify the Unabomber. They
were convinced that the bomber was from the Chicago area where he
began his bombings, had worked in or had some connection to Salt Lake
City, and by the 1990s had some association with the San Francisco Bay
Area. This geographical information and the wording in excerpts from
the manifesto that were released before the entire text of the
manifesto was published persuaded David's wife to urge him to read
it.[99][100]
After publication
After the manifesto was published, the FBI received thousands of leads
in response to its offer of a reward for information leading to the
identification of the Unabomber.[100] While the FBI reviewed new
leads, Kaczynski's brother David hired private investigator Susan
Swanson in Chicago to investigate Ted's activities discreetly.[101]
David later hired Washington, D.C. attorney Tony Bisceglie to organize
the evidence acquired by Swanson and contact the FBI, given the
presumed difficulty of attracting the FBI's attention. Kaczynski's
family wanted to protect him from the danger of an FBI raid, such as
those at Ruby Ridge or Waco, since they feared a violent outcome from
any attempt by the FBI to contact Kaczynski.[102][103]
In early 1996, an investigator working with Bisceglie contacted former
FBI hostage negotiator and criminal profiler Clinton R. Van Zandt.
Bisceglie asked him to compare the manifesto to typewritten copies of
handwritten letters David had received from his brother. Van Zandt's
initial analysis determined that there was better than a 60 percent
chance that the same person had written the manifesto, which had been
in public circulation for half a year. Van Zandt's second analytical
team determined a higher likelihood. He recommended Bisceglie's client
contact the FBI immediately.[102]
In February 1996, Bisceglie gave a copy of the 1971 essay written by
Ted Kaczynski to Molly Flynn at the FBI.[93] She forwarded the essay
to the San Francisco-based task force. FBI profiler James R.
Fitzgerald[104][105] recognized similarities in the writings using
linguistic analysis and determined that the author of the essays and
the manifesto was almost certainly the same person. Combined with
facts gleaned from the bombings and Kaczynski's life, the analysis
provided the basis for an affidavit signed by Terry Turchie, the head
of the entire investigation, in support of the application for a
search warrant.[93]
David Kaczynski had tried to remain anonymous, but he was soon
identified. Within a few days an FBI agent team was dispatched to
interview David and his wife with their attorney in Washington, D.C.
At this and subsequent meetings, David provided letters written by his
brother in their original envelopes, allowing the FBI task force to
use the postmark dates to add more detail to their timeline of Ted's
activities. David developed a respectful relationship with behavioral
analysis Special Agent Kathleen M. Puckett, whom he met many times in
Washington, D.C., Texas, Chicago, and Schenectady, New York, over the
nearly two months before the federal search warrant was served on
Kaczynski's cabin.[106]
David had once admired and emulated his older brother but had since
left the survivalist lifestyle behind.[107] He had received assurances
from the FBI that he would remain anonymous and that his brother would
not learn who had turned him in, but his identity was leaked to CBS
News in early April 1996. CBS anchorman Dan Rather called FBI director
Louis Freeh, who requested 24 hours before CBS broke the story on the
evening news. The FBI scrambled to finish the search warrant and have
it issued by a federal judge in Montana; afterwards, the FBI conducted
an internal leak investigation, but the source of the leak was never
identified.[107]
FBI officials were not unanimous in identifying Ted as the author of
the manifesto. The search warrant noted that several experts believed
the manifesto had been written by another individual.[46]
Arrest
Photograph of a handcuffed Kaczynski being led from a cabin by a man
Kaczynski's arrest
FBI agents arrested an unkempt Kaczynski at his cabin on April 3,
1996. A search revealed a cache of bomb components, 40,000
hand-written journal pages that included bomb-making experiments,
descriptions of the Unabomber crimes and one live bomb. They also
found what appeared to be the original typed manuscript of Industrial
Society and Its Future.[108][109] By this point, the Unabomber had
been the target of the most expensive investigation in FBI history at
the time.[110][111] A 2000 report by the United States Commission on
the Advancement of Federal Law Enforcement stated that the task force
had spent over $50 million throughout the course of the
investigation.[112]
After his capture, theories emerged naming Kaczynski as the Zodiac
Killer, who murdered five people in Northern California from 1968 to
1969. Among the links that raised suspicion was that Kaczynski lived
in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1967 to 1969 (the same period that
most of the Zodiac's confirmed killings occurred in California), that
both individuals were highly intelligent with an interest in bombs and
codes, and that both wrote letters to newspapers demanding the
publication of their works with the threat of continued violence if
the demand was not met. Additionally, Kaczynski's whereabouts could
not be verified for all of the killings. Since the gun and knife
murders committed by the Zodiac Killer differed from Kaczynski's
bombings, authorities did not pursue him as a suspect. Robert
Graysmith, author of the 1986 book Zodiac, said the similarities are
"fascinating" but purely coincidental.[113]
At one point in 1993 investigators sought an individual whose first
name was "Nathan" because the name was imprinted on the envelope of a
letter sent to the media.[54]
Guilty plea
1996 mugshot of Ted Kaczynski
U.S. Marshals Service mugshot of Kaczynski, 1996
A federal grand jury indicted Kaczynski in June 1996 on ten counts of
illegally transporting, mailing, and using bombs.[114] Kaczynski's
lawyers, headed by Montana federal public defenders Michael Donahoe
and Judy Clarke, attempted to enter an insanity defense to avoid the
death penalty, but Kaczynski rejected this strategy. On January 8,
1998, he asked to dismiss his lawyers and hire Tony Serra as his
counsel; Serra had agreed not to use an insanity defense and instead
promised to base a defense on Kaczynski's anti-technology
views.[115][116][117] After this request was unsuccessful, Kaczynski
tried to kill himself on January 9.[118] Sally Johnson, the
psychiatrist who examined Kaczynski, concluded that he suffered from
paranoid schizophrenia.[119] Forensic psychiatrist Park Dietz said
Kaczynski was not psychotic but had a schizoid or schizotypal
personality disorder.[120] In his 2010 book Technological Slavery,
Kaczynski said that two prison psychologists who visited him
frequently for four years told him they saw no indication that he
suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and the diagnosis was
"ridiculous" and a "political diagnosis".[121] Some contemporary
authors suggested that multiple people, most notably Kaczynski's
brother and mother, purposely spread the image of Kaczynski as
mentally ill with the aim to save him from execution.[122]
On January 21, 1998, Kaczynski was declared competent to stand trial
by federal prison psychiatrist Johnson, "despite the psychiatric
diagnoses".[123] As he was fit to stand trial, prosecutors sought the
death penalty, but Kaczynski avoided that by pleading guilty to all
charges on January 22, 1998, and accepting life imprisonment without
the possibility of parole. He later tried to withdraw this plea,
arguing it was involuntary as he had been coerced to plead guilty by
the judge. Judge Garland Ellis Burrell Jr. denied his request, and the
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld that
decision.[124][125]
In 2006, Burrell ordered that items from Kaczynski's cabin be sold at
a "reasonably advertised Internet auction". Items considered to be
bomb-making materials, such as diagrams and "recipes" for bombs, were
excluded. The net proceeds went towards the $15 million in restitution
Burrell had awarded Kaczynski's victims.[126] Kaczynski's
correspondence and other personal papers were also
auctioned.[127][128][129] Burrell ordered the removal, before sale, of
references in those documents to Kaczynski's victims; Kaczynski
unsuccessfully challenged those redactions as a violation of his
freedom of speech.[130][131][132] The auction ran for two weeks in
2011, and raised over $232,000.[133]
Incarceration and death
Photograph of Kaczynski in prison
Kaczynski in prison (1999)
Almost immediately after being convicted, Kaczynski began serving his
eight life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX
Florence, a supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.[130][134] Early in
his imprisonment, Kaczynski befriended Ramzi Yousef and Timothy
McVeigh, the perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and
the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, respectively. The trio discussed
religion and politics and formed a friendship which lasted until
McVeigh's execution in 2001.[135]
In October 2005, Kaczynski offered to donate two rare books to the
Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies at Northwestern
University's campus in Evanston, Illinois, the location of his first
two attacks. The library rejected the offer on the grounds that it
already had copies of the works.[136] The Labadie Collection, part of
the University of Michigan's Special Collections Library, houses
Kaczynski's correspondence with over 400 people since his arrest,
including replies, legal documents, publications, and
clippings.[137][138] His writings are among the most popular
selections in the University of Michigan's special collections.[89]
The identity of most correspondents will remain sealed until
2049.[137][139] In 2012, Kaczynski responded to the Harvard Alumni
Association's directory inquiry for the fiftieth reunion of the class
of 1962; he listed his occupation as "prisoner" and his eight life
sentences as "awards".[140]
In 2011, it was reported that Kaczynski was a person of interest in
the Chicago Tylenol murders. Kaczynski was willing to provide a DNA
sample to the FBI, but later withheld it as a bargaining chip for his
legal efforts against the FBI's private auction of his confiscated
property.[141]
The U.S. government seized Kaczynski's cabin, which they put on
display at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., until late 2019, when it
was transferred to a nearby FBI museum.[142][143]
On December 14, 2021, the 79-year-old Kaczynski was transferred from
the supermax prison in Florence, Colorado, to the Federal Medical
Center, Butner, North Carolina, for health reasons.[144]
At 12:23 a.m. on June 10, 2023, emergency workers were called to
Kaczynski's cell after he was found unresponsive. He could not be
revived, and was transferred to a hospital, where he was pronounced
dead at the age of 81.[145] His death was publicly announced by the
Federal Bureau of Prisons. Prison officials believe he committed
suicide.[146]
Legacy
Kaczynski has been portrayed in and inspired multiple artistic works
in the realm of popular culture.[147] These include the 1996
television film Unabomber: The True Story,[148] the 2011 play P.O. Box
Unabomber,[149] Manhunt: Unabomber, the 2017 season of the television
series Manhunt[150] and in 2021 the movie Ted K. The moniker
"Unabomber" was also applied to the Italian Unabomber, a terrorist who
conducted attacks similar to Kaczynski's in Italy from 1994 to
2006.[151] Prior to the 1996 United States presidential election, a
campaign called "Unabomber for President" was launched with the goal
of electing Kaczynski as president through write-in votes.[152] He was
portrayed by Sharlto Copley in the 2021 film Ted K.[153][154]
In his book The Age of Spiritual Machines (1999), futurist Ray
Kurzweil quoted a passage from Kaczynski's manifesto Industrial
Society and Its Future.[155] In turn, Kaczynski was referenced by Bill
Joy, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, in the 2000 Wired article "Why
the Future Doesn't Need Us". Joy stated Kaczynski "is clearly a
Luddite, but simply saying this does not dismiss his
argument".[156][157] Professor Jean-Marie Apostolidès has raised
questions surrounding the ethics of spreading Kaczynski's views.[158]
Various radical movements and extremists have been influenced by
Kaczynski.[91] People inspired by Kaczynski's ideas show up in
unexpected places, from nihilist, anarchist and eco-extremist
movements to conservative intellectuals.[45] Anders Behring Breivik,
the far-right perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks,[159] published a
manifesto which copied large portions from Industrial Society and Its
Future, with certain terms substituted (e.g., replacing "leftists"
with "cultural Marxists" and "multiculturalists").[160][161]
Over twenty years after Kaczynski's imprisonment, his views had
inspired an online community of primitivists and neo-Luddites. One
explanation for the renewal of interest in his views is the television
series Manhunt: Unabomber, which aired in 2017.[162] Kaczynski is also
frequently referred to by ecofascists online.[163] Although some
militant fascist and neo-Nazi groups idolize him, Kaczynski described
fascism in his manifesto as a "kook ideology" and Nazism as
"evil".[162]
United States Attorney General Merrick Garland has cited the Unabomber
case as among the most important cases he worked on.[164]
Published works
Mathematical
Kaczynski, Theodore (June–July 1964). "Another Proof of
Wedderburn's Theorem". American Mathematical Monthly. 71 (6): 652–653.
doi:10.2307/2312328. JSTOR 2312328. A proof of Wedderburn's little
theorem in abstract algebra
—— (June–July 1964). "Advanced Problem 5210". American
Mathematical Monthly. 71 (6): 689. doi:10.2307/2312349. JSTOR 2312349.
A challenge problem in abstract algebra
—— (June–July 1965). "Distributivity and (−1)x = −x (Advanced
Problem 5210, with Solution by Bilyeu, R.G.)". American Mathematical
Monthly. 72 (6): 677–678. doi:10.2307/2313887. JSTOR 2313887. Reprint
and solution to "Advanced Problem 5210" (above)
—— (July 1965). "Boundary Functions for Functions Defined in a
Disk". Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics. 14 (4): 589–612.
—— (November 1966). "On a Boundary Property of Continuous
Functions". Michigan Mathematical Journal. 13 (3): 313–320.
doi:10.1307/mmj/1031732782.
—— (1967). Boundary Functions (PDF) (PhD). University of Michigan.
Kaczynski's doctoral dissertation. Complete dissertation available for
purchase from ProQuest, with publication number 6717790.
—— (March–April 1968). "Note on a Problem of Alan Sutcliffe".
Mathematics Magazine. 41 (2): 84–86. doi:10.2307/2689056. JSTOR
2689056. A brief paper in number theory concerning the digits of
numbers
—— (March 1969). "Boundary Functions for Bounded Harmonic
Functions" (PDF). Transactions of the American Mathematical Society.
137: 203–209. doi:10.2307/1994796. JSTOR 1994796. Archived (PDF) from
the original on January 16, 2017.
—— (July 1969). "Boundary Functions and Sets of Curvilinear
Convergence for Continuous Functions" (PDF). Transactions of the
American Mathematical Society. 141: 107–125. doi:10.2307/1995093.
JSTOR 1995093. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2017.
—— (November 1969). "The Set of Curvilinear Convergence of a
Continuous Function Defined in the Interior of a Cube" (PDF).
Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 23 (2): 323–327.
doi:10.2307/2037166. JSTOR 2037166. Archived (PDF) from the original
on August 2, 2017.
—— (January–February 1971). "Problem 787". Mathematics Magazine.
44 (1): 41. doi:10.2307/2688865. JSTOR 2688865. A challenge problem in
geometry
—— (November–December 1971). "A Match Stick Problem (Problem 787,
with Solutions by Gibbs, R.A. and Breisch, R.L.)". Mathematics
Magazine. 44 (5): 294–296. doi:10.2307/2688646. JSTOR 2688646. Reprint
and solutions to "Problem 787" (above)
Philosophical
Kaczynski, Theodore (1995). Industrial Society and Its Future. The
Washington Post.
Kaczynski, Theodore (2008). The Road to Revolution. Éditions
Xenia. ISBN 978-2-888920-65-6.
—— (2010). Technological Slavery (revised and expanded 2nd
ed.). Feral House. ISBN 978-1-932595-80-2.
—— (2019). Technological Slavery: Volume 1 (revised and
expanded 3rd ed.). Fitch & Madison Publishers. ISBN 978-1-944228-01-9.
—— (2022). Technological Slavery: Volume 1 (enhanced 4th ed.).
Fitch & Madison Publishers. ISBN 978-1-944228-03-3.
Kaczynski, Theodore (2016). Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How.
Fitch & Madison Publishers. ISBN 978-1-944228-00-2.
—— (2020). Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How (revised and
expanded 2nd ed.). Fitch & Madison Publishers. ISBN 978-1-944228-02-6.
See also
iconPolitics portal
iconMathematics portal
flagUnited States portal
Biography portal
Downshifting – Choosing to adopt a simpler way of living
Green Scare – US government action against the radical
environmental movement
How to Blow Up a Pipeline – Book about climate activism by Andreas Malm
Lewis Mumford – American scholar and writer (1895–1990)
Operation Backfire – Multi agency operation against criminal
actions by the radical environmental movement
Philosophy of technology – Studies of the nature of technology
The Question Concerning Technology – 1954 non-fiction book by
Martin Heidegger
Notes
As stated in the "Additional Findings" section of the FBI
affidavit, where a balanced listing of other uncorrelated evidence and
contrary determinations also appeared, "203. Latent fingerprints
attributable to devices mailed and/or placed by the UNABOM subject
were compared to those found on the letters attributed to Theodore
Kaczynski. According to the FBI Laboratory no forensic correlation
exists between those samples."[46]
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Book sources
Chase, Alston (2004). A Mind for Murder: The Education of The
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W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32556-0.
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Parties (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN
978-0-230-62024-7.
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ed.). New York City: Berkeley Books. ISBN 978-0-425-16725-0.
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Understanding of Terrorism: Case Studies, Trajectories and Lessons
Learned. New York City: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-0115-6.
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Crime 1st Edition. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. ISBN
978-0761924371.
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Unabomber and His Family. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University
Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-7500-5.
Kaczynski, Theodore John (1995). Industrial Society and Its
Future. ISBN 979-8636242437.
Kaczynski, Theodore John (2010). Technological Slavery.
Scottsdale, Arizona: Fitch & Madison Publishers. ISBN 978-1944228019.
Karr-Morse, Robin (2012). Scared Sick: The Role of Childhood
Trauma in Adult Disease (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. ISBN
978-0-465-01354-8.
Mahan, Sue; Griset, Pamala L. (2008). Terrorism in Perspective
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. ISBN
978-1-4129-5015-2.
Moreno, Jonathan D. (2012). Mind Wars: Brain Science and the
Military in the 21st Century. New York City: Bellevue Literary Press.
ISBN 978-1-934137-43-7.
Sperber, Michael (2010). Dostoyevsky's Stalker and Other Essays on
Psychopathology and the Arts. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of
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Wiehl, Lis W. (2020). Hunting the Unabomber: the FBI, Ted
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External links
Ted Kaczynski at Wikipedia's sister projects
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Ted Kaczynski, britannica.com
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Unabomber (Profile), The Canadian Encyclopedia
Unabomber—FBI, fbi.gov
Anarchist Library writings of Theodore Kaczynski
Kaczynski's Psychiatric Competency Report
Ted Kaczynski at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
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