1984: Digital ID - The Road To Hell, End Of Human Rights

[grarpamp]

All of human history well into the late 1900's never prosecuted
or needed ID, humanity never had ID before then and functioned
just fine without such force, and it doesn't need it now either.


"Paving The Road To Hell": Digital ID Systems Could Lead To Severe,
Irreversible Human Rights Violations

https://childrenshealthdefense.org/defender/digital-road-digital-id-systems-human-rights-violations/
https://chrgj.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Report_Paving-a-Digital-Road-to-Hell.pdf
https://www.accessnow.org/cms/assets/uploads/2021/10/BigID-Mythbuster.pdf

Authored by Suzanne Burdick,

The authors of a new report on digital identity systems warned “the
actual and potential” human rights violations arising from the digital
ID model can be “severe and potentially irreversible.”

The 100-page report — “Paving the Road to Hell? A Primer on the Role
of the World Bank and Global Networks in Promoting Digital ID” —
published by New York University’s (NYU) Center for Human Rights and
Global Justice urged human rights organizations to heed the threats
posed by a global push for digital IDs.

The NYU researchers said many proponents — including the World Bank —
portray digital IDs as a means to achieving greater inclusivity and
environmental sustainability when, in fact, the systems are likely to
do just the opposite.

According to the report, the digital ID has been dressed up as an
“unstoppable juggernaut and inevitable hallmark of modernity and
development in the 21st century,” causing dissenting voices to be
“written off as Luddites and barriers to progress.”

The authors argued for open debate “with full transparency and
involving all relevant stakeholders,” including the most marginalized
and most vulnerable.

The authors, who include Christiaan van Veen, L.L.M., special advisor
on new technologies and human rights to the United Nations, urged the
human rights community and related civic society organizations to
ensure that global decisions about the adoption of digital ID systems
are not hastily made but are based on “serious evidence and analysis.”

Where digital ID systems threaten human rights, the NYU researchers
said, such endeavors should be “stopped altogether.”
Who’s really profiting?

“Governments around the world have been investing heavily in digital
identification systems, often with biometric components,” the authors
said in a statement.

Digital ID systems that frequently collect biometric data — such as
fingerprints, iris or other facial feature recognition — are being
adopted to replace or complement non-digital government identification
systems.

According to an Access Now special report, in India in October 2021,
digital ID systems — or “Big ID programs” as Access Now called them —
are being pushed by a market of actors who sell and profit from
digital ID systems and infrastructure, often while endangering the
human rights of the people they’re supposed to benefit.

The NYU researchers reached the same conclusion:

    “The rapid proliferation of such systems is driven by a new
development consensus, packaged and promoted by key global actors like
the World Bank, but also by governments, foundations, vendors and
consulting firms.”

Digital ID proponents argue the systems can contribute to inclusivity
and sustainable development, with some going so far as to consider the
adoption of digital ID systems a prerequisite for the realization of
human rights.

But the NYU researchers said they believe the “ultimate objective” of
digital ID systems is to “facilitate economic transactions and private
sector service delivery while also bringing new, poorer, individuals
into formal economies and ‘unlocking’ their behavioral data.”

    “The promises of inclusion and flourishing digital economies might
appear attractive on paper,” the researchers said, “but digital ID
systems have consistently failed to deliver on these promises in real
world situations, especially for the most marginalized.”

The authors added:

    “In fact, evidence is emerging from many countries, most notably
the mega digital ID project Aadhaar in India, of the severe and
large-scale human rights violations linked to this model. These
systems may in fact exacerbate pre-existing forms of exclusion and
discrimination in public and private services. The use of new
technologies may furthermore lead to novel forms of harm, including
biometric exclusion, discrimination, and the many harms associated
with ‘surveillance capitalism.’”

The benefits of using digital ID are “ill-defined” and “poorly
documented,” the NYU authors said.

    “From what evidence does exist, it seems that those who stand to
benefit most may not be those ‘left behind,’ but instead a small group
of companies and governments,” they wrote.

They added:

    “After all, where digital ID systems have tended to excel is in
generating lucrative contracts for biometrics companies and enhancing
the surveillance and migration-control capabilities of governments.”

More harm than good, especially for world’s most marginalized

The authors did four things in their report.

First, they examined the human rights impact of national digital ID
systems and argued that a cost-benefit analysis of digital ID systems
suggests they do more harm than good — especially for the world’s most
marginalized individuals.

    “Through the embrace of digital technologies, the World Bank and a
broader global network of actors has been promoting a new paradigm for
ID systems that prioritizes what we refer to as ‘economic identity,’”
the authors wrote.

They added:

    “These systems focus on fueling digital transactions and
transforming individuals into traceable data. They often ignore the
ability of identification systems to recognize not only that an
individual is unique, but that they have a legal status with
associated rights.

    “Still, proponents have cloaked this new paradigm in the language
of human rights and inclusion, arguing that such systems will help to
achieve multiple Sustainable Development Goals.”

The authors added:

    “Like physical roads, national digital identification systems with
biometric components (digital ID systems) are presented as the public
infrastructure of the digital future.

    “Yet these particular infrastructures have proven to be dangerous,
having been linked to severe and large-scale human rights violations
in a range of countries around the world, affecting social, civil, and
political rights.”

Prioritizing ‘economic identity’

Next, the researchers looked at how an “identification for
development” agenda driven by multiple global actors came into being.

They discussed the digital ID system called Aadhaar that is currently
being tried out by the government of India and the digital ID system
promoted by the World Bank —  Identification for Development, commonly
called the ID4D Initiative.

The ID4D Initiative draws inspiration from the highly criticized
Aadhaar digital ID system in India.

In the Aadhaar system, individuals are voluntarily assigned a 12-digit
random number by the Unique Identification Authority of India — a
statutory authority backed by the government of India — that
establishes the “uniqueness” of individuals with the help of
demographic and biometric technologies.

This digital ID model, NYU report authors said, is dangerous because
it prioritizes an “economic identity” for an individual.

The model is not about an individual’s identity alone, confirmed
Joseph Atick, Ph.D., executive chairman of the influential ID4Africa,
a platform where African governments and major companies in the
digital ID market meet.

It’s about their economic interactions, Atick said.

The ID4D model “enables and interacts with authentication platforms,
payments systems, digital signatures, data sharing, KYC systems,
consent management and sectoral delivery platforms,” Atick announced
at the start of ID4Africa’s 2022 annual meeting in mid-June, at the
Palais de Congrès in Marrakesh, Morocco.

The authors of the NYU report criticized this model:

    “The goal then, is not so much identity as it is identification.
The three interlinked processes of identification, registration, and
authorization are an exercise of power.

    “Through this process, one actor acknowledges or denies another
actor’s identity attributes. Individuals may be empowered through the
process of identification, but such systems have long been used for
the opposite purpose: to deny rights to certain groups and exclude
them.”

Third, the authors assessed the nitty-gritty details of how the World
Bank and its network of proponents of digital ID systems worked to
implement an “identification for development” agenda around the globe.

They explained how the funding and governance of the ID4D Initiative
operate, and claimed the World Bank and its corporate and governmental
partners are “manufacturing consensus” by presuming that the shift to
a digital ID model is inevitable, desirable and required for human
progress.

But this “manufactured consensus” lacks a basis, they said.

    “Concrete and robust evidence of the purported benefits associated
with digital ID systems is rarely provided, it is merely asserted that
digital ID will lead to inclusion and development,” the authors wrote.

3 steps privacy advocates can take

Finally, the authors outlined what human rights organizations and
other civil society actors can do by highlighting three modes of
action:

    “Not so fast!” Organizations can demand that governmental adoption
of digital ID systems not be rushed.

The authors wrote:

“Before any new or augmented digital ID systems are rolled out
nationwide, it is vital to establish an evidence base and take all
necessary steps to anticipate and mitigate possible harms in advance.
Baseline studies, research into the specific context, cost-benefit
analyses, value for money analyses, and impact assessments are
necessary and should be demanded every step of the way.”

    “Make it public.” The design and possible implementation of a
digital ID system need to be thoroughly discussed in democratic
forums, including public media and Congress or parliaments.

“Civil society organizations should demand openness with regard to
plans, tenders, and the involvement of foreign governments and
international organizations,” they said.

    “We are all stakeholders.” While the World Bank presents itself as
a respected advisor to governments who should be allowed to shape and
create governments’ digital ID policies, it is only one actor.

“It is important to realize,” the authors wrote, “that, ultimately,
everyone has a stake in systems of identification, digital or
otherwise, which are essential to recognize individuals and effectuate
their human rights.”

They added:

    “More and more organizations and experts are beginning to grapple
with the rapid spread of digital ID around the world, from digital
rights organizations to groups representing people with disabilities,
and from experts working on social and economic rights to development
economists.

    “As this range of organizations grows, it will be crucial to share
experiences, learn from one another, and coordinate advocacy.”

Human rights alliances can ‘reimagine’ the ‘digital future’

According to the report, multidisciplinary and geographically diverse
alliances can not only help to ensure digital ID systems are not
deployed “in the harmful ways described in this primer,” but can “also
help reimagine what the digital future without the particular model of
ID systems promoted by the World Bank and others could look like.”

They said:

    “As digital ID systems are determining the shape of governments
and societies as we hurtle into the digital era, questions as to their
form and design — and their very existence in the first place — are
critical.

    “What alternative visions can we offer that will better safeguard
human rights and preserve the gains of countless years of struggle to
improve the recognition and institutionalization of rights?

    “When we bring together actors who want a society where the human
rights of every individual and group are protected, what kinds of
digital ID systems might we imagine? How might digital ID systems be
designed to truly promote human well-being?

    “How would this alternative, rights-fulfilling vision differ from
the economic, transactional identity described here, as promoted by
the World Bank and others? Indeed, would we have digitalized
identification systems at all?”

The authors did not provide answers to these questions.

Rather, they aimed to “bring together the excellent work that our
partners, colleagues, and others have tirelessly undertaken around the
world” and facilitate collaboration “to ensure that the future of
digital ID enhances, rather than jeopardizes, the enjoyment of human
rights.”


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