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ISSUE 1954 Saturday 30 September 2000
How Colossus helped crack Hitler's codes
By Roger Highfield, Science Editor
External Links
> [7]Government Communications Headquarters
> [8]Public Record Office
> [9]Colossus rebuild project - Cranfield University
> [10]Bletchley Park Trust
> [11]Beginner's guide to cryptography - Monarky
[12][Sect=uk&ptype=story&transactionID=17292481&spaceid=box1&ac=0035494
12141223&site=et]
THE full story of how Hitler's secret codes were cracked by a
rudimentary computer was told officially for the first time yesterday.
The Government Communications Headquarters at Cheltenham
[13]declassified a two-volume technical report on Colossus, the
forerunner of the post-war digital computer that saw the first
practical use of large-scale program-controlled computing. Released
through the Public Record Office, the 500-page report features
photographs, specifications and detailed notes about Colossus and other
code-breaking devices.
The report also contains the blueprint of Colossus 2, an upgraded
"production model". This began operation on June 1, 1944, in time to
decipher messages confirming that Hitler had swallowed the Allies'
deception campaigns, giving them the confidence to go ahead with the
invasion of Europe.
More Colossi followed at the rate of about one a month and by the end
of the war there were 10 at Bletchley Park, the secret codebreaking
establishment in Buckinghamshire.
The report is called the The History of the Newmanry after the special
unit at Bletchley responsible for cracking high level military codes.
It was named after its founder, the mathematician Max Newman, one of
the Code and Cypher School's most outstanding figures.
A standard history of computing will probably claim that the first
electronic digital computer was America's ENIAC, which went into
operation in 1946. But Colossus 2 had a functionality equal to the much
later ENIAC, and a vastly greater data-processing ability.
Dr Donald Michie, now 76 and emeritus professor of machine intelligence
at Edinburgh University, was one of Newman's colleagues. He said: "Some
will be startled to know that by VE Day Britain had a machine room of
some 10 high-speed electronic computers on three-shift operation round
the clock."
[14]7 September 2000: [Connected] Colossal code of silence broken
[15]13 July 2000: [Connected] A machine with all the answers [James
Dyson's History of Inventions]
[16]16 October 1999: A tale of intrigue, death threats and sacking at
code-crackers' museum [Bletchley Park]
[17]11 September 1999: [Features] The brains behind the Code War
[18]11 June 1999: Bletchley Park saved after eight-year battle
[19]1 July 1997: [Connected] Curiosity v code: hackers are heirs to an
ancient tradition
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Next report [21]Bumper harvest fails to reap profit
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