[cryptography] Malware-signing certs with 512-bit keys

[Peter Gutmann]

[NB: Crossposted to two lists where this issue has been discussed in the past]

So it seems like pretty much everyone (at least on these lists) has heard
about the Malaysian CA that issued 512-bit certs for which the keys were
factored and used to sign malware, and that had their CA cert pulled because
of this.

What's had much less (in fact apparently zero) attention is the fact that
Digicert Sdn. Bhd. only issued three of the nine certificates that were used
for malware signing.  Three more were issued by Cybertrust, and one each by
GlobalSign, Taiwan-CA, and Anthem.  The first three are root CAs, Anthem is
one of the vast number of you'll-only-find-out-they-exist-when-they're-used-
to-attack-you sub-CAs that are out there.

Given that the Malaysian CA had its cert pulled for this, can we get a
statment from browser vendors on whether Cybertrust, GlobalSign, and the
others will also similarly have their certs pulled for exactly the same
behaviour?

A rather interesting feature of the malware signatures is that although the
issuers look like random unconnected CAs, if you look at the signatures that
the nine certs were used with, each of them ends up at the GTE Cybertrust 
(= Verizon, the last time I checked) root.  Using data from the mid-2010 dates
in question:

http://www.securityspace.com/s_survey/data/man.201004/casurvey.html

gives them a 0.11% market share, but they represent 100% of the roots used for
the malware signatures.  That just doesn't seem right.

Finally, there are even further 512-bit certs out there, some issued as
recently as a few months ago.  The A-Data one in the collection below was
reported to the CA but they haven't taken any action (do they get their cert
pulled as well for that?).  As the person who provided them commented, "so
knock yourself out, have the modulus factorized and sign some crazy code :-)".

Acknowledgements: Michael Sandee and Ondrej Mikle provided information for
this report.  Any inadvertent mangling of details was my fault.

Peter.

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