[Clips] Cyber-Neologoliferation

R.A. Hettinga rah at shipwright.com
Sun Nov 5 06:41:57 PST 2006


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<http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/magazine/05cyber.html?_r=1&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print>

  The New York Times





  November 5, 2006

  Cyber-Neologoliferation

  By JAMES GLEICK

  When I got to John Simpson and his band of lexicographers in Oxford earlier
  this fall, they were working on the P's. Pletzel, plish, pod person,
  point-and-shoot, polyamorous - these words were all new, one way or
  another. They had been plowing through the P's for two years but were
  almost done (except that they'll never be done), and the Q's will be "just
  a twinkle of an eye," Simpson said. He prizes patience and the long view. A
  pale, soft-spoken man of middle height and profound intellect, he is chief
  editor of the Oxford English Dictionary and sees himself as a steward of
  tradition dating back a century and a half. "Basically it's the same work
  as they used to do in the 19th century," he said. "When I started in 1976,
  we were still working very much on these index cards, everything was done
  on these index cards." He picked up a stack of 6-inch-by-4-inch slips and
  riffled through them. A thousand of these slips were sitting on his desk,
  and within a stone's throw were millions more, filling metal files and
  wooden boxes with the ink oftwo centuries, words, words, words.

  But the word slips have gone obsolete now, as Simpson well knows. They are
  treeware (a word that entered the O.E.D. in September as "computing slang,
  freq. humorous"). Blog was recognized in 2003, dot-commer in 2004,
  metrosexual in 2005 and the verb Google last June. Simpson has become a
  frequent and accomplished Googler himself, and his workstation connects to
  a vast and interlocking set of searchable databases, a better and better
  approximation of what might be called All Previous Text. The O.E.D. has met
  the Internet, and however much Simpson loves the O.E.D.'s roots and legacy,
  he is leading a revolution, willy-nilly - in what it is, what it knows,
  what it sees. The English language, spoken by as many as two billion people
  in every country on earth, has entered a period of ferment, and this place
  may be the best observation platform available. The perspective here is
  both intimate and sweeping. In its early days, the O.E.D. found words
  almost exclusively in books; it was a record of the formal written
  language. No longer. The language upon which the lexicographers eavesdrop
  is larger, wilder and more amorphous; it is a great, swirling, expanding
  cloud of messaging and speech: newspapers, magazines, pamphlets; menus and
  business memos; Internet news groups and chat-room conversations; and
  television and radio broadcasts.

  The O.E.D. is unlike any other dictionary, in any language. Not simply
  because it is the biggest and the best, though it is. Not just because it
  is the supreme authority. (It wears that role reluctantly: it does not
  presume, or deign, to say that any particular usage or spelling is correct
  or incorrect; it aims merely to capture the language people use.) No, what
  makes the O.E.D. unique is a quality for which it can only strive:
  completeness. It wants every word, all the lingo: idioms and euphemisms,
  sacred or profane, dead or alive, the King's English or the street's. The
  O.E.D. is meant to be a perfect record, perfect repository, perfect mirror
  of the entire language.

  James Murray, the editor who assembled the first edition through the final
  decades of the 19th century, was really speaking of the language when he
  said, in 1900: "The English Dictionary, like the English Constitution, is
  the creation of no one man, and of no one age; it is a growth that has
  slowly developed itself adown the ages." And developing faster nowadays.
  The O.E.D. tries to grasp the whole arc of an ever-changing history. Murray
  knew that with "adown" he was using a word that could be dated back to
  Anglo-Saxon of the year 975. When John Updike begins his New Yorker review
  of the new John le Carri novel by saying, "Hugger-mugger is part of life,"
  it is the O.E.D. that gives us the first recorded use of the word, in 1529
  ("... not alwaye whyspered in hukermoker," Sir Thomas More) and 27 more
  quotations from four different centuries. But when The New York Times
  prints a timely editorial about "sock puppets," meaning false identities
  assumed on the Internet, the O.E.D. has more work to do.

  The version now under way is only the @hird edition. The first, containing
  414,825 words in 10 weighty volumes, was presented to King George V and
  President Coolidge in 1928. Several "supplements" followed, but not till
  1989 did the second edition appear: 20 volumes, totaling 21,730 pages. It
  weighed 138 pounds. The third edition is a mutation. It is weightless,
  taking its shape in the digital realm. To keyboard it, Oxford hired a team
  of 150 typists in Florida for 18 months. (That was before the verb keyboard
  had even found its way in, as Simpson points out, not to mention the verb
  outsource.) No one can say for sure whether O.E.D.3 will ever be published
  in paper and ink. By the point of decision, not before 20 years or so, it
  will have doubled in size yet again. In the meantime, it is materializing
  before the world's eyes, bit by bit, online. It is a thoroughgoing revision
  of the entire text. Whereas the second edition just added new words and new
  usages to the original entries, the current project is researching and
  revising from scratch - preserving the history but aiming at a more
  coherent whole.

  The revised installments began to appear online in the year 2000. Simpson
  chose to begin the revisions not with the letter A but with M. Why? It
  seems the original O.E.D. was not quite a seamless masterpiece. Murray did
  start at A, logically, and the early letters show signs of the enterprise's
  immaturity. The entries in A tended to be smaller, with different senses of
  a word crammed together instead of teased lovingly apart in subentries. "It
  just took them a long time to sort out their policy and things," Simpson
  says, "so if we started at A, then we'd be making our job doubly difficult.
  I think they'd sorted themselves out by. ..." He stops to think. "Well, I
  was going to say D, but Murray always said that E was the worst letter,
  because his assistant, Henry Bradley, started E, and Murray always said
  that he did that rather badly. So then we thought, ''Maybe it's safe to
  start with G, H. But you get to G and H, and there's I, J, K, and you know,
  you think, well, start after that."

  So the first wave of revision encompassed 1,000 entries from M to mahurat.
  The rest of the M's, the N's and the O's have followed in due course.
  That's why, at the end of 2006, John Simpson and his lexicographers are
  working on the P's. Their latest quarterly installment, in September,
  covers pleb to Pomak. Simpson mentions rather proudly that they scrambled
  at the last instant to update the entry for Pluto when the International
  Astronomical Union voted to rescind its planethood. Pluto had entered the
  second edition as "1. A small planet of the solar system ... " discovered
  in 1930 and "2. The name of a cartoon dog ..." first appearing in 1931. The
  Disney meaning was more stable, it turns out. In O.E.D.3, Pluto is still a
  dog but merely "a small planetary body."

  Even as they revise the existing dictionary in sequence, the O.E.D.
  lexicographers are adding new words wherever they find them, at an
  accelerating pace. Beside the P's, September's freshman class included
  agroterrorism, bahookie (a body part), beer pong (a drinking game), bippy
  (as in, you bet your - ), chucklesome, cypherpunk, tuneage and wonky. Every
  one of these underwent intense scrutiny. The addition of a new word is a
  solemn matter.

  "Because it's the O.E.D.," says Fiona McPherson, a new-words editor, "once
  something goes in, it cannot ever come out again." In this respect, you
  could say that the O.E.D. is a roach motel (added March 2005: "Something
  from which it may be difficult or impossible to be extricated"). A word can
  go obs. or rare, but the editors feel that even the most ancient and
  forgotten words have a way of coming back - people rediscover them or
  reinvent them - and anyway, they are part of the language's history.

  The new-words department, where that history rolls forward, is not to
  everyone's taste. "I love it, I really really love it," McPherson says.
  "You're at the cutting edge, you're dealing with stuff that's not there and
  you're, I suppose, shaping the language. A lot of people are more
  interested in the older stuff; they like nothing better than reading
  through 18thcentury texts looking for the right word. That doesn't suit me
  as much, I have to say." Cutting edge, incidentally, is not a new word:
  according to the O.E.D., H. G. Wells used it in its modern sense in 1916.

  As a rule, a neologism needs five years of solid evidence for admission to
  the canon. "We need to be sure that a word has established a reasonable
  amount of longevity," McPherson says. "Some things do stick around that you
  would never expect to stick around, and then other things, you think that
  will definitely be around, and everybody talks about it for six months, and
  then. ..."

  Still, a new word as of September is bada-bing: American slang "suggesting
  something happening suddenly, emphatically, or easily and predictably."
  "The Sopranos" gets no credit. The historical citations begin with a 1965
  audio recording of a comedy routine by Pat Cooper and continue with
  newspaper clippings, a television news transcript and a line of dialogue
  from the first "Godfather" movie: "You've gotta get up close like this and
  bada-bing! you blow their brains all over your nice Ivy League suit." The
  lexicographers also provide an etymology, a characteristically exquisite
  piece of guesswork: "Origin uncertain. Perh. imitative of the sound of a
  drum roll and cymbal clash.... Perh. cf. Italian bada bene mark well." But
  is bada-bing really an official part of the English language? What makes it
  a word? I can't help wondering, when it comes down to it, isn't bada-bing
  (also badda-bing, badda badda bing, badabing, badaboom) just a noise? "I
  dare say the thought occurs to editors from time to time," Simpson says.
  "But from a lexicographical point of view, we're interested in the
  conventionalized representation of strings that carry meaning. Why, for
  example, do we say Wow! rather than some other string of letters? Or Zap!
  Researching these takes us into interesting areas of comic-magazine and
  radio-TV-film history and other related historical fields. And it often
  turns out that they became institutionalized far earlier than people
  nowadays may think."

  When Murray began work on O.E.D.1, no one had any idea how many words were
  there to be found. Probably the best and most comprehensive dictionary of
  English was American, Noah Webster's: 70,000 words. That number was a base
  line. Where were the words to be discovered? For the first editors it went
  almost without saying that the source, the wellspring, should be the
  literature of the language. Thus it began as a dictionary of the written
  language, not the spoken language. The dictionary's first readers combed
  Milton and Shakespeare (still the single most quoted author, with more than
  30,000 references), Fielding and Swift, histories and sermons, philosophers
  and poets. "A thousand readers are wanted," Murray announced in his famous
  1879 public appeal. "The later 16th-century literature is very fairly done;
  yet here several books remain to be read. The 17th century, with so many
  more writers, naturally shows still more unexplored territory." He
  considered the territory to be large, but ultimately finite.

  It no longer seems finite. "We're painting the Forth Bridge!" says
  Bernadette Paton, an associate editor. "We're running the wrong way on a
  travolator!" (I get the first part - "allusion to the huge task of
  maintaining the painted surfaces of the railway bridge over the Firth of
  Forth" - but I have to ask about travolator. Apparently it's a moving
  sidewalk.)

  The O.E.D. is a historical dictionary, providing citations meant to show
  the evolution of every word, beginning with the earliest known usage. So a
  key task, and a popular sport for thousands of volunteer word aficionados,
  is antedating: finding earlier citations than those already known. This
  used to be painstakingly slow and chancy. When Paton started in new words,
  she found herself struggling with headcase. She had current citations, but
  she says she felt sure it must be older, and books were of little use. She
  wandered around the office muttering headcase, headcase, headcase. Suddenly
  one of her colleagues started singing: "My name is Bill, and I'm a
  headcase/They practice making up on my face." She perked up.

  "What date would that be?" she asked.

  "I don't know, it's a Who song," he said, "1966 probably, something like
that."

  So "I'm a Boy," by P. Townshend, became the O.E.D.'s earliest citation for
  headcase.

  Antedating is entirely different now: online databases have opened the
  floodgates. Lately Paton has been looking at words starting with pseudo-.
  Searching through databases of old newspapers and historical documents has
  changed her view of them. "I tended to think of pseudo- as a prefix that
  just took off in the 60's and 70's, but now we find that a lot of them go
  back much earlier than we thought." Also in the P's, poison pen has just
  been antedated with a 1911 headline in The Evening Post in Frederick, Md.
  "You get the sense that this sort of language seeps into local newspapers
  first," she says. "We would never in a million years have sent a reader to
  read a small newspaper like that."

  The job of a new-words editor felt very different precyberspace, Paton
  says: "New words weren't proliferating at quite the rate they have done in
  the last 10 years. Not just the Internet, but text messaging and so on has
  created lots and lots of new vocabulary." Much of the new vocabulary
  appears online long before it will make it into books. Take geek. It was
  not till 2003 that O.E.D.3 caught up with the main modern sense: "a person
  who is extremely devoted to and knowledgeable about computers or related
  technology." Internet chitchat provides the earliest known reference, a
  posting to a Usenet newsgroup, net.jokes, on Feb. 20, 1984.

  The scouring of the Internet for evidence - the use of cyberspace as a
  language lab - is being systematized in a program called the Oxford English
  Corpus. This is a giant body of text that begins in 2000 and now contains
  more than 1.5 billion words, from published material but also from Web
  sites, Weblogs, chat rooms, fanzines, corporate home pages and radio
  transcripts. The corpus sends its home-built Web crawler out in search of
  text, raw material to show how the language is really used.

  I'm too embarrassed to ask the lexicographers if they have a favorite word.
  They get that a lot. Peter Gilliver tells me his anyway: twiffler. A
  twiffler, in case you didn't know, is a plate intermediate in size between
  a dinner plate and a bread plate. "I love it because it fills a gap,"
  Gilliver says. "I also love it because of its etymology. It comes from
  Dutch, like a lot of ceramics vocabulary. Twijfelaar means something
  intermediate in size, and it comes from twijfelen, which means to be
  unsure. It's a plate that can't make up its mind!"

  Fiona McPherson gives me mondegreen. A mondegreen is a misheard lyric, as
  in, "Lead on, O kinky turtle." It is named after Lady Mondegreen. There was
  no Lady Mondegreen. The lines of a ballad, "They hae slain the Earl of
  Murray,/And laid him on the green" are misheard as "They have slain the
  Earl of Murray and Lady Mondegreen."

  "A lot of people are just really excited by that word because they think
  it's amazing that there is a word for that concept," McPherson says. I have
  my own favorites among the newest entries in O.E.D.3. Pixie dust is, as any
  child knows, "an imaginary magical substance used by pixies." Air kiss is
  defined with careful anatomical instructions plus a note: "sometimes with
  the connotation that such a gesture implies insincerity or affectation."

  Builder's bum is reportedly Brit. and colloq., "with allusion to the
  perceived propensity of builders to expose inadvertently this part of the
  body."

  It is clear that the English of the O.E.D. is no longer the purely written
  language, much less a formal or respectable English, the diction
  recommended by any authority. Gilliver, a longtime editor who also seems to
  be the O.E.D.'s resident historian, points out that the dictionary feels
  obliged to include words that many would regard simply as misspellings.

  No one is particularly proud of the new entry as of December 2003 for
  nucular, a word not associated with high standards of diction. "Bizarrely,
  I was amazed to find that the spelling n-u-c-u-l-a-r has decades of
  history," Gilliver says. "And that is not to be confused with the quite
  different word, nucular, meaning 'of or relating to a nucule.' " There is
  even a new entry for miniscule; it has citations going back more than 100
  years. Yet the very notion of correct and incorrect spelling seems under
  attack. In Shakespeare's day, there was no such thing: no right and wrong
  in spelling, no dictionaries to consult. The word debt could be spelled
  det, dete, dett, dette or dept, and no one would complain.

  Then spelling crystallized, with the spread of printing. Now, with mass
  communication taking another leap forward, spelling may be diversifying
  again, spellcheckers notwithstanding. The O.E.D. so far does not recognize
  straight-laced, but the Oxford English Corpus finds it outnumbering
  strait-laced. Similarly for just desserts.

  To explain why cyberspace is a challenge for the O.E.D. as well as a
  godsend, Gilliver uses the phrase "sensitive ears."

  "You know we are listening to the language," he says. "When you are
  listening to the language by collecting pieces of paper, that's fine, but
  now it's as if we can hear everything said anywhere. Members of some tiny
  English-speaking community anywhere in the world just happen to commit
  their communications to the Web: there it is. You thought some word was
  obsolete? Actually, no, it still survives in a very small community of
  people who happen to use the Web - we can hear about it."

  In part, it's just a problem of too much information: a small number of
  lexicographers with limited time. But it's also that the O.E.D. is coming
  face to face with the language's boundlessness.The universe of human
  discourse always has backwaters. The language spoken in one valley was a
  little different from the language of the next valley and so on. There are
  more valleys now than ever, but they are not so isolated. They find one
  another in chat rooms and on blogs. When they coin a word, anyone may hear.

  Neologisms can be formed by committee: transistor, Bell Laboratories, 1948.
  Or by wags: booboisie, H. L. Mencken, 1922. But most arise through
  spontaneous generation, organisms appearing in a petrie dish, like blog (c.
  1999). If there is an ultimate limit to the sensitivity of lexicographers'
  ears, no one has yet found it. The rate of change in the language itself -
  particularly the process of neologism - has surely shifted into a higher
  gear now, but away from dictionaries, scholars of language have no clear
  way to measure the process. When they need quantification, they look to the
  dictionaries.

  "An awful lot of neologisms are spur-of-the-moment creations, whether it's
  literary effect or it's conversational effect," says Naomi S. Baron, a
  linguist at American University, who studies these issues. "I could
  probably count on the fingers of a hand and a half the serious linguists
  who know anything about the Internet. That hand and a half of us are
  fascinated to watch how the Internet makes it possible not just for new
  words to be coined but for neologisms to spread like wildfire."

  It's partly a matter of sheer intensity. Cyberspace is an engine driving
  change in the language. "I think of it as a saucepan under which the
  emperature has been turned up," Gilliver says. "Any word, because of the
  interconnectedness of the English-speaking world, can spring from the
  backwater. And they are still backwaters, but they have this instant
  connection to ordinary, everyday discourse." Like the printing press, the
  telegraph and the telephone before it, the Internet is transforming the
  language simply by transmitting information differently. And what makes
  cyberspace different from all previous information technologies is its
  intermixing of scales from the largest to the smallest without prejudice,
  broadcasting to the millions, narrowcasting to groups, instant messaging
  one to one.

  So anyone can be an O.E.D. author now. And, by the way, many try. "What
  people love to do is send us words they've invented," Bernadette Paton
  says, guiding me through a windowless room used for storage of old word
  slips. Will you put the word I have invented into one of your dictionaries?
  is a question in the AskOxford.com FAQ. All the submissions go into the
  files, and until there is evidence for some general usage, that's where the
  annabes remain.

  Don't bother sending in FAQ. Don't bother sending in wannabes. They're not
  even particularly new. For that matter, don't bother sending in anything
  you find via Google. "Please note," the O.E.D.'s Web site warns solemnly,
  "it is generally safe to assume that examples found by searching the Web,
  using search engines such as Google, will have already been considered by
  O.E.D. editors."

  James Gleick, the author, most recently, of "Isaac Newton," is working on a
  book about the history of information.


  --
  -----------------
  R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah at ibuc.com>
  The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/>
  44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA
  "... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity,
  [predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to
  experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'
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--- end forwarded text


-- 
-----------------
R. A. Hettinga <mailto: rah at ibuc.com>
The Internet Bearer Underwriting Corporation <http://www.ibuc.com/>
44 Farquhar Street, Boston, MA 02131 USA
"... however it may deserve respect for its usefulness and antiquity,
[predicting the end of the world] has not been found agreeable to
experience." -- Edward Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'





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