HAL asked to speed up the delivery schedule.

Matthew X profrv at nex.net.au
Sat May 1 22:12:54 PDT 1999


http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow.asp?artid=18900043
Designed for ‘‘hot and high conditions’’ Mmm."...third- generation 
anti-tank missile ‘Nag’ My wifes got that already.
Speaking of hot and high.Oregen burning,Smog cloud threw monsoon off course
  and driest July in 100 years.Is there a runaway green indahouse?
Thank all the gods for 
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow.asp?artid=18891466
Chidanand Rajghatta muses about the Indian legacy in mathematics following 
the latest number crunching feat from Kanpur
On the subject of mathematics, there are two kinds of people – the number 
crunchers and the number crunchees i.e., those who can crunch numbers with 
great facility, and those who get crunched by numbers.
There are those of you who love to develop your quadriceps with quadratic 
equations and have binomial theorem for breakfast. Then there are those of 
us, who, faced with simple multiplication tables, have to lie down with a 
cold wet towel on our forehead.
Where do you think you belong?
There is a widespread belief that we Indians have a yen for numbers. It 
might not entirely be true. There are plenty of people even in Bharatvarsh 
who will subscribe to Bill Clinton’s jocular admonition that folks across 
the world would have been perfectly happy if Bhaskara and Brahmagupta had 
kept their works to themselves.
Still, in the same spirit that contrived the number zero and the value pi, 
it turns out that Indians are still contributing significantly to the world 
of numbers even now, odd exceptions notwithstanding.
The announcement this week that three mathematicians from the Indian 
Institute of Technology, Kanpur, have devised a method (or arrived as a 
algorithm , in mathematese) to determine whether a number is prime or not 
has created quite a flutter (or a quiet flutter) in the world of numbers.
Prime numbers, for those of us mathematically challenged, are those that 
are divisible only by itself or by one. Although it sounds simple enough, 
it’s quite a task to determine what mathematicians call the “primality” of 
a number. For instance, is 4958372640287988786544 a prime number?
Of course, the more facetious among us can say -- does it really matter? 
Apparently it does in ways that we may not immediately comprehend, like for 
instance, in determining whether the bristles on the toothbrush hurts our 
gums. That’s a joke. But you get the point.
Some applications are not immediately apparent to the matho-phobics. One of 
the applications of prime numbers is in the world of cryptography i.e 
encryption and code breaking, which may be evident if you read the secret 
passage hidden in the preceding paragraph. That’s another joke. Read on.
For years then, mathematicians have wrestled with ways to determine the 
primality of numbers. There are established methods, but they pose 
problems. One method can determine with absolute accuracy whether a number 
if prime or not, but it is a laborious process.
Another method can determine the primality of a number far more quickly, 
but with a small probability of error, leading to what Prof Krishnaswami 
Alladi, a leading US-based mathematician calls, “industrial grade prime 
number.”
What Messrs Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal and Nitin Saxena of the IIT 
Kanpur did was to arrive at a algorithm that helped determine the primality 
of a number accurately and quickly. But more of that later.
Prof Alladi is one of the legatees of India’s great tradition in the field 
of numbers that begins with Aryabhata and Brahmagupta. Currently Chairman 
of the Department of Maths at the University of Florida in Gainesville, he 
is an authority on the works of Ramanujan, and he edits a publication 
called The Ramanujam Journal that deals with the areas the great man worked 
in and influenced.
Prof Alladi’s grandfather was part of the group that gave India another 
remarkable document: the Indian Constitution.
Like Prof Alladi, several other illustrious mathematicians of Indian origin 
live in America, none more renowned than Prof Harish Chandra, who had a 
distinguished career at Princeton before his death in 1996. The current 
heads of the mathematics department at the University of Minnesota (Prof 
Naresh Jain) and McGill University (Prof K.N.Gowrisankaran) are also 
Indians, and there are numerous others crunching away quietly in other 
groves of academia.
But what the latest feat illustrates is that you don’t have to be in 
America to hit the bull’s eye. Having devised their primality test, the 
three Indians put their algorithm up on the IIT Kanpur website and e-mailed 
last Sunday it to well-known mathematicians across the world. Among the 
recipients of this e-mail was Prof Carl Pomerance at Bell Labs, an 
authority on prime numbers.
No sooner had he seen the algorithm , Prof Pomerance discussed the draft 
with colleagues over lunch, and arranged an impromptu seminar on the 
subject the same afternoon. Within hours, the gathering validated the 
algorithm . “We were all quite excited about it,” Prof Pomerance told this 
correspondent in an interview on Thursday. “They had solved the problem 
quite elegantly and arrived at beautiful result.”
The remarks were typical of math aficionados, who see beauty and elegance 
in numbers and equations that we number “crunchees” see in words and phrases.
Mathematicians can also be delightfully quirky. We of course know the 
famous episode how Ramanujan, receiving Prof Hardy by his hospital bed, 
startled him by analysing impromptu the properties of his taxi cab number.
Prof Pomerance is a mathematician in the same vein. One of his papers, 
published in the Journal of Recreational Mathematics, revolves around the 
interesting properties of the numbers 714 and 715, which was the number of 
home runs scored by Babe Ruth and Hank Aaron respectively.
But to return to the story, there are two striking aspects to the IIT-ians 
prime numbers saga. One is how quickly the algorithm was shared across the 
world and validated by peers, thanks to the Internet. (Ironically, the 
so-called primality testing plays a crucial role in the widely used RSA 
algorithm, which is used to secure transactions over the Internet).
In fact, attending Prof Pomerance seminar on Monday was Anupam Gupta, a 
computer scientist at Bell Labs who happens to work just down the corridor 
from the mathematician. Gupta is also from IIT-Kanpur, but he did not know 
the prime numbers trio. What he did recognise was the beauty of their 
algorithm . “It was so simple and elegant that even I, more a computer 
scientist than a mathematician, could understand and appreciate it,” he said.
The second aspect of course is the longevity of the Indian legacy. Whether 
in India or in the United States, our mathematical bequest is alive and 
ticking (or clicking), and thanks to the Internet, the boundaries are even 
fewer than when Ramanujan shared his genius with the west.
So now we know and can rest assured: Some day, there will be a paper on the 
properties of Tendulkar’s final tally. India still has the number on math.
HALlo!





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