While many x86 implementation vulnerabilities in the past involve either electromagnetic emissions or cache timing attacks, I have not read anything about instruction dispatch contention. According to anger fog’s research, Intel’s implementation of the x86 instruction set does not dispatch more than three of a single instruction, and it has been so for a long time. Irregardless of their design decisions for instruction dispatch, this provides a side channel in which two cooperating processes operating on the same core can conduct half-duplex communication at the rate of 2 bits per cycle by one process attempting to compete with another process for the same capacity for dispatches over a single instruction (0, 1, 2, 3). While I do not have the resources to know how x86 processors handles dispatch contention issues, if it is handled in a regular and non-random manner, it would reach that theoretical level of severity.