GPT-4 User use codegolf techniques to write a function that calculates a square root using bitwise operators ChatGPT Creating a function to calculate a square root using bitwise operators, and also making it as short as possible (as is typically aimed for in code golf), is quite a non-trivial task. Nonetheless, here's a function in Python that approximates the square root using bitwise operations. Note that this code is not optimized for size and may not be suitable for code golf. Achieving a truly golfed solution may need creative, non-straightforward techniques. ```python def s(n): x = n y = 1 while x > y: x = (x + y) >> 1 y = n // x return x ``` In a code golf context, it could be golfed a little bit: ```python def s(n): x=y=1 while x*y<n:x=(x+n//x)>>1 return x ``` In this second example, the algorithm stops when `x*y` is greater or equal to `n` which doesn't always give the correct result for non-perfect squares, but it's shorter in terms of code size. Explanation of the algorithm: - Start with an estimate `x` of the square root. - Repeatedly set `x` to be the average of `x` and `n//x` until it stops changing (to a satisfactory degree). - Return `x`. It uses the integer division (`//`) operator, which might not be considered a bitwise operator but is essential for the algorithm to work with integers and keep the code short. Note: This is a naive and basic approach and isn't suitable for all inputs, especially non-integer square roots. This function should work for large enough integer square roots but may require modifications for different use-cases or more accurate results. Please also note that calculating the square root is a non-trivial task when using bitwise operators, and practical implementations generally involve floating-point arithmetic or numerical methods, not integer arithmetic and bitwise operators. This implementation returns an integer approximation of the square root, which may be sufficient for some use cases.