-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 Tim wrote:

start up companies are not the place to do basic R&D. That's the place for universities and for established companies (with the companies either spinning-off divisions or selling the products themselves or losing their staff who "steal" the work).

You left out the FFRDCs... What Is an FFRDC? http://www.mitre.org/about/ffrdc.shtml A Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) is a unique organization that assists the United States government with scientific research and analysis, systems development, and systems acquisition. FFRDCs bring together the expertise and outlook of government, industry, and academia to solve complex technical problems that cannot be solved by any one group alone. Working in the public interest, FFRDCs operate as strategic partners with their sponsoring government agencies. In order to ensure the highest levels of objectivity and technical excellence, FFRDCs are organized as independent, not - -for-profit entities , with limitations and restrictions on their activities. This special standing permits a degree of access and a long-term perspective not shared by commercial contractors. Since FFRDCs are prohibited from manufacturing products or competing with industry, commercial companies can divulge sensitive information with the confidence that it will not be misused. This enables FFRDCs to provide guidance across the full spectrum of capabilities development, from planning and concept design to technology insertion and integration, in a way that gives their government clients maximum flexibility for meeting future requirements. First established during World War II, FFRDCs currently number more than 40 different organizations, and work in the fields of defense, energy, aviation, space, health and human services, and tax administration. All FFRDCs are sponsored by government agencies, but they are privately administered by universities and other not-for-profit organizations. *** Master List of FFRDCs, 2001 - --------------------------- Department of Defense Office of the Secretary of Defense [1] Administered by universities and colleges [2]: Software Engineering Institute [3]: (Carnegie Mellon University), Pittsburgh, PA Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: Institute for Defense Analyses Studies and Analyses Federally Funded Research and Development Center (Institute for Defense Analyses), Alexandria, VA National Defense Research Institute (RAND Corp. [5]), Santa Monica, CA C3I Federally Funded Research & Development Center (MITRE Corp. [6]), Bedford, MA and McLean, VA National Security Agency Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: Institute for Defense Analyses Communications and Computing Federally Funded Research and Development Center [7] (Institute for Defense Analyses), Alexandria, VA Department of the Navy Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: Center for Naval Analyses (The CNA Corporation), Alexandria, VA Department of the Air Force Administered by universities and colleges [2]: Lincoln Laboratory (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Lexington, MA Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: Aerospace Federally Funded Research and Development Center (The Aerospace Corporation), El Segundo, CA Project Air Force (RAND Corp. [5]), Santa Monica, CA Department of the Army Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: Arroyo Center (RAND Corp. [5]), Santa Monica, CA - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Department of Energy [8] Administered by industrial firms: Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (Bechtel BWXT Idaho, LLC), Idaho Falls, ID Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia Corporation which is a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corp.), Albuquerque, NM Savannah River Technology Center (Westinghouse Savannah River Co.), Aiken, SC Administered by universities and colleges [2]: Ames Laboratory (Iowa State University of Science and Technology), Ames, IA Argonne National Laboratory (University of Chicago), Argonne, IL Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (University of California), Berkeley, CA Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Universities Research Association, Inc.), Batavia, IL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (University of California), Livermore, CA Los Alamos National Laboratory (University of California), Los Alamos, NM Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (Princeton University), Princeton, NJ Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (Leland Stanford, Jr., University), Stanford, CA Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility [9] (Southeastern Universities Research Association, Inc.), Newport News, VA Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: Brookhaven National Laboratory [10] (Brookhaven Science Associates, Inc.), Upton, Long Island, NY National Renewable Energy Laboratory [11] (Midwest Research Institute), Golden, CO Oak Ridge National Laboratory [12] (UT-Battelle, LLC), Oak Ridge, TN Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Battelle Memorial Institute), Richland, WA - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health Administered by industrial firms: National Cancer Institute at Frederick[13] (Science Applications International Corp.; Charles River Laboratories, Inc.; Data Management Services, Inc.), Frederick, MD - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Administered by universities and colleges [2]: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (California Institute of Technology), Pasadena, CA - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- National Science Foundation Administered by universities and colleges [2]: National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (Cornell University), Arecibo, PR National Center for Atmospheric Research (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research), Boulder, CO National Optical Astronomy Observatories [14] (Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc.), Tucson, AZ National Radio Astronomy Observatory (Associated Universities, Inc.), Green Bank, WV Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: The Science and Technology Policy Institute [15]: (RAND Corp. [5]), Washington, D.C. - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nuclear Regulatory Commission Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses (Southwest Research Institute), San Antonio, TX - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (MITRE Corp. [6]), McLean, VA - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Department of Treasury Internal Revenue Service Administered by other nonprofit institutions [4]: Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Federally Funded Research and Development Center (MITRE Corp. [6]), McLean, VA *** He that would make his own liberty secure must guard even his enemy from oppression; for if he violates this duty he establishes a precedent that will reach to himself. - --Thomas Paine -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: PGPsdk version 1.7.1 (C) 1997-1999 Network Associates, Inc. and its affiliated companies. (Diffie-Helman/DSS-only version) iQA/AwUBPCZOMfg5Tuca7bfvEQK0tgCgli9LDd+/x1ZkqAxEQ59wcDZaz4wAn0SL t6DvbcJMlkAtsQE3gFX5hTDK =wXR7 -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----