my comments below, On 3/20/06, R. A. Hettinga wrote:

http://ww6.infoworld.com/products/print_friendly.jsp?link=/article/06/03/17/... ... Many, many innovations come from the Linux and Unix world. Few are more intriguing to me than port knocking. As a global security plug-in to protect services, it has a lot going for it and few downsides. However, for one reason or another, it suffers from lack of use and understanding. A lot of administrators may have heard of it, but few know how to implement it. Even fewer have used it.

Port knocking works on the concept that users wishing to attach to a network service must initiate a predetermined sequence of port connections or send a unique string of bytes before the remote client can connect to the eventual service. In its most basic form, the remote user's client software must first connect to one or more ports before connecting to the final destination port.

limit even attempted utilization of services to authenticated users - that's a good idea. port knocking is a poor implementation though. you can do strong single packet authentication without the additive latency of port knocking, and it is a cleaner design. (see www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-madhat.pdf for example) i've talked about IPsec stacks keyed out of band which give you a robust "authenticated peers only" configuration without esoteric port knocking / SPA methods. unfortunately right now the options available are static pre shared key (setkey) which is insecure without some scripting/munging around single use keys. (this should change soon, for some lax definition of 'soon') it'd be nice to expand the keying options for those who wish to avoid exposing any services above the IP stack without proper authentication. (that means no IKE ports either). i'm a huge fan of OpenVPN and IPsec private networking, though IPsec is better suited for this "no services for the unauthenticated" mode of operation.

The biggest advantage of all is that port knocking is platform-, service-, and application-independent: Any OS with the correct client and server software can take advantage of its protection. Although port knocking is mainly a Linux/Unix implementation, there are Windows tools that can do the same thing. And similar to IPSec and other protective mechanisms, none of the involved services or applications has to be port-knocking-aware.

this is the only thing port knocking it has going for it; SPA or VPN's are a much stronger solution.

Critics often point to the fact that eavesdropping hackers might be able to capture and replay the successful port-knocking sequence or series of bytes. Although this might be true with the basic implementations, attacks such as these would be squashed by using more sophisticated authentication methods or minimized by using secondary hard-coded allowed IP addresses such as TCP wrappers.

this is a particularly significant concern over wireless networks, and when you add sophisticated authentication you might as well jump ship to SPA or VPN instead (since you're going to be spending additional effort managing credentials anyway - do it right and be done with it!)