APPLIED CRYPTOGRAPHY, Second Edition ERRATA Version 1.2 - 1 February 1996 This errata includes all errors I have found in the book, including minor spelling and grammatical errors. Please distribute this errata sheet to anyone else who owns a copy of the book. Page 7: In line 31, delete the word "source". Page 10: The second sentence would be clearer as "Replace the least significant bit of each byte of the image with the bits of the message." Page 11: Line 18, the reference should be "[703]" and not "[699]". Page 13: Fifth paragraph, first sentence, should read: "The original German Enigma had three rotors, chosen from a set of five,...." This increased to three rotors chosen from eight during the war, and the Navy started using four rotors chosen from eight. Page 14: The last sentence should read: "The smallest displacement that indicates a multiple of the key length is the length of the key." Page 16: Third line from the bottom, "1.44" makes more sense as "1.544". Page 18: Table 1.1, second item. 1 in 4,000,000 is 2^22. This makes the third item equal to 2^55. Page 53: Second to last sentence about SKEY should read: "Similarly, the database is not useful to an attacker." Page 55: William Price's first name is Wyn. Page 60: In Step (4) of the Kerberos protocol, change "Bob sends" to "Bob creates". Page 61: Step (3), the second message should contain A instead of B. Page 62: In the third line, there's a comma missing. Page 63: Second protocol, step (2), the second message should be "S_T(C,K_C)". Page 70: In the first step (4), the equation should be "R XOR S = M". In the second step (2), it should be "to generate U". Page 77: In step (2), the message is signed with Trent's private key. And T_n is mistakenly both the time and the timestamp. Page 80: In line 7, "step (3)" should be "step (5)". Page 82: Fourth line from the bottom, the correct expression is "up and died." Page 99: Tenth line from the bottom, delete the second word: "will". Page 104: Graph isomorphism has never been proven to be an NP-Complete problem. It does seem to be hard, and is probably useful for cryptography. Page 105: In Step (2), Peggy gives Victor a copy of H'. Page 106: In the first line, "step (3)" should be "step (4)". Page 112: Step (1) should read "Alice takes the document and multiplies it by a random value." Page 116: The protocol could be worded better. Step (3) should begin: "Alice decrypts Bob's key twice, once with each of her private keys." Step (4) should begin: "Alice encrypts both of her messages, each with a different one of the DES keys...." Page 126: The "Voting with Blind Signatures" protocol is a little more complicated. The voter does not send all the blinding factors in step (2). The CTF requests 9 of 10 blinding factors in step (3), and the voter sends only those blinding factors to the CTF. Additionally, in step three only the one messages (containing a set of votes) that has not been unblinded will effectively be signed by the CTF. Page 134: Another problem with this protocol is that there are numerous ways that various participants can cheat and collude to find out the salary of another participant. These cheaters can misrepresent their own salaries during their attack. Page 135: Lines 13-14; technically Alice and Bob get no additional information about the other's numbers. Page 136: Lines 14-15; technically Alice and Bob get no additional information about the other's numbers. Page 144: Line 27, the odds should be "1 in n". Line 29, "step (2) should be "step (1)". Page 146: Fourth line from the bottom, delete the word "that". Page 161: In the eleventh line from the bottom, "harnesses" should be "harnessed". Page 175: Line 8, it's really triple-DES encryption. Page 181: Line 8 should read "he does not know it" instead of "he does know it". Page 195: In line 13, the reference number should be [402]. Page 201: Error Propagation, lines 5-6. The sentence should read: "In 8- bit CFB mode, 9 bytes of decrypted plaintext are garbled by a single-bit error in the ciphertext." Page 202: Third to last line, toggling individual bits does not affect subsequent bits in a synchronous stream cipher. Page 203: Section 9.8, both equations should be "S_i = E_K(S_(i-1))". Page 209: Table 9.1. CFB, Security: Bits of the last block can be changed, not the first. CFB, Efficiency: The speed is the same as the block cipher only in 64-bit CFB. CFB and OFB, Efficiency: "Ciphertext is the same size as the plaintext" should be a plus. Page 213: In the last line of the third paragraph, "cryptanalyze" is misspelled. Page 217: The Table 10.1 headers got garbled. They should be: "Algorithm", "Confidentiality", "Authentication", "Integrity", and "Key Management". Page 246: The last line should be: "#define isEven(x) ((x & 0x01) == 0)". Page 249: Line 9, "Euclid's generalization" should be "Euler's generalization". Page 251: Lines 20-21. The sentence should read: "For example, there are 11 quadratic residues mod 35: 1, 4, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 29, and 30." See page 505 for more details. Page 258: In line 27, his name is spelled "Chandrasekhar". Page 259: Lehmann reference "[903]" should be [945]". Page 275: Figure 12.4; "46-Bit Input" should be "48-Bit Input". Page 287: In line 13, "first and third" should be "second and third". Page 287: In Figure 12.6, there should be no period in X or Y. Page 288: In figure 12.7, the final output on the right side should be DELTA=0. Page 292: Second line, "b_24" should be "b_26". In line 10, "1/2 - .0061" should be "1/2 + .0061". Page 295: Fourth line from the bottom, 2^(120/n) should be (2^120)/n. Page 300: In the first line, "56" should be "48". Page 306: The first sentence is wrong. The key is rotated to the right; the key and data move in opposite directions to minimize redundant key bit operations. Also, the XOR happens after the rotation. The third paragraph should be modified to be the opposite of this. In any case, Madryga is vulnerable to differential cryptanalysis with about 5000 chosen plaintexts. Don't use it. Page 307: Last line, "complementation" is misspelled as "complemention". Page 311: Second paragraph, second line should be: "it more quickly than by brute force..." Page 316: In Table 13.2, P_2 should be "379", not "279". Page 319: In line 11, Section "25.13" should be "25.14". Page 322: Last line, the chip is 107.8 square mm. Page 325: Last line, "mod 3" should be "mod 4". Page 338: In Figure 14.3 and in the first line, "f" should be "F". Page 340: Second equation should be "mod 256". Page 341: The current variants of SAFER are SAFER SK-40, SAFER SK-64, and SAFER SK-128, all with a modified key schedule, in response to a theoretical attack by Lars Knudsen presented at Crypto '95. Page 342: In the description of 3-Way, "K^(n+1)" should be "K_n". Page 345: Lines 10 and 11; the + should be a -. Page 346: The reference number for BaseKing should be [402]. Page 352: In line 8, that second "l" should be an "r". Page 358: In the decryption equation of Davies-Price mode, the final D should be an E. Page 362: In the first equation, P is used to indicate both padding and plaintext. If P is plaintext and p is padding, then the equation should be: C = E_K3(p(E_K2(p(E_K1(P))))). Page 362: Figure 15.2 is wrong. The middle and top rows of "Encrypt," and the plaintext feeding them, are shifted right by 1/2 block from where they should be. Page 363: The parenthetical remark would be clearer as: "encryption with one of n different keys, used cyclically". Page 363: Second to last line, the equation should have an I_2 in place of the I_1. Page 367: Second equation, "P XOR K_3" should be "C XOR K_3". Page 369: A maximal period linear congruential generator as a period of m, not m-1. Page 375: Third paragraph should read: "It is easy to turn this into a maximal period LFSR. The highest exponent is the size of the register, n. Number the bits from n-1 to 0. The exponents, including the 0, specify the tap sequence, counting from the right of the register. The x^n term of the polynomial stands for the input being fed into the left end." The next paragraph is wrong, as is the code and the figure. Page 379: Second line of code has an extra close parentheses. Page 380: The fourth line should begin: "On the other hand, an astonishingly...." Page 382: In paragraph 4, "LFSR" would be more clear if it were labeled "LFSR-2". Similarly, in the first sentence of paragraph 5 "LFSR" would be more clear if it were labeled "LFSR-3". Page 384: Bilateral Stop-and-Go Generator: To agree with Figure 16.11, reverse "LFSR-1" and "LFSR-2". Page 389: Some more details on the GSM algorithms. A3 is the authentication algorithm in the smart card. A8 is just a bit shuffling process that takes part of the output of A3 and turns it into a session key for A5. A5 is the privacy algorithm. There are two algorithms used in GSM: A5/1 and A5/2. A5/1 can be used by only certain countries; A5/2 can be used by all countries. Page 391: In the 11th line under Fish, it should be "D_j" instead of "D_i". Page 393: In Figure 16.17, there should be an arrow from the fourth byte to the Output Function. Page 393: Second sentence should be: "It's a method for combining multiple pseudo-random streams that increases their security." Page 398: In the third line of the section on SEAL, "kilobytes" is misspelled as "kiloytes". Page 411: Another option for an alternating stop-and-go generator would be to use a LFSR in Register-2, a FCSR in Register-3, and either in Register- 1. This may have advantages over either of the three constructions listed. Page 420: Table 17.3, the speed should be in kilobytes/second. Page 429: The second sentence should be: "It returns a fixed-length hash value, h." Page 431: In step (2), "prepend" instead of "append". Page 440: In item 3, there is an "AND" missing in the equation. Page 441: The compression function of MD2 is confusing without the indentations. The two for-loops are nested; the inner loop includes the next two statements; and the other loop the statement after that. Page 443: Last paragraph, the operation number runs from 0 to 79. Page 444: In figure 18.7, the a, b, c, d, and e variables are backwards. Page 445: Line 14, SHA should be compared to MD4. Page 447: Lines 3-4 should read: "...CFB in [1145], CBC in [55,56,54]...." Page 449: Figure 18.9, M_i and H_i-1 in the upper-left diagram should be reversed. Page 454: Seventh and sixth lines from the bottom, Z is the sum of the message blocks as if they were 256-bit integers. Page 456: Table 18.2. It's "Hash Speeds", not "Encryption Speeds", and it is measured in "kilobytes/second". "SNEERU" should be "SNEFRU". Page 465: In the third line of text, the number should be n^-1. Page 469: Table 19.3, the "Clock Cycles" entry for the Siemens chip should be ".3M". Page 470: Sixth line from the bottom, the n' should be an m'. Page 470: The second to last line is missing an "is". Page 471: In the sixth line from the bottom, "n'^d mod n" should be "m'^d mod n"