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Date: Sat, 28 Jan 2006 20:36:27 -0500
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From influencing public opinion through new media to designing "computer network attack" weapons, the US military is learning to fight an electronic war.
The declassified document is called "Information Operations Roadmap". It
was obtained by the National Security Archive at George Washington
University using the Freedom of Information Act.
Officials in the Pentagon wrote it in 2003. The Secretary of Defense,
Donald Rumsfeld, signed it.
Most computers will open PDF documents automatically, but you may need to
download Adobe Acrobat Reader.
The "roadmap" calls for a far-reaching overhaul of the military's ability
to conduct information operations and electronic warfare. And, in some
detail, it makes recommendations for how the US armed forces should think
about this new, virtual warfare.
The document says that information is "critical to military success".
Computer and telecommunications networks are of vital operational
importance.
Propaganda
The operations described in the document include a surprising range of
military activities: public affairs officers who brief journalists,
psychological operations troops who try to manipulate the thoughts and
beliefs of an enemy, computer network attack specialists who seek to
destroy enemy networks.
All these are engaged in information operations.
Perhaps the most startling aspect of the roadmap is its acknowledgement
that information put out as part of the military's psychological
operations, or Psyops, is finding its way onto the computer and television
screens of ordinary Americans.
"Information intended for foreign audiences, including public diplomacy and
Psyops, is increasingly consumed by our domestic audience," it reads.
"Psyops messages will often be replayed by the news media for much larger
audiences, including the American public," it goes on.
The document's authors acknowledge that American news media should not
unwittingly broadcast military propaganda. "Specific boundaries should be
established," they write. But they don't seem to explain how.
"In this day and age it is impossible to prevent stories that are fed
abroad as part of psychological operations propaganda from blowing back
into the United States - even though they were directed abroad," says
Kristin Adair of the National Security Archive.
Credibility problem
Public awareness of the US military's information operations is low, but
it's growing - thanks to some operational clumsiness.
"When it describes plans for electronic warfare, or EW, the document takes
on an extraordinary tone. It seems to see the internet as being equivalent
to an enemy weapons system"
Late last year, it emerged that the Pentagon had paid a private company,
the Lincoln Group, to plant hundreds of stories in Iraqi newspapers. The
stories - all supportive of US policy - were written by military personnel
and then placed in Iraqi publications.
And websites that appeared to be information sites on the politics of
Africa and the Balkans were found to be run by the Pentagon.
But the true extent of the Pentagon's information operations, how they
work, who they're aimed at, and at what point they turn from informing the
public to influencing populations, is far from clear.
The roadmap, however, gives a flavour of what the US military is up to -
and the grand scale on which it's thinking.
It reveals that Psyops personnel "support" the American government's
international broadcasting. It singles out TV Marti - a station which
broadcasts to Cuba - as receiving such support.
It recommends that a global website be established that supports America's
strategic objectives. But no American diplomats here, thank you. The
website would use content from "third parties with greater credibility to
foreign audiences than US officials".
It also recommends that Psyops personnel should consider a range of
technologies to disseminate propaganda in enemy territory: unmanned aerial
vehicles, "miniaturized, scatterable public address systems", wireless
devices, cellular phones and the internet.
'Fight the net'
When it describes plans for electronic warfare, or EW, the document takes
on an extraordinary tone.
It seems to see the internet as being equivalent to an enemy weapons system.
"Strategy should be based on the premise that the Department [of Defense]
will 'fight the net' as it would an enemy weapons system," it reads.
The slogan "fight the net" appears several times throughout the roadmap.
The authors warn that US networks are very vulnerable to attack by hackers,
enemies seeking to disable them, or spies looking for intelligence.
"Networks are growing faster than we can defend them... Attack
sophistication is increasing... Number of events is increasing."
US digital ambition
And, in a grand finale, the document recommends that the United States
should seek the ability to "provide maximum control of the entire
electromagnetic spectrum".
US forces should be able to "disrupt or destroy the full spectrum of
globally emerging communications systems, sensors, and weapons systems
dependent on the electromagnetic spectrum".
Consider that for a moment.
The US military seeks the capability to knock out every telephone, every
networked computer, every radar system on the planet.
Are these plans the pipe dreams of self-aggrandising bureaucrats? Or are
they real?
The fact that the "Information Operations Roadmap" is approved by the
Secretary of Defense suggests that these plans are taken very seriously
indeed in the Pentagon.
And that the scale and grandeur of the digital revolution is matched only
by the US military's ambitions for it.
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R. A. Hettinga