As my final word on this thread, let me say that if you are really interested in the 9th Amendment, by far the best legal article on the subject that I know of is Charles L. Black, Jr, On Reading and Using the Ninth Amendment. I have not visited the Cato web pages, but their journal tends to be on the shallow side. I am far from LEXIS right now so I can't give you a citation for the Black article, but it is brilliant. It would also make a libertarian's hair stand on end. For hours. -- Michael Froomkin until Aug 6: michael@umlaw.demon.co.uk U.Miami School of Law London, England mfroomki@umiami.ir.miami.edu <-- this will still find me PO Box 248087 Coral Gables, FL 33124-8087 Rain. Sun. Rain. Sun. Rain.