Rich, On 01 26 96 you say: ...the US might have received credible reports that Pearl Harbor was going to be bombed. But they also received cred- ible reports to the contrary, and decisions were made. Bamford's 1983 The Puzzle Palace, page 57: In December 1941 American COMINT [communications intelli- gence] more closely resembled a medieval feudal state than the empire it is today. P 58: The system was a hodgepodge. No one was responsible for a continuous study of all material. *** Though the technical side of COMINT, particularly in the breaking of Purple, had been performed with genius, the analytical side had become lost in disorganization. That's the background. Then Bamford step by step follows the events of the first Sunday in December 1941 FROM (p 58) interception of the Japanese government reply to the US government "diplomatic note" [=declaration of war] sent 11 days before calling "on Japan to withdraw all its forces from China and Indochina in return for a U.S. promise to release Japanese funds and resume trade" TO (p 61): At 7:55 A.M. [Hawaii time], the first bomb smashed into a sea- plane ramp on Ford Island in Pearl Harbor. Before the last bomb whistled down through the black and orange sky two hours later, Americans would give their lives at the rate of almost thirty a minute. A note accompanying the Japanese government reply included these prophetic words (p 59): Will the Ambassador please submit to the United States Govern- ment (if possible to the Secretary of State) our reply to the United States [breaking off negotiations] at 1:00 P.M. on the 7th, your time. 1 PM Washington time = 7:30 AM Hawaii time. Bamford, p 60 (my emphasis): It was now about 11:00 A.M. [in Washington], almost six hours after the giant ear on Bainbridge Island had first snared the prophetic message, and ALL OF WASHINGTON'S SENIOR ELITE HAD READ IT. P 61: At 2:40 P.M. [Hawaii time] the [Ft Shafter] signal officer passed [Army Chief of Staff Marshall's warning] message to the decoding officer, and twenty minutes later,...Marshall's warning at last reached a devastated General Short. The credible report was received at 7:55 AM Hawaii time. The incredible report was received at 3 PM Hawaii time. One decision was made 11 days earlier. Another was finalized 10 days later. Bamford dryly concludes (p 62): Disorganization and divided responsibility had cost America dearly. Cordially, Jim