http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/28/business/yourmoney/28lock.html
November 28, 2004
Lockheed and the Future of Warfare
By TIM WEINER
LOCKHEED MARTIN doesn't run the United States. But it does help run a
breathtakingly big part of it.
Over the last decade, Lockheed, the nation's largest military
contractor, has built a formidable information-technology empire that
now stretches from the Pentagon to the post office. It sorts your mail
and totals your taxes. It cuts Social Security checks and counts the
United States census. It runs space flights and monitors air traffic.
To make all that happen, Lockheed writes more computer code than
Microsoft.
Of course, Lockheed, based in Bethesda, Md., is best known for its
weapons, which are the heart of America's arsenal. It builds most of
the nation's warplanes. It creates rockets for nuclear missiles,
sensors for spy satellites and scores of other military and
intelligence systems. The Pentagon and the Central Intelligence Agency
might have difficulty functioning without the contractor's expertise.
But in the post-9/11 world, Lockheed has become more than just the
biggest corporate cog in what Dwight D. Eisenhower called the
military-industrial complex. It is increasingly putting its stamp on
the nation's military policies, too.
Lockheed stands at "the intersection of policy and technology," and
that "is really a very interesting place to me," said its new chief
executive, Robert J. Stevens, a tightly wound former Marine. "We are
deployed entirely in developing daunting technology," he said, and
that requires "thinking through the policy dimensions of national
security as well as technological dimensions."
To critics, however, Lockheed's deep ties with the Pentagon raise some
questions. "It's impossible to tell where the government ends and
Lockheed begins," said Danielle Brian of the Project on Government
Oversight, a nonprofit group in Washington that monitors government
contracts. "The fox isn't guarding the henhouse. He lives there."
No contractor is in a better position than Lockheed to do business in
Washington. Nearly 80 percent of its revenue comes from the United
States government. Most of the rest comes from foreign military sales,
many financed with tax dollars. And former Lockheed executives,
lobbyists and lawyers hold crucial posts at the White House and the
Pentagon, picking weapons and setting policies.
Obviously, war and crisis have been good for business. The Pentagon's
budget for buying new weapons rose by about a third over the last
three years, to $81 billion in fiscal 2004, up from $60 billion in
2001. Lockheed's sales also rose by about a third, to nearly $32
billion in the 2003 calendar year, from $24 billion in 2001. It was
the No. 1 recipient of Pentagon primary contracts, with $21.9 billion
in fiscal 2003. Boeing had $17.3 billion, Northrop Grumman had $11.1
billion and General Dynamics had $8.2 billion.
LOCKHEED also has many tens of billions of dollars in future orders on
its books. The company's stock has tripled in the last four years, to
just under $60.
"It used to be just an airplane company," said John Pike, a longtime
military analyst and director of GlobalSecurity.org, a research
organization in Alexandria, Va. "Now it's a warfare company. It's an
integrated solution provider. It's a one-stop shop. Anything you need
to kill the enemy, they will sell you."
As its influence grows, Lockheed is not just seeking to solve the
problems of national security. It is framing the questions as well:
Are there too few soldiers to secure the farthest reaches of Iraq?
Lockheed is creating robot soldiers and neural software - "intelligent
agents" - to do their work. "We've now created policy options where
you can elect to put a human in or you can elect to put an intelligent
agent in place," Mr. Stevens said.
Are thousands of C.I.A. and Pentagon analysts drowning under a flood
of data, incapable of seeing patterns? Lockheed's "intelligence
information factory" will do their thinking for them. Mining and
sifting categories of facts - for example, linking an adversary's
movements and telephone calls - would "offload the mental work by
making connections," said Stanton D. Sloane, executive vice president
for integrated systems and solutions at Lockheed.
Are American soldiers hard-pressed to tell friend from foe in the
crags of Afghanistan? Lockheed is transferring spy satellite
technology, created for mapping mountain ridges, to build a mobile lab
for reading fingerprints. Lockheed executives say the mobile lab, the
size of a laptop, is just the tool for special-operations commandos.
It can be loaded with the prints of suspected terrorists, they say,
and linked to the F.B.I.'s 470 million print files. They say they
think that American police departments will want it, too.
Does the Department of Homeland Security have the best tools to
protect the nation? Lockheed has a host of military and intelligence
technologies to offer. "What they do for the military in downtown
Falluja, they can do for the police in downtown Reno," said Jondavid
Black of the company's Horizontal Integration Vision division.
Lockheed is also building a huge high-altitude airship, 25 times
bigger than the Goodyear blimp, intended to help the Pentagon with the
unsolved problem of protecting the nation from ballistic missiles. The
airship, with two tons of surveillance sensors, could be used by the
Department of Homeland Security to stare down at the United States,
Lockheed officials said.
In a pilot program for the department, Lockheed has set up spy cameras
and sensors on the U.S.S. New Jersey, anchored in the Delaware River,
providing 24-hour surveillance of the ports of Philadelphia and
Camden, N.J. The program grew out of the Aegis weapons and
surveillance systems for Navy ships, and it soon may spread throughout
the United States.
The melding of military and intelligence programs,
information-technology and domestic security spending began in earnest
after the Sept. 11 attacks. Lockheed was perfectly positioned to take
advantage of the shift. When the United States government decided a
decade ago to let corporate America handle federal information
technology, Lockheed leapt at the opportunity. Its
information-technology sales have quadrupled since 1995, and, for all
those years, Lockheed has been the No. 1 supplier to the federal
government, which now outsources 83 percent of its I.T. work.
Lockheed has taken over the job of making data flow throughout the
government, from the F.B.I.'s long-dysfunctional computer networks to
the Department of Health and Human Services system for tracking child
support. The company just won a $525 million contract to fix the
Social Security Administration's information systems. It has an $87
million contract to make computers communicate and secrets stream
throughout the Department of Homeland Security. On top of all that,
the company is helping to rebuild the United States Coast Guard - a
$17 billion program - and to supply, under the Patriot Act, biometric
identity cards for six million Americans who work in transportation.
Lockheed is also the strongest corporate force driving the Pentagon's
plans for "net-centric warfare": the big idea of fusing military,
intelligence and weapons programs through a new military Internet,
called the Global Information Grid, to give American soldiers
throughout the world an instant picture of the battlefield around
them. "We want to know what's going on anytime, anyplace on the
planet," said Lorraine M. Martin, vice president and deputy of the
company's Joint Command, Control and Communications Systems division.
Lockheed's global reach is also growing. Its "critical mass" of
salesmanship lets it "produce global products for a global
marketplace," said Robert H. Trice Jr., the senior vice president for
corporate business development. With its dominant position in fighter
jets, missiles, rockets and other weapons, Lockheed's technology will
drive the security spending for many American allies in coming
decades. Lockheed now sells aircraft and weapons to more than 40
countries. The American taxpayer is financing many of those sales. For
example, Israel spends much of the $1.8 billion in annual military aid
from the United States to buy F-16 warplanes from Lockheed.
Twenty-four nations are flying the F-16, or will be soon. Lockheed's
factory in Fort Worth is building 10 for Chile. Oman will receive a
dozen next year. Poland will get 48 in 2006; the United States
Treasury will cover the cost through a $3.8 billion loan.
In the future, Lockheed hopes to build and sell hundreds of billions
of dollars' worth of the next generation of warplanes, the F-35, to
the United States Army, Navy and Air Force, and to dozens of United
States allies. Three years ago, Lockheed won the competition to be the
prime contractor for this aircraft, known as the Joint Strike Fighter.
The program was valued at $200 billion, the biggest Pentagon project
in history, but it may be worth more. The F-35 is in its first stages
of development in Fort Worth; its onboard computers will require 3.5
million lines of code. Each of the American military services wants a
different version of the jet.
There have been glitches involving the weight of the craft. "We did
not get it right the first time," said Tom Burbage, a Lockheed
executive vice president working on the program. But a day will come,
he said, "when everybody's flying the F-35." Lockheed hopes to sell
4,000 or 5,000 of the planes, with roughly half the sales to foreign
nations, including those that bought the F-16.
"It's a terrific opportunity for us," said Bob Elrod, a senior
Lockheed manager for the F-35 program. "It could be a tremendous
success, at the level of the F-16 - 4,000-plus and growing." That
would represent "world domination" for Lockheed, he said.
In the United States, where national security spending now surpasses
$500 billion a year, Lockheed's dominance is growing. Its own
executives say the concentration of power among military contractors
is more intense than in any other sector of business outside banking.
Three or four major companies - Lockheed, General Dynamics, Northrop
Grumman and arguably Boeing - rule the industry. They often work like
general contractors building customized houses, farming out the
painting, the floors and the cabinets to smaller subcontractors and
taking their own share of the money.
AND, after 9/11, cost is hardly the most important variable for
Pentagon planners. Lockheed has now won approval to build as many
F-22's as possible. The current price, $258 million apiece, easily
makes the F-22 the most expensive fighter jet in history.
Mr. Stevens, whose compensation last year as Lockheed's chief
operating officer was more than $9.5 million, says cost is essentially
irrelevant when national security is at stake. "Some folks might
think, well, here's a fighter that costs a lot," he said. "This is not
a business where in the purest economical sense there's a broad market
of supply and demand and price and value can be determined in that
exchange. It's more challenging to define its value."
Lockheed says it has transformed its corporate culture. In the 1970's,
it was discovered that the company had paid millions of dollars to
foreign officials around the world in order to sell its planes. In one
case, Kakuei Tanaka, who had been the prime minister of Japan, was
convicted of accepting bribes.
"Without Lockheed, there never would have been a Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act," said Jerome Levinson, who was the staff director of
the Senate subcommittee that uncovered the bribery.
The antibribery provisions of that law, passed in 1977, owed their
existence to the Lockheed investigation, he said. The last bribery
case involving Lockheed came a decade ago, when a Lockheed executive
and the corporation admitted paying $1.2 million in bribes to an
Egyptian official to seal the sales of three Lockheed C-130 cargo
planes.
Mr. Trice, Lockheed's senior vice president for business development,
says the company cleaned up its act at home and overseas since the
last of the series of major mergers and acquisitions that gave the
corporation its present shape in March 1995. "You simply have to look
people in the eye and say 'we don't do business that way,' " he said.
There really is no need to do business that way any more - not in a
world where so much of Lockheed's wealth flows directly from the
Treasury, where competition for foreign markets is both controlled and
subsidized by the White House and Congress, and where Lockheed's
influence runs so deep. Men who have worked, lobbied and lawyered for
Lockheed hold the posts of secretary of the Navy, secretary of
transportation, director of the national nuclear weapons complex and
director of the national spy satellite agency. The list also includes
Stephen J. Hadley, who has been named the next national security
adviser to the president, succeeding Condoleezza Rice.
Former Lockheed executives serve on the Defense Policy Board, the
Defense Science Board and the Homeland Security Advisory Council,
which help make military and intelligence policy and pick weapons for
future battles. Lockheed's board includes E. C. Aldridge Jr., who, as
the Pentagon's chief weapons buyer, gave the go-ahead to build the
F-22.
None of those posts and positions violate the Pentagon's rules about
the "revolving door" between industry and government. Lockheed has
stayed clear of the kind of conflict-of-interest cases that have
afflicted its competitor, Boeing, and the Air Force in recent months.
"We need to be politically aware and astute," Mr. Stevens said. "We
work with the Congress. We work with the executive branch." In these
dialogues, he said, Lockheed's end of the conversation is "saying we
think this is feasible, we think this is possible, we think we might
have invented a new approach."
Lockheed makes about $1 million a year in campaign contributions
through political action committees, singling out members of the
Congressional committees controlling the Pentagon's budget, and spends
many millions more on lobbying. Political stalwarts who have lobbied
for Lockheed at one point or another include Haley Barbour, the
governor of Mississippi and a former Republican national chairman;
Otto Reich, who persuaded Congress to sell F-16's to Chile before
becoming President Bush's main Latin America policy aide in 2002; and
Norman Y. Mineta, the transportation secretary and former member of
Congress.
Its connections give Lockheed a "tremendous opportunity to influence
contracts flowing to the company," said Ms. Brian of the Project on
Government Oversight. "More subtly valuable is the ability of the
company to benefit from their eyes and ears inside the government, to
know what's on the horizon, what are the best bets for the
government's future technology needs."
SO who serves as the overseer for the biggest military contractors and
their costly weapons? Usually, the customer itself: the Pentagon.
"These programs are huge," said Dov S. Zakheim, the Pentagon's
comptroller and chief financial officer for the last three years, who
recently joined Booz Allen Hamilton, the consulting firm. "There is a
historical tendency to underestimate their test schedules, their
technological hurdles, the likely weight of an airplane and, as a
result, to underestimate costs.
"Because you have so few contractors, you don't get the level of
attention that the average citizen would think would be devoted to a
program costing billions of dollars," he said. "With this massive
agglomeration into a very small number of companies, you get far less
visibility as to whether the subcontractors are effectively managed.
Problems accumulate."
"Twenty years ago, the complaint was, it takes so long to build
things," he said. Weapons designed in the depths of the cold war were
built long after the Berlin Wall crumbled. That led some people,
including George W. Bush while running for president in 1999, to
suggest that the Pentagon skip a generation of weapons set to roll off
the assembly line in this decade and concentrate instead on lighter,
faster, smarter systems for the future.
That didn't happen. It still takes two decades to build a major
weapons system, and the costs are still staggering.
"The complaints haven't changed 20 years later," Mr. Zakheim said. The
difference between then and now is the concentration of expertise,
experience and power in a few hands, he said, "and I don't think the
effect has necessarily been a good one."
Mr. Stevens rejected that criticism. "I can't tell you the number of
times I've heard 'not progressive, not sophisticated, ponderous, slow'
" as terms used to describe Lockheed, he said. "I see none of that."
What he sees is a far grander vision. Lockheed, he said, is promising
to transform the very nature of war. During the cold war, when
Lockheed and its component parts built an empire of nuclear weapons,
Mr. Stevens said, the watchword was: "Be more fearful. 'Deterrence,'
isn't that Latin? 'Deterrere.' Induce fear. Terrorize."
Today, Lockheed is building weapons so smart that they can change the
world by virtue of their precision, he said; they aim to wage war
without the death of innocents, without weapons misfiring, without
fatal miscalculation.
"I know the fog of war exists," Mr. Stevens said, adding that it could
be lifted. "We envision a world where you don't have any more
fratricide," no more friendly fire, he said. "With technology we've
been able to make ourselves more secure and more humane.
"And we aren't there yet - but we sure have pioneered the kind of work
that is taking us well along that trajectory. And there's a lot of
evidence that says we're doing well. And we're setting the bar high
and we expect to be able to do that. Now that's pretty exciting stuff.
"I don't say this lightly," he said. "Our industry has contributed to
a change in humankind."
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R. A. Hettinga