#ifdef __CYPHERPUNKS
fellow cypherpunks -- I'm forwarding you this copy of SURFPUNK that
I just produced. It tries to deal with the cypherpunk events of the
last few days. If someone has a good summary of all this,
a cypherpunk press release, so to speak, I'd love to publish it, too.
Also corrections and clarifications and even flames are welcome.
Brief info on SURFPUNK -- we cover cypherpunk, cyberpunk,
conscious hacking, public policy, what's new on the net, etc.
We republish a lot of hard information from other lists.
We have some overlap with cypherpunks, but pretty much SURFPUNK is
reaching 300 more people.
keep practicing, strick
strick@versant.com
#endif /*__CYPHERPUNKS*/
# Subject: I want my SURFPUNK
#
# I don't know what happened to my subscription to
# SURFPUNK, but I haven't received an issue since
# May 5. I'd like to have it back. Thanks.
#
# -- a concerned surfpunker
Whew. It's been a long time. Apologies. I've had a different sort of
mailer problems each week. But I hope we're back now to stay.
If you haven't received an issue since #0085 on Wed, 5 May 93,
you're not missing any. We've been out for a good month.
Our address has simplified. We are now simply "surfpunk@versant.com".
It used to be "surfpunk@osc.versant.com". You can now drop the "osc".
If you are missing surfpunks, or want old backissues,
use the "www" (or "xmosaic") server with the Universal Record Locator
http://www.acns.nwu.edu/surfpunk/
(and check out the first issue of BLINK while you're there).
[ Write for more info on BLINK. ]
This is a theme issue -- see the first article. --strick
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
0000000 a55a e970 d8f6 7ea7 3838 6988 5c4e 337c
0000020 ba89 c087 915b 4652 fa21 e20e c5db 3e03
0000040 a856 e161 fa23 50d3 efa9 0641 96c8 50a5
0000060 ee84 beb0 b865 d2d8 8299 f98c 2e97 a2d3
0000100 4df7 db2a 8845 6ea3 1068 a3f8 331f 0c6d
0000120 efe8 4ac7 d0c7 5eb7 f4ce 9434 22f8 c2c6
0000140 d2bd 2db2 40d9 8672 f4f4 f0ed da9f 7393
0000160 b9d2 15d4 e653 d649 a15c 2161 f7bc 62ed
________________________________________________________________________
Subject: _f y__ c_n wr_t_ th_s, g_ t_ j__l
From: strick
This issue will contain a number of documents relating to
cryptography. The last couple of months have seen a lot of action in
this realm, and I wish I had a good summary of what the big moves were
and what the current status is. It would be difficult, however, to
separate the plain fact of what documents say from what they imply and
what is really going on behind the scenes.
Here's a very brief, highlevel summary, from my own point of view.
It's probably not too far off from the consensus at the Mountain View
Cypherpunks physical meeting last weekend. It discussses US policy,
but it will certainly influence the rest of the world's policies.
We seem to be moving from an era when the US policy on cryptography was
something like this: Any encryption is legal within the US [ and
perhaps Canada ] boundaries, but only very weak encryption can be
exported. The restrictions on export may not have made much sense on
the surface, but they have sucessfully prevented the really popular
products from using encryption. In effect, the available encryption is
weak enough that a determined agent, perhaps the U S Government, can
easily crack it.
The new era might be this: Strong encryption is available within the
US, and even mandated in some cases, but only encryption that leaves
"escrowed" keys is allowed. The escrowed keys are available to the U S
Government. Any other strong encryption is made illegal.
How to make encryption illegal is a good question. Any strings of
seemingly random numbers could potentially be an encrypted message.
Could you imagine going to jail if you cannot decode stray bits?
I'm not going to try to convince you that this is the ultimate goal,
but I do hope you will try to understand what is happening. A paranoid
view is that all of these decisions are already made, and the
technology is in place, and now, with only token public debate, the
system will be put in place. If this is correct, then President
Clinton will be of little help; he is already a strong proponent of the
Clipper chip. I don't know if the paranoid view is correct, but it is
plausible.
Sorry if this isn't a fun issue. I hope the documents I pick are helpful.
What's in this issue of SURFPUNK:
-- NIST and PKP cross-lisence, to lock public key encryption
and the NIST-proposed digitial signature algorithm.
About two months ago PKP acquired the Schorr patent,
which supposedly covers the DSA algorithm that NIST
proposes for digital signatures.
-- Opinion by Hal Finney
-- Opinion by L. Detweiler
-- NIST Crypto Resolutions, Computer System Security and
Privacy Advisory Board, June 4, 1993
-- CPSR Crypto Statement to NIST
Computer System Security and Privacy Advisory Board, June 1993
-- CPSR Crypto Statement to The Subcommittee on
Telecommunications and Finance,
Committee on Energy and Commerce,
U.S. House of Representatives, June 9, 1993 [ from CuD #5.43 ]
For more info, try these resources:
** Usenet groups sci.crypt
** Usenet groups comp.risks (RISKS Forum)
** Usenet groups comp.org.eff.news
** Usenet groups comp.org.eff.talk
** EFF ftp site: ftp.eff.org
** Cypherpunks mailing list: cypherpunk-request@toad.com
** Cypherpunks ftp site
soda.berkeley.edu : /pub/cypherpunks
** Computer Underground Digest
Usenet group comp.society.cu-digest
subscriptions: tk0jut2@mvs.cso.niu.edu
ANONYMOUS FTP SITES:
UNITED STATES: ftp.eff.org (192.88.144.4) in /pub/cud
uglymouse.css.itd.umich.edu (141.211.182.53)
halcyon.com( 202.135.191.2) in /pub/mirror/cud
AUSTRALIA: ftp.ee.mu.oz.au (128.250.77.2) in /pub/text/CuD.
EUROPE: nic.funet.fi in pub/doc/cud. (Finland)
ftp.warwick.ac.uk in pub/cud (United Kingdom)
________________________________________________________________________
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0000220 ab61 c3f6 ad38 d6dd 7f74 01ad e27e ca2e
0000240 e348 3346 1c03 c629 dfa0 09b7 43f6 f992
0000260 25a1 e863 6f16 49a1 cf88 2fdb 4562 00ec
0000300 b330 9bff 2493 5b5c 59cc 7dbc c0cf 46f2
0000320 888d b538 d02a ae5a 0153 ad8f fd19 8ebb
0000340 f25a 0712 8e87 be58 6e27 b639 21ab ddb7
0000360 4026 b065 f228 bad9 bc7e f407 3713 1246
________________________________________________________________________
To: cypherpunks@toad.com
Subject: it's official: PKP sells out for Clipper
Date: Fri, 11 Jun 93 20:19:45 -0600
From: ""L. Detweiler""
From the following document:
PKP will also grant a license to practice key management, at no
additional fee, for the integrated circuits which will implement
both the DSA and the anticipated Federal Information Processing
Standard for the "key escrow" system announced by President Clinton
on April 16, 1993.
more weasel words:
Notice of availability of this invention for licensing
was waived because it was determined that expeditious granting of
such license will best serve the interest of the Federal Government
and the public.
what else?
===cut=here===
From: jim@rand.org (Jim Gillogly)
Newsgroups: sci.crypt
Subject: DSA: NIST and PKP come to terms
Message-ID: <16860@rand.org>
Date: 11 Jun 93 20:56:44 GMT
Sender: news@rand.org
Organization: Banzai Institute
This text was transcribed from a fax and may have transcription
errors. We believe the text to be correct but some of the numbers
may be incorrect or incomplete.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
** The following notice was published in the Federal Register, Vol.
58, No. 108, dated June 8, 1993 under Notices **
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Notice of Proposal for Grant of Exclusive Patent License
This is to notify the public that the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) intends to grant an exclusive
world-wide license to Public Key Partners of Sunnyvale, California
to practice the Invention embodied in U.S. Patent Application No.
07/738.431 and entitled "Digital Signature Algorithm." A PCT
application has been filed. The rights in the invention have been
assigned to the United States of America.
The prospective license is a cross-license which would resolve a
patent dispute with Public Key Partners and includes the right to
sublicense. Notice of availability of this invention for licensing
was waived because it was determined that expeditious granting of
such license will best serve the interest of the Federal Government
and the public. Public Key Partners has provided NIST with the
materials contained in Appendix A as part of their proposal to
NIST.
Inquiries, comments, and other materials relating to the prospec-
tive license shall be submitted to Michael R. Rubin, Active Chief
Counsel for Technology, Room A-1111, Administration Building,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899. His telephone number is (301) 975-2803. Applica-
tions for a license filed in response to this notice will be
treated as objections to the grant of the prospective license.
Only written comments and/or applications for a license which are
received by NIST within sixty (60) days for the publication of this
notice will be considered.
The prospective license will be granted unless, within sixty (60)
days of this notice, NIST receives written evidence and argument
which established that the grant of the license would not be
consistent with the requirements of 35 U.S.C. 209 and 37 CFR 404.7.
Dated: June 2, 1993.
Raymond G. Kammer
Acting Director, National Institute Standards and Technology.
Appendix "A"
The National Institute for Standards and Technology ("NIST") has
announced its intention to grant Public Key Partners ("PKP")
sublicensing rights to NIST's pending patent application on the
Digital Signature Algorithm ("DSA").
Subject to NIST's grant of this license, PKP is pleased to declare
its support for the proposed Federal Information Processing
Standard for Digital Signatures (the "DSS") and the pending
availability of licenses to practice the DSA. In addition to the
DSA, licenses to practice digital signatures will be offered by PKP
under the following patents:
Cryptographic Apparatus and Method ("Diffie-Hellman")
No. 4,200,770
Public Key Cryptographic Apparatus and Method
("Hellman-Merkle") No. 4,315,552
Exponential Cryptographic Apparatus and Method
("Hellman-Pohlig") No. 4,434,414
Method For Identifying Subscribers And For Generating
And Verifying Electronic Signatures In A Data Exchange
System ("Schnorr") No. 4,995,082
It is PKP's intent to make practice of the DSA royalty free for
personal, noncommercial and U.S. Federal, state and local
government use. As explained below, only those parties who enjoy
commercial benefit from making or selling products, or certifying
digital signatures, will be required to pay royalties to practice
the DSA.
PKP will also grant a license to practice key management, at no
additional fee, for the integrated circuits which will implement
both the DSA and the anticipated Federal Information Processing
Standard for the "key escrow" system announced by President Clinton
on April 16, 1993.
Having stated these intentions, PKP now takes this opportunity to
publish its guidelines for granting uniform licenses to all parties
having a commercial interest in practicing this technology:
First, no party will be denied a license for any reason other that
the following:
(i) Failure to meet its payment obligations,
(ii) Outstanding claims of infringement, or
(iii) Previous termination due to material breach.
Second, licenses will be granted for any embodiment sold by the
licensee or made for its use, whether for final products software,
or components such as integrated circuits and boards, and regard-
less of the licensee's channel of distribution. Provided the
requisite royalties have been paid by the seller on the enabling
component(s), no further royalties will be owned by the buyer for
making or selling the final product which incorporates such
components.
Third, the practice of digital signatures in accordance with the
DSS may be licensed separately from any other technical art covered
by PKP's patents.
Fourth, PKP's royalty rates for the right to make or sell products,
subject to uniform minimum fees, will be no more than 2 1/2% for
hardware products and 5% for software, with the royalty rate
further declining to 1% on any portion of the product price
exceeding $1,000. These royalty rates apply only to noninfringing
parties and will be uniform without regard to whether the licensed
product creates digital signatures, verifies digital signatures or
performs both.
Fifth, for the next three (3) years, all commercial services which
certify a signature's authenticity for a fee may be operated
royalty free. Thereafter, all providers of such commercial
certification services shall pay a royalty to PKP of $1.00 per
certificate for each year the certificate is valid.
Sixth, provided the foregoing royalties are paid on such products
or services, all other practice of the DSA shall be royalty free.
Seventh, PKP invites all of its existing licensees, at their
option, to exchange their current licenses for the standard license
offered for DSA.
Finally, PKP will mediate the concerns of any party regarding the
availability of PKP's licenses for the DSA with designated
representatives of NIST and PKP. For copies of PKP's license
terms, contact Michael R. Rubin, Acting Chief Counsel for Technolo-
gy, NIST, or Public Key Partners.
Dated: June 2, 1993.
Robert B. Fougner, Esq.,
Director of Licensing, Public Key Partners,
310 North Mary Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94033
[FR Doc. 93-13473 Filed 8-7-93; 8:45 am]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Forwarded by:
--
Jim Gillogly
Trewesday, 21 Forelithe S.R. 1993, 20:56
________________________________________________________________________
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0000540 3074 5be2 68ec 3b91 961d 48f0 82c8 dc2d
0000560 bf18 1cd2 edb2 f1d0 1480 80f0 c634 f119
________________________________________________________________________
From: hal@alumni.cco.caltech.edu (Hal Finney)
Date: Fri, 11 Jun 93 22:27:09 PDT
To: cypherpunks@toad.com
Subject: PKP sellout?
This was my response on sci.crypt to this announcement that PKP will
be supporting DSS, and licensing its technology for use by Clipper
phones. Thanks to Lance for alerting us to this announcement.
-----
jim@rand.org (Jim Gillogly) forwards:
This is to notify the public that the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) intends to grant an exclusive
world-wide license to Public Key Partners of Sunnyvale, California
to practice the Invention embodied in U.S. Patent Application No.
07/738.431 and entitled "Digital Signature Algorithm."
And so it appears that another patent jewel will be added to the crown
worn by PKP, the de facto owner of cryptographic technology in the United
States. They will have an exclusive license to the DSA, as they already
do to RSA and most other worthwhile encryption technologies.
This also appears to put to rest the much-publicized feud between RSA and
NIST/NSA. Conspiracy theorists can now comfortably return to the
position that PKP/RSADSI is actually an arm of the NSA, dedicated to
restricting and delaying access to strong cryptography as much as
possible.
Notice of availability of this invention for licensing
was waived because it was determined that expeditious granting of
such license will best serve the interest of the Federal Government
and the public.
Once again we are presented with a fait accompli; no other organizations
were given an opportunity to bid for the licensing of this patent. The
government prefers to see PKP holding the keys to all cryptography in the
U.S. Remember how Clipper's technology was similarly assigned to
particular corporations on a non-competitive basis?
Subject to NIST's grant of this license, PKP is pleased to declare
its support for the proposed Federal Information Processing
Standard for Digital Signatures (the "DSS") and the pending
availability of licenses to practice the DSA.
And what of the technical objections to DSA/DSS raised in earlier
documents by officials of RSADSI, such as in the recent CACM? No doubt
those objections are now moot.
PKP will also grant a license to practice key management, at no
additional fee, for the integrated circuits which will implement
both the DSA and the anticipated Federal Information Processing
Standard for the "key escrow" system announced by President Clinton
on April 16, 1993.
So PKP is now supporting key escrow and Clipper. Can anyone seriously
argue that this company is a friend to supporters of strong cryptography?
These are dark times indeed. PKP has thrown in with the government,
getting behind DSS and Clipper in exchange for exclusive licensing
rights. Their ownership of DH and RSA will make it that much harder for
any competition to Clipper to arise.
If the 60-day comment period really means anything, perhaps public
criticism can be effective here. There is much to be concerned about in
this announcement.
Hal Finney
hal@alumni.caltech.edu
________________________________________________________________________
0000600 c8aa 62f7 811f e878 3616 b536 f59e fe2d
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0000740 7fd0 dd7a 3608 63de 20ee 94fd c55c ef3d
0000760 41b2 89f9 e373 f2b5 df3e eaf0 142e a17b
________________________________________________________________________
To: cypherpunks@toad.com
Subject: PKP sellout = betrayal
Date: Sun, 13 Jun 93 00:00:45 -0600
From: ""L. Detweiler""
S. Bellovin
I don't see the hand of conspiracy here; rather, I see an encouraging
trend, that the private sector is able to compete in cryptographic
competence with NSA.
I am encouraged by the pledges to allow non-commercial use -- note the
lack of any RSAREF-like interface -- and to engage in non-discriminatory
licensing.
By cooperating with NIST on DSA and Clipper, they are implicitly
sending the message that the poorly-to-outrageously directed standards
making processes for both are wholly acceptable assuming PKP directly
profits. That is, that is the weak `nonconspirational' interpretation.
The conspirational interpretation is that this announcement is just a
blatant indication that PKP, in addition to NIST, is controlled by the NSA.
Let me remind everyone that Capstone has a yet-unspecified exchange
protocol. Denning suggested on RISKS that Diffie-Hellman (covered by
PKP patents) `could be used'. There is some serious evasion going on
here. If Capstone is already built, with a public-key algorithm
installed, it suggests that PKP has been cooperating on the
Clipper/Capstone proposals all along. It will be most interesting to
hear announcements on Capstone that announce its key exchange mechanism.
PKP `had' the ability to murder Clipper/Capstone in its crib if it so
desired, more so than any other single nexus, by denying the right to
use public key algorithms (on which it now has a strangling,
monopolistic lock). Gad, I can't believe it didn't occur to me to lobby
them to do so. In retrospect, it wouldn't have done anything more than
heighten the inevitable betrayal.
Maybe Mr. Bellovin can clarify how this agreement represents an
`encouraging trend in the private sector to compete with the NSA' --
Good lord man, not unless you think that PKP represents the entire
private sector in cryptographic applications. Uh, touche' -- you do and it does.
Does anybody feel like raiding PKP dumpsters? :(
P.S. doubt P.R.Z. will be in a docile mood after hearing this one...
________________________________________________________________________
0001000 26b5 740f 361d c550 1053 5998 56dc 1e64
0001020 01e9 8f39 a3e2 e991 1e37 bd23 3c9d 07f2
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0001140 52c3 93e5 4472 1336 7e88 b901 cc76 c18e
0001160 a949 456d 2c94 6c0e 90fc d109 e2ed 224b
________________________________________________________________________
From: Dave Banisar
Newsgroups: alt.privacy,alt.security,comp.org.eff.talk,sci.crypt,alt.privacy.clipper
Subject: NIST CSSPAB Resolutions 6/4/93
Date: 5 Jun 1993 00:48:11 GMT
Organization: CPSR Washington Office
NIST Crypto Resolutions
Computer System Security and Privacy Advisory Board
June 4, 1993
Resolution #1
At Mr. Kammer's request we have conducted two days of
hearings. The clear message of the majority of input
was that there are serious concerns regarding the Key
Escrow Initiative and the Board concurs with these
concerns. Many of these issues are still to be fully
understood and more time is needed to achieving that
understanding.
Accordingly, this Board resolves to have an additional
meeting in July 1993 in order to more completely respond
to Mr. Kammer's request and to fulfill its statutory
obligations under P.L. 100-235. The Board recommends
that the inter-agency review take note of our input
collected, our preliminary finding, and adjust the
timetable to allow for resolution of the significant
issues and problems raised.
Attached to this resolution is a preliminary
distillation of the serious concerns and problems.
Resolution #2
Key escrowing encryption technology represents a
dramatic change in the nation's information
infrastructure. The full implications of this
encryption technique are not fully understood at this
time. Therefore, the Board recommends that key
escrowing encryption technology not be deployed beyond
current implementations planned within the Executive
Branch, until the significant public policy and
technical issues inherent with this encryption technique
are fully understood.
[Attachment to Resolution #1]]
- A convincing statement of the problem that Clipper
attempts to solve has not been provided.
- Export and important controls over cryptographic
products must be reviewed. Based upon data compiled
from U.S. and international vendors, current controls
are negatively impacting U.S. competitiveness in the
world market and are not inhibiting the foreign
production and use of cryptography (DES and RSA)
- The Clipper/Capstone proposal does not address the
needs of the software industry, which is a critical and
significant component of the National Information
Infrastructure and the U.S. economy.
- Additional DES encryption alternatives and key
management alternatives should be considered since there
is a significant installed base.
- The individuals reviewing the Skipjack algorithm and
key management system must be given an appropriate time
period and environment in which to perform a thorough
review. This review must address the escrow protocol
and chip implementation as well as the algorithm itself.
- Sufficient information must be provided on the
proposed key escrow scheme to allow it to be fully
understood by the general public. It does not appear to
be clearly defined at this time and, since it is an
integral part of the security of the system, it appears
to require further development and consideration of
alternatives to the key escrow scheme (e.g., three
"escrow" entities, one of which is a non-government
agency, and a software based solution).
- The economic implications for the Clipper/Capstone
proposal have not been examined. These costs go beyond
the vendor cost of the chip and include such factors as
customer installation, maintenance, administration, chip
replacement, integration and interfacing, government
escrow systems costs, etc.
- Legal issues raised by the proposal must be reviewed.
- Congress, as well as the Administration, should play a
role in the conduct and approval of the results of the
review.
=======================================================
NIST Resolutions on Key Escow Issues and Clipper
provided by
CPSR Washington office
666 Pennsylvania Ave., SE Suite 303
Washington, DC 20003
rotenberg@washofc.cpsr.org
=======================================================
________________________________________________________________________
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0001340 460d 2de6 4e0e 7058 85de bc5e 17f1 4ffb
0001360 006a 3347 8da1 192b 01d3 da57 98ed f6c3
________________________________________________________________________
Organization: CPSR Civil Liberties and Computing Project
From: Dave Banisar
To: CYPHERPUNKS
Date: Wed, 2 Jun 1993 21:20:10 EST
Subject: CPSR NIST Crypto Statement
CPSR NIST Crypto Statement
Department of Commerce
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Computer System Security and Privacy Advisory Board
Review of Cryptography Policy
June 1993
Statement of CPSR Washington office
Marc Rotenberg, director
(rotenberg@washofc.cpsr.org)
with David Sobel, legal counsel,
Dave Banisar, policy analyst
Mr. Chairman, members of the Advisory Panel, thank you for the
opportunity to speak today about emerging issues on cryptography
policy.
My name is Marc Rotenberg and I am director of the CPSR
Washington office. Although CPSR does not represent any computer
firm or industry trade association, we speak for many in the
computer profession who value privacy and are concerned about the
government's Clipper proposal.
During the last several years CPSR has organized several meetings
to promote public discussion of cryptography issues. We have also
obtained important government documents through the Freedom of
Information Act. We believe that good policies will only result if the
public, the profession, and the policy makers are fully informed
about the significance of these recent proposals.
We are pleased that the Advisory Board has organized hearings.
This review of cryptography policy will help determine if the Clipper
proposal is in the best interests of the country. We believe that a
careful review of the relevant laws and policies shows that the key
escrow arrangement is at odds with the public interest, and that
therefore the Clipper proposal should not go forward.
Today I will address issues 1 through 3 identified in the NIST
announcement, specifically the policy requirements of the Computer
Security Act, the legal issues surrounding the key escrow
arrangement, and the importance of privacy for network
development.
1. CRYPTOGRAPHY POLICY
The first issue concerns the 1987 statute enacted to improve
computer security in the federal government, to clarify the
responsibilities of NIST and NSA, and to ensure that technical
standards would serve civilian and commercial needs. The Computer
Security Act, which also established this Advisory Panel, is the true
cornerstone of cryptography policy in the United States. That law
made clear that in the area of unclassified computing systems, the
Department of Commerce and not the Department of Defense, would
be responsible for the development of technical standards. It
emphasized public accountability and stressed open decision-making.
The Computer Security Act grew out of a concern that classified
standards and secret meetings would not serve the interests of the
general public. As the practical applications for cryptography have
moved from the military and intelligence arenas to the commercial
sphere, this point has become clear. There is also clearly a conflict of
interest when an agency tasked with signal interception is also given
authority to develop standards for network security.
In the spirit of the Computer Security Act, NIST set out in 1989 to
develop a public key standard FIPS. In a memo dated May 5, 1989
and obtained by CPSR through the Freedom of Information Act, NIST
said that it planned:
to develop the necessary public-key based security
standards. We require a public-key algorithm for
calculating digital signatures and we also require a
public-key algorithm for distributing secret keys.
NIST then went on to define the requirements of the standard:
The algorithms that we use must be public, unclassified,
implementable in both hardware or software, usable by
federal Agencies and U.S. based multi-national
corporation, and must provide a level of security
sufficient for the protection of unclassified, sensitive
information and commercial propriety and/or valuable
information.
The Clipper proposal and the full-blown Capstone configuration,
which incorporates the key management function NIST set out to
develop in 1989, is very different from the one originally conceived
by NIST.
% The Clipper algorithm, Skipjack, is classified,
% Public access to the reasons underlying the proposal is
restricted,
% Skipjack can be implemented only in tamper-proof
hardware,
% It is unlikely to be used by multi-national corporations,
and
% Its security remains unproven.
The Clipper proposal undermines the central purpose of the
Computer Security Act. Although intended for broad use in
commercial networks, it was not developed at the request of either
U.S. business or the general public. It does not reflect public goals.
Rather it reflects the interests of one secret agency with the
authority to conduct foreign signal intelligence and another
government agency responsible for law enforcement investigations.
It is our belief that the Clipper proposal clearly violates the intent
of the Computer Security Act of 1987.
What is the significance of this? It is conceivable that an expert
panel of cryptographers will review the Skipjack algorithm and find
that it lives up its billing, that there is no "trap door" and no easy
way to reverse-engineer. In fact, the White House has proposed just
such a review process
But is this process adequate? Is this the procedure the Advisory
Board would endorse for the development of widespread technical
standards? The expert participants will probably not be permitted
to publish their assessments of the proposal in scientific journals,
further review of the standard will be restricted, and those who are
skeptical will remain in the dark about the actual design of the chip.
This may be an appropriate process for certain military systems, but
it is clearly inappropriate for a technical standard that the
government believes should be widely incorporated into the
communications infrastructure.
Good government policy requires that certain process goals be
satisfied. Decisions should be made in the open. The interests of the
participating agencies should be clear. Agencies should be
accountable for their actions and recommendations. Black boxes and
government oversight are not compatible.
There is an even greater obligation to promote open decisions
where technical and scientific issues are at stake. Innovation
depends on openness. The scientific method depends on the ability
of researchers to "kick the tires" and "test drive" the product. And,
then, even if it is a fairly good design, additional testing encourages
the development of new features, improved performance and
reduced cost. Government secrecy is incompatible which such a
development process.
Many of these principles are incorporated into the Computer
Security Act and the Freedom of Information Act. The current
government policy on the development of unclassified technical
standards, as set out in the Computer Security Act, is a very good
policy. It emphasizes public applications, stresses open review, and
ensures public accountability. It is not the policy that is flawed. It is
the Clipper proposal.
To accept the Clipper proposal would be to endorse a process that
ran contrary to the law, that discourages innovation, and that
undermines openness.
2. LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
There are several legal and constitutional issues raised by the
government's key escrow proposal.
The premise of the Clipper key escrow arrangement is that the
government must have the ability to intercept electronic
communications, regardless of the economic or societal costs. The
FBI's Digital Telephony proposal, and the earlier Senate bill 266, was
based on the same assumption.
There are a number of arguments made in defense of this
position: that privacy rights and law enforcement needs must be
balanced, or that the government will be unable to conduct criminal
investigations without this capability.
Regardless of how one views these various claims, there is one
point about the law that should be made very clear: currently there
is no legal basis -- in statute, the Constitution or anywhere else --
that supports the premise which underlies the Clipper proposal. As
the law currently stands, surveillance is not a design goal. General
Motors would have a stronger legal basis for building cars that could
not go faster than 65 miles per hour than AT&T does in marketing a
commercial telephone that has a built-in wiretap capability. In law
there is simply nothing about the use of a telephone that is
inherently illegal or suspect.
The federal wiretap statute says only that communication service
providers must assist law enforcement in the execution of a lawful
warrant. It does not say that anyone is obligated to design systems
to facilitate future wire surveillance. That distinction is the
difference between countries that restrict wire surveillance to
narrow circumstances defined in law and those that treat all users of
the telephone network as potential criminals. U.S. law takes the first
approach. Countries such as the former East Germany took the
second approach. The use of the phone system by citizens was
considered inherently suspect and for that reason more than 10,000
people were employed by the East German government to listen in
on telephone calls.
It is precisely because the wiretap statute does not contain the
obligation to incorporate surveillance capability -- the design
premise of the Clipper proposal -- that the Federal Bureau of
Investigation introduced the Digital Telephony legislation. But that
legislation has not moved forward on Capitol Hill and the law has
remained unchanged. The Clipper proposal attempts to accomplish
through the standard-setting and procurement process what the
Congress has been unwilling to do through the legislative process.
On legal grounds, adopting the Clipper would be a mistake. There
is an important policy goal underlying the wiretap law. The Fourth
Amendment and the federal wiretap statute do not so much balance
competing interests as they erect barriers against government excess
and define the proper scope of criminal investigation. The purpose
of the federal wiretap law is to restrict the government, it is not to
coerce the public.
Therefore, if the government endorses the Clipper proposal, it will
undermine the basic philosophy of the federal wiretap law and the
fundamental values embodied in the Constitution. It will establish a
technical mechanism for signal interception based on a premise that
has no legal foundation. I am not speaking rhetorically about "Big
Brother." My point is simply that the assumption underlying the
Clipper proposal is more compatible with the practice of telephone
surveillance in the former East Germany than it is with the narrowly
limited circumstances that wire surveillance has been allowed in the
United States.
There are a number of other legal issues that have not been
adequately considered by the proponents of the key escrow
arrangement that the Advisory Board should examine. First, not all
lawful wiretaps follow a normal warrant process. It is critical that
the proponents of Clipper make very clear how emergency wiretaps
will be conducted before the proposal goes forward. Second, there
may be civil liability issues for the escrow agents if there is abuse or
compromise of the keys. Escrow agents may be liable for any harm
that results. Third, there is a Fifth Amendment dimension to the
proposed escrow key arrangement if a network user is compelled to
disclose his or her key to the government in order to access a
communications network. Each one of these issues should be
examined.
There is also one legislative change that we would like the
Advisory Board to consider. During our FOIA litigation, the NSA cited
a 1951 law to withhold certain documents that were critical to
understand the development of the Digital Signature Standard. The
law, passed grants the government the right restrict the disclosure
of any classified information pertaining to cryptography. While the
government may properly withhold classified information in FOIA
cases, the practical impact of this particular provision is to provide
another means to insulate cryptographic policy from public review.
Given the importance of public review of cryptography policy, the
requirement of the Computer Security Act, and the Advisory Board's
own commitment to an open, public process, we ask the Advisory
Board to recommend to the President and to the Congress that
section 798 be repealed or substantially revised to reflect current
circumstances.
This is the one area of national cryptography policy where we
believe a change is necessary.
3. INDIVIDUAL PRIVACY
Communications privacy remains a critical test for network
development. Networks that do not provide a high degree of privacy
are clearly less useful to network users. Given the choice between a
cryptography product without a key escrow and one with a key
escrow, it would be difficult to find a user who would prefer the key
escrow requirement. If this proposal does go forward, it will not be
because network users or commercial service providers favored it.
Many governments are now facing questions about restrictions on
cryptography similar to the question now being raised in this
country. It is clear that governments may choose to favor the
interests of consumers and businesses over law enforcement. Less
than a month ago, the government of Australia over-rode the
objections of law enforcement and intelligence agencies and allowed
the Australian telephone companies to go forward with new digital
mobile phone networks, GSM, using the A5 robust algorithm. Other
countries will soon face similar decisions. We hope that they will
follow a similar path
To briefly summarize, the problem here is not the existing law on
computer security or policies on cryptography and wire surveillance.
The Computer Security Act stresses public standards, open review,
and commercial applications. The federal wiretap statute is one of
the best privacy laws in the world. With the exception of one
provision in the criminal code left over from the Cold War, our
current cryptography policy is very good. It reflects many of the
values -- individual liberty, openness, government accountability --
that are crucial for democratic societies to function.
The problem is the Clipper proposal. It is an end-run around
policies intended to restrict government surveillance and to ensure
agency accountability. It is an effort to put in place a technical
configuration that is at odds with the federal wiretap law and the
protection of individual privacy. It is for these reasons that we ask
the Advisory Board to recommend to the Secretary of Commerce, the
White House, and the Congress that the current Clipper proposal not
go forward.
I thank you for the opportunity to speak with you about these
issues. I wish to invite the members of the Advisory Committee to
the third annual CPSR Privacy and Cryptography conference that will
be held Monday, June 7 in Washington, DC at the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace. That meeting will provide an
opportunity for further discussion about cryptography policy.
ATTACHMENTS
"TWG Issue Number: NIST - May 5, 1989," document obtained
by CPSR as a result of litigation under the Freedom of
Information Act.
"U.S. as Big Brother of Computer Age," The New York Times,
May 6, 1993, at D1.
"Keeping Fewer Secrets," Issues in Science and Technology, vol.
IX, no. 1 (Fall 1992)
"The Only Locksmith in Town," The Index on Censorship
(January 1990)
[The republication of these articles for the non-commercial purpose
of informing the government about public policy is protected by
section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976]
===============================================
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0001560 9aa2 81b6 e41b 13ca 70b6 470c 5cd6 30a7
________________________________________________________________________
Source: Computer underground Digest Sun June 13 1993 Volume 5 : Issue 43
ISSN: ISSN 1004-043X
Date: Sat, 12 Jun 1993 12:30:38 EST
From: Dave Banisar
Subject: File 2--CPSR Clipper Testimony (6-9-93) in House Subcommittee
CPSR Clipper Testimony 6/9
On June 9, 1993, Congressman Edward Markey, Chairman of the
House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance held an
oversight hearing on Rencryption and telecommunications network
security. Panelists were Whitfield Diffie of Sun Microsystems, Dr.
Dorothy Denning, Steven Bryen of Secure Communications, Marc
Rotenberg of the CPSR Washington Office and E.R. Kerkeslager of AT&T.
Congressman Markey, after hearing the testimony presented,
noted that the Clipper proposal had raised an arched eyebrow among
the whole committeeS and that the committee viewed the proposal
skeptically. This statement was the latest indication that the Clipper
proposal has not been well received by policy makers. Last Friday,
the Computer Systems Security and Privacy Advisory Board of NIST
issued two resolutions critical of the encryption plan, suggesting
that further study was required and that implementation of the plan
should be delayed until the review is completed.
At the Third CPSR Cryptography and Privacy Conference on
Monday, June 7, the Acting Director of NIST, Raymond Kammer, announced
that the implementation of the proposal will be delayed and that a
more comprehensive review will be undertaken. The review is due in
the fall. Kammer told the Washington Post that Rmaybe we wonUt
continue in the direction we started ous.
+-------------------------------------------------
Prepared Testimony
and
Statement for the Record
of
Marc Rotenberg, director
CPSR Washington Office
on
Encryption Technology and Policy
Before
The Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance.
Committee on Energy and Commerce
U.S. House of Representatives
June 9, 1993
SUMMARY
The cryptography issue is of particular concern to CPSR.
During the past several years CPSR has pursued an extensive study of
cryptography policy in the United States. CPSR has organized public
conferences, conducted litigation under the Freedom of Information Act,
and has emphasized the importance of cryptography for privacy
protection and the need to scrutinize carefully government proposals
designed to limit the use of this technology.
To evaluate the Clipper proposal it is necessary to look at a
1987 law, the Computer Security Act, which made clear that in the area
of unclassified computing systems, the National Institute of Standards
and Technology (NIST) and not the National Security Agency (NSA), would
be responsible for the development of technical standards. The Act
emphasized public accountability and stressed open decision-making.
In the spirit of the Act, in 1989 NIST set out to develop a
public key cryptography standard. According to documents obtained by
CPSR through the Freedom of Information Act, NIST recommended that the
algorithm be "public, unclassified, implementable in both hardware or
software, usable by federal Agencies and U.S. based multi-national
corporation." However, the Clipper proposal and the full-blown Capstone
configuration that resulted is very different: the Clipper algorithm,
Skipjack, is classified; public access to the reasons underlying the
proposal is restricted; Skipjack can be implemented only in
tamper-proof hardware; it is unlikely to be used by multi-national
corporations, and the security of Clipper remains unproven.
The Clipper proposal undermines the central purpose of the
Computer Security Act. Although intended for broad use in commercial
networks, it was not developed at the request of either U.S. business
or the general public. It does not reflect public goals.
The premise of the Clipper key escrow arrangement is that the
government must have the ability to intercept electronic
communications. However, there is no legal basis to support this
premise. In law there is nothing inherently illegal or suspect about
the use of a telephone. The federal wiretap statute says only that
communication service providers must assist law enforcement execute a
lawful warrant.
CPSR supports the review of cryptography policy currently
underway at the Department of Commerce. CPSR also supports the efforts
undertaken by the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and Finance to
study the full ramifications of the Clipper proposal. However, we are
not pleased about the review now being undertaken at the White House.
That effort has led to a series of secret meetings, has asked that
scientists sign non-disclosure agreements and accept restrictions on
publication, and has attempted to resolve public concerns through
private channels. This is not a good process for the evaluation of a
technology that is proposed for the public switched network.
Even if the issues regarding Clipper are resolved favorably,
privacy concerns will not go away. Rules still need to be developed
about the collection and use of transactional data generated by
computer communications. Several specific steps should be taken.
First, the FCC should be given a broad mandate to pursue privacy
concerns. Second, current gaps in the communications law should be
filled. The protection of transactional records is particularly
important. Third, telecommunications companies should be encouraged to
explore innovative ways to protect privacy. "Telephone cards", widely
available in other countries, are an ideal way to protect privacy.
TESTIMONY
Mr. Chairman, members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the
opportunity to testify today on encryption policy and the Clipper
proposal. I especially wish to thank you Congressman Markey, on behalf
of CPSR, for your ongoing efforts on the privacy front as well as your
work to promote public access to electronic information.
The cryptography issue is of particular concern to CPSR.
During the past several years we have pursued an extensive study of
cryptography policy in the United States. We have organized several
public conferences, conducted litigation under the Freedom of
Information Act, and appeared on a number of panels to discuss the
importance of cryptography for privacy protection and the need to
scrutinize carefully government proposals designed to limit the use of
this technology.
While we do not represent any particular computer company or
trade association we do speak for a great many people in the computer
profession who value privacy and are concerned about the government's
Clipper initiative.
Today I will briefly summarize our assessment of the Clipper
proposal. Then I would like to say a few words about the current
status of privacy protection.
CLIPPER
To put the Clipper proposal in a policy context, I will need to
briefly to describe a law passed in 1987 intended to address the roles
of the Department of Commerce and the Department of Defense in the
development of technical standards. The Computer Security Act of 1987
was enacted to improve computer security in the federal government, to
clarify the responsibilities of the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) and the National Security Agency, and to ensure that
technical standards would serve civilian and commercial needs.
The law made clear that in the area of unclassified computing
systems, NIST and not NSA, would be responsible for the development of
technical standards. It emphasized public accountability and stressed
open decision-making. The Computer Security Act also established the
Computer System Security and Privacy Advisory Board (CSSPAB), charged
with reviewing the activities of NIST and ensuring that the mandate of
the law was enforced.
The Computer Security Act grew out of a concern that classified
standards and secret meetings would not serve the interests of the
general public. As the practical applications for cryptography have
moved from the military and intelligence arenas to the commercial
sphere, this point has become clear. There is also clearly a conflict
of interest when an agency tasked with signal interception is also
given authority to develop standards for network security.
In the spirit of the Computer Security Act, NIST set out in
1989 to develop a public key standard FIPS (Federal Information
Processing Standard). In a memo dated May 5, 1989, obtained by CPSR
through the Freedom of Information Act, NIST said that it planned:
to develop the necessary public-key based security standards. We
require a public-key algorithm for calculating digital signatures and
we also require a public-key algorithm for distributing secret keys.
NIST then went on to define the requirements of the standard:
The algorithms that we use must be public, unclassified, implementable
in both hardware or software, usable by federal Agencies and U.S. based
multi-national corporation, and must provide a level of security
sufficient for the protection of unclassified, sensitive information
and commercial propriety and/or valuable information.
The Clipper proposal and the full-blown Capstone configuration,
which incorporates the key management function NIST set out to develop
in 1989, is very different from the one originally conceived by NIST.
% The Clipper algorithm, Skipjack, is classified,
% Public access to the reasons underlying the proposal is
restricted,
% Skipjack can be implemented only in tamper-proof hardware,
% It is Unlikely to be used by multi-national corporations, and
% The security of Clipper remains unproven.
The Clipper proposal undermines the central purpose of the
Computer Security Act. Although intended for broad use in commercial
networks, it was not developed at the request of either U.S. business
or the general public. It does not reflect public goals. Rather it
reflects the interests of one secret agency with the authority to
conduct foreign signal intelligence and another government agency
responsible for law enforcement investigations.
Documents obtained by CPSR through the Freedom of Information
Act indicate that the National Security Agency dominated the meetings
of the joint NIST/NSA Technical Working group which made
recommendations to NIST regarding public key cryptography, and that a
related technical standard for message authentication, the Digital
Signature Standard, clearly reflected the interests of the NSA.
We are still trying to determine the precise role of the NSA in
the development of the Clipper proposal. We would be pleased to
provide to the Subcommittee whatever materials we obtain.
LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES
There are also several legal and constitutional issues raised
by the government's key escrow proposal. The premise of the Clipper
key escrow arrangement is that the government must have the ability to
intercept electronic communications, regardless of the economic or
societal costs. The FBI's Digital Telephony proposal, and the earlier
Senate bill 266, were based on the same assumption.
There are a number of arguments made in defense of this
position: that privacy rights and law enforcement needs must be
balanced, or that the government will be unable to conduct criminal
investigations without this capability.
Regardless of how one views these various claims, there is one
point about the law that should be made very clear: currently there is
no legal basis -- in statute, the Constitution or anywhere else --
that supports the premise which underlies the Clipper proposal. As the
law currently stands, surveillance is not a design goal. General
Motors would have a stronger legal basis for building cars that could
go no faster than 65 miles per hour than AT&T does in marketing a
commercial telephone that has a built-in wiretap capability. In law
there is simply nothing about the use of a telephone that is inherently
illegal or suspect.
The federal wiretap statute says only that communication
service providers must assist law enforcement in the execution of a
lawful warrant. It does not say that anyone is obligated to design
systems to facilitate future wire surveillance. That distinction is
the difference between countries that restrict wire surveillance to
narrow circumstances defined in law and those that treat all users of
the telephone network as potential criminals. U.S. law takes the first
approach. Countries such as the former East Germany took the second
approach. The use of the phone system by citizens was considered
inherently suspect and for that reason more than 10,000 people were
employed by the East German government to listen in on telephone calls.
It is precisely because the wiretap statute does not contain
the obligation to incorporate surveillance capability -- the design
premise of the Clipper proposal -- that the Federal Bureau of
Investigation introduced the Digital Telephony legislation. But that
legislation has not moved forward and the law has remained unchanged.
The Clipper proposal attempts to accomplish through the
standard-setting and procurement process what the Congress has been
unwilling to do through the legislative process.
On legal grounds, adopting the Clipper would be a mistake.
There is an important policy goal underlying the wiretap law. The
Fourth Amendment and the federal wiretap statute do not so much balance
competing interests as they erect barriers against government excess
and define the proper scope of criminal investigation. The purpose of
the federal wiretap law is to restrict the government, it is not to
coerce the public.
Therefore, if the government endorses the Clipper proposal, it
will undermine the basic philosophy of the federal wiretap law and the
fundamental values embodied in the Constitution. It will establish a
technical mechanism for signal interception based on a premise that has
no legal foundation. The assumption underlying the Clipper proposal is
more compatible with the practice of telephone surveillance in the
former East Germany than it is with the narrowly limited circumstances
that wire surveillance has been allowed in the United States.
UNANSWERED QUESTIONS
There are a number of other legal issues that have not been
adequately considered by the proponents of the key escrow arrangement
that the Subcommittee should examine. First, not all lawful wiretaps
follow a normal warrant process. The proponents of Clipper should make
clear how emergency wiretaps will be conducted before the proposal goes
forward. Second, there may be civil liability issues for the escrow
agents, if they are private parties, if there is abuse or compromise of
the keys. Third, there is a Fifth Amendment dimension to the proposed
escrow key arrangement if a network user is compelled to disclose his
or her key to the government in order to access a communications
network. Each one of these issues should be examined carefully.
CPSR CONFERENCE
At a conference organized by CPSR this week at the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace we heard presentations from staff
members at NIST, FBI, NSA and the White House about the Clipper
proposal. The participants at the meeting had the opportunity to ask
questions and to exchange views.
Certain points now seem clear:
% The Clipper proposal was not developed in response to any
perceived public or business need. It was developed solely to address
a law enforcement concern.
% Wire surveillance remains a small part of law enforcement
investigations. The number of arrests resulting from wiretaps has
remained essentially unchanged since the federal wiretap law was enacted
in 1968.
% The potential risks of the Clipper proposal have not been
assessed and many questions about the implementation remain unanswered.
% Clipper does not appear to have the support of the business or
research community.
Many comments on the Clipper proposal, both positive and
negative as well the materials obtained by CPSR through the Freedom of
Information Act, are contained in the Source book compiled by CPSR for
the recent conference. I am please to make a copy of this available to
the Subcommittee.
NETWORK PRIVACY PROTECTION
Communications privacy remains a critical test for network
development. Networks that do not provide a high degree of privacy are
clearly less useful to network users. Given the choice between a
cryptography product without a key escrow and one with a key escrow, it
would be difficult to find a user who would prefer the key escrow
requirement. If this proposal does go forward, it will not be because
network users or commercial service providers favored it.
Even if the issues regarding the Clipper are resolved
favorably, privacy concerns will not go away. Cryptography is a part
of communications privacy, but it is only a small part. Rules still
need to be developed about the collection and use of transactional data
generated by computer communications. While the federal wiretap law
generally does a very good job of protecting the content of
communications against interception by government agencies, large holes
still remain. The extensive use of subpoenas by the government to
obtain toll records and the sale of telephone records by private
companies are just two examples of gaps in current law.
The enforcement of privacy laws is also a particularly serious
concern in the United States. Good laws without clear mechanisms for
enforcement raise over-arching questions about the adequacy of legal
protections in this country. This problem is known to those who have
followed developments with the Privacy Act since passage in 1974 and
the more recent Video Privacy and Protection Act of 1988. I make this
point because it has been the experience in other countries that
agencies charged with the responsibility for privacy protection can be
effective advocates for the public in the protection of personal
privacy.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Regarding the Clipper proposal, we believe that the national
review currently underway by the Computer Security and Privacy Advisory
Board at the Department of Commerce will be extremely useful and we
look forward to the results of that effort. The Panel has already
conducted a series of important open hearings and compiled useful
materials on Clipper and cryptography policy for public review.
We are also pleased that the Subcommittee on Telecommunications
and Finance has undertaken this hearing. This Subcommittee can play a
particularly important role in the resolution of these issues. We also
appreciate the Chairman's efforts to ensure that the proper studies are
undertaken, that the General Accounting Office fully explores these
issues, and that the Secretary of Commerce carefully assesses the
potential impact of the Clipper proposal on export policy.
We are, however, less pleased about the White House study
currently underway. That effort, organized in large part by the
National Security Council, has led to a series of secret meetings, has
asked that scientists sign non-disclosure agreements and accept
restrictions on publication, and has attempted to resolve public
concerns through private channels. This is not a good process for the
evaluation of a technology that is proposed for the public switched
network. While we acknowledge that the White House has been reasonably
forthcoming in explaining the current state of affairs, we do not think
that this process is a good one.
For these reasons, we believe that the White House should
properly defer to the recommendations of the Computer System Security
and Privacy Advisory Board and the Subcommittee on Telecommunications
and Finance. We hope that no further steps in support of the Clipper
initiative will be taken. We specifically recommend that no further
purchase of Clipper chips be approved.
Speaking more generally, we believe that a number of steps
could be taken to ensure that future communications initiatives could
properly be viewed as a boost to privacy and not a set-back.
% The FCC must be given a strong mandate to pursue privacy
concerns. There should be an office specifically established to
examine privacy issues and to prepare reports. Similar efforts in
other countries have been enormously successful. The Japanese Ministry
of Post and Telecommunications developed a set of privacy principles to
ensure continued trade with Europe. The Canada Ministry of
Communications developed a set of communications principles to address
public concerns about the privacy of cellular communications. In
Europe, the EC put forward an important directive on privacy protection
for the development of new network services.
% Current gaps in the communications law should be filled. The
protection of transactional records is particularly important.
Legislation is needed to limit law enforcement access to toll record
information and to restrict the sale of data generated by the use of
telecommunication services. As the network becomes digital, the
transaction records associated with a particular communication may
become more valuable than the content of the communication itself.
% Telecommunications companies should be encouraged to explore
innovative ways to protect privacy. Cryptography is a particular
method to seal electronic communications, but far more important for
routine communications could be anonymous telephone cards, similar to
the metro cards here in the District of Columbia, that allow consumers
to purchase services without establishing accounts, transferring
personal data, or recording personal activities. Such cards are widely
available in Europe, Japan, and Australia.
I thank you very much for the opportunity to appear before the
Subcommittee and would be pleased to answer your questions Computer
Professionals for Social Responsibility
CPSR is a national membership organization, established in
1982, to address the social impact of computer technology. There are
2,500 members in 20 chapters across the United States, and offices in
Palo Alto, California, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Washington DC. The
organization is governed by a board of elected officers and meetings
are open to the public. CPSR sponsors an annual meeting and the
biennial conference on Directions and Implications of Advanced
Computing. CPSR sponsored the first conference on Computers, Freedom,
and Privacy in 1991. CPSR also operates the Internet Library at
cpsr.org. The library contains documents from the White House on
technology policy and a wide range of public laws covering privacy,
access to information, and communications law and is available free of
charge to all users of the Internet.
Marc Rotenberg is the director of the CPSR Washington office
and an adjunct professor at Georgetown University Law Center. He is
chairman of the ACM Committee on Scientific Freedom and Human Rights,
an editor for the Computer Law and Security Report (London), and the
secretary of Privacy International, an organization of human rights
advocates and privacy scholars in forty countries. He received an A.B.
from Harvard College and a J.D. from Stanford Law School, and is a
member of the bar of the United States Supreme Court. His forthcoming
article "Communications Privacy: Implications for Network Design" will
appear in the August 1993 issue of Communications o0f the ACM.
------------------------------
End of Computer Underground Digest #5.43
************************************
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0001760 e4c7 2fd7 11d2 6b25 4335 64e8 b746 da0c
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The SURFPUNK Technical Journal is a dangerous multinational hacker zine
originating near BARRNET in the fashionable western arm of the northern
California matrix. Quantum Californians appear in one of two states,
spin surf or spin punk. Undetected, we are both, or might be neither.
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Xanalogical archive access at "http://www.acns.nwu.edu/surfpunk/"
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/* xor files together, M bytes max */
#include
#define M 9999
char buf[M];
char pad[M];
readin(s)
char* s;
{
int cc;
int i;
FILE* f= fopen( s, "r" );
if (!f) {
perror(s);
return;
}
bzero(buf, sizeof buf);
cc= fread( buf, 1, M, f );
for ( i=0; i
