What if the passphrase was something like "I do not pay income taxes"? (half-joking, half-serious) Since this comes up frequently, I'll comment. When, under oath, you utter the words "I do not pay income taxes", you are less abbreviatedly say "I testify under oath that I do not pay income taxes". When, under oath, you tell the judge that the passphrase is "I do not pay income taxes", the less abbreviated version is "I testify under oath that the passphrase is 'I do not pay income taxes'." The second statement is not testimony that you do not pay income taxes. This distinction between the performative and the descriptive was used by one of the video game companies to try to prevent compatible cartridges from being manufactured. Part of the protocol required that the cartridge send back the string "(c) Slimy Video Games, Inc.". The company then argued an unfair trade practice, claiming that a compatible cartridge written by another party was asserting a false designation of origin. In fact, the sending of the string as part of the protocol is a merely syntactic use of these characters for purposes of interoperation. In the same way that the meaning of a passphrase is immaterial as a passphrase, so the transmission of the (c) copyright sign is not a claim of copyright nor a designation of origin. Eric