Forwarded message:
Date: Sun, 21 Dec 97 21:46:22 PST From: jim@mentat.com (Jim Gillogly) Subject: Re: Civil War Crypto Question...
Jim Choate skribis:
On pp. 43 - 44 [of Hagerman's "The American Civil War..."] ... a 'cipher disk' whereby the Union was able to change their telegraph codes on an hourly schedule. It was apparently very effictive in dealing with taps and such.
Anyone know of another source that discusses this disk? I looked in Applied
There's a very brief mention of a disk in "Masked Dispatches: Cryptograms and Cryptology in American History, 1775-1900", available from the NSA Central Security Service. (Series 1, Pre-World War 1, Volume 1, United States Cryptologic History), Center for Cryptologic History, by Ralph E. Weber, 1993.
Thanks for the reference.
On page 110 he says: "The North, on the other hand, adopted a handy "on-line" means of changing the basic flag code by prearrangement or at will, even within the act of transmission. This was done with a disk, in which the alphabet on the inner disk revolved against an outer ring of flag combination, enabling an instant change of code."
My impression from this and from the chapter summary is that the disk was used for flag codes but not telegraphy. For telegraphy the Union apparently used a word-based route transposition that Friedman found unimpressive.
Actualy it was used for telegraphy and flags. You see Mahan, the inventor of the disk had also just invented the first ever alphabetic flag system. Because of this system, instead of the wig-wag system others used, McClellan was the first general in history to change his orders of attack 3 times in 3 days *and* win the battle. The problem on the Peninsula was the land was too flat and the woods too thick to use it (see my original references around the same few pages). Friedman? Who the hell is Friedman? None of my references has anyone by that named listed, let alone involved. McClellan was the general in charge of the Army of the Potomac. Meyer was in charge of the Signal Corp, which at the time was responsible for tactical communications for McClellan. Originaly Meyer intended to use his new flag system but because the terrain, flat and wooded, on the Peninsula they found they weren't reliable. They were also using the balloons from the Union Aeronautic Department under Lowe. They were quite effective, haven't found out if they used Meyer's signal system. The flip side was the fully civilian Military Telegraph under Stager which handled strategic telegraphy was fighting Meyer for control of the various communications along technological boundaries. At this time, while they were fighting the South and each other, they brought in some Beardslee equipment (a rail-based portable telegraph system) which apparently didn't work well at all. The Beardslee system was the first use by an American army of portable telegraph equipment, it ran between McClellan's headquarters to Stoneman's at Mechanicsville. Apparently one of the chief problems was that wagons and people kept cutting the lines. Merry Christmas! ____________________________________________________________________ | | | Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make | | violent revolution inevitable. | | | | John F. Kennedy | | | | | | _____ The Armadillo Group | | ,::////;::-. Austin, Tx. USA | | /:'///// ``::>/|/ http://www.ssz.com/ | | .', |||| `/( e\ | | -====~~mm-'`-```-mm --'- Jim Choate | | ravage@ssz.com | | 512-451-7087 | |____________________________________________________________________|