Tuesday 2/3/98 7:02 AM John Young J Orlin Grabbe The crypto problem was solved in 1918. Vernam and Maugborne [sp?] did the work. Gilbert Vernam in 1918. Vernam used two tapes of random characters to generate the additional characters. With the same tapes at each end set to the same start position this system was unbreakable. The Germans decided that the distribution of these key tapes presented too great an operational problem and the Lorenz machine uses a complicated mechanical gearing and cam system to generate a pseudo random sequence with very long period and 10^19 complexity. They thought this was good enough to ensure unbreakability, it wasn't! Fushimi's implementation of Lewis and my GFSR algorithm has period of 2^521 - 1. And LOTS of possible starting seeds. John Young kindly posted my article on putting non-singular binary matrices in one-to-one correspondence with the natural numbers. Although the period of a shift register can be 2^521 - 1, 521 bits determines THE EXACT SEQUENCE of the remaining 2^521 - 522 bits. Pseudorandom numbers generators have an easier job than bits used for cryptography. Pseudorandom number generators merely have to deceive statistical tests. Orlin Recall the GIANT radio transmitter in the south of Russia, perhaps Baku. I heard on PBS TV that it was transmitting a shift register sequence. The Russians were apparently trying to communicate with underwater submarines. NSA crypto algorithms mostly rely on shift register sequences - both linear and NON-LINEAR. The R register in my SAND report posted at jya.com implements a non-linear SECRET/NSI feedback algorithm. Perhaps someone may have to put NSA's SECRET/NSI R register non-linear feedback function out on the web some time. So that every one can have a good laugh, of course. Like for the SECRET/NSI number 31 algorithm step. John Young Judge Svet made a ruling. I sent a copy to you by snail mail. Later, bill Title: Colossus Rebuild The Colossus Rebuild Project by Anthony E Sale, FBCS A bit of History Colossus was designed and built at the Post Office Research Laboratories at Dollis Hill in North London in 1943 by a team led by Dr Tommy Flowers to help Bletchley Park in decoding the intercepted German telegraphic cipher traffic enciphered using the Lorenz SZ42 cipher machine. Lorenz SZ42 cipher machine at Bletchley Park This cipher machine enciphered electrical teleprinter signals which used the international 5 bit Baudot teleprinter code. It enciphered the input plain text by adding to it successively two characters before transmission. Because this addition was bit by bit modulo 2, at the receiving end with the Lorenz machine set to the same start position, the same two characters were added again to the received characters revealing the original plain text. This scheme had been developed in America by Gilbert Vernam in 1918. Vernam used two tapes of random characters to generate the additional characters. With the same tapes at each end set to the same start position this system was unbreakable. The Germans decided that the distribution of these key tapes presented too great an operational problem and the Lorenz machine uses a complicated mechanical gearing and cam system to generate a pseudo random sequence with very long period and 10^19 complexity. They thought this was good enough to ensure unbreakability, it wasn't! A bibliography of works discussing the Lorenz cipher has been compiled by Frode Weierud is availabe here by permission. As is a book chapter describing the Swedish effort to crack Lorenz. The German high command thought that the Lorenz machine was completely unbreakable and used it for their most secret messages, literally from Hitler to his generals and between generals. The interception and deciphering of these messages gave Generals Eisenhower and Montgomery vital information prior to and after D Day in 1944. Colossus was the world's first large electronic valve programmable logic calculator, not just one but ten of them were built and operational in Bletchley Park the home of Allied WW II codebreaking. The question of what is the worlds first computer is less a question of history than a question of definition. The Mark 1 at Manchester (1948) is a strong contender. A view of Colossus Colossus found the wheel settings used by the German Lorenz machine operator for a particular message. When these had been found, which took about two hours, they were plugged up on the Tunny machine. It was this machine which actually deciphered the message. This is the Tunny room in Bletchley Park in 1945. Colossus, hardware details Input: cipher text punched onto 5 hole paper tape read at 5,000 characters per second by optical reader Output: Buffered onto relays: Typewriter printing onto paper roll Processor: Memory 5 characters of 5 bits held in a shift register. Clock speed 5kc/s derived from input tape sprocket holes. Internally generated bit streams totalling 501 bits in rings of lengths equal to the number of mechanical lugs on each of the 12 Lorenz wheels. A large number of pluggable logic gates. 20 decade counters arranged as 5 by 4 decades. 2,500 valves. Power supplies +200v to -150v at up to 10A. Power consumption 4.5KWatt Size: Two banks of racks 7ft 6inches high by 16ft wide spaced 6 ft apart. Bedstead, 7ft 6inches high 4ft wide by 10ft long Colossus, operating cycles The basic machine cycle: read a character from tape, get bits from bit stream generators, perform up to 100 logic operations, clock result into decade counters. The cycle determined by the input tape: The intercepted enciphered text tape is joined into a continuous loop with about 150 blank characters in the join. Specially punched start and stop holes indicate the beginning and end of the cipher text. On receipt of start hole pulse: Start bit stream generators and send sampling pulses to reader output. Execute basic machine cycle until receipt of stop hole pulse: Staticise counter states onto relays. After a delay, reset counters and reset bit stream generators to a new start position. Colossus programming All programmes hard wired, some permanently, some pluggable. Conditional jumping possible between alternative programmes depending on counter outputs. The Rebuild Work on the rebuild started two years ago with the collection of all available information about Colossus, including a series of official photographs taken in 1945. The first stage was to produce accurate machine drawings of the frames for Colossus (all the original machine drawings had been burnt in 1960). This involved three months of eyestrain pouring over the photographs and using 3D projections to transfer the details to a CAD system, EasyCad running on a 486 PC. Next problem was the optical paper tape reader system. The details of this are not shown in any of the photographs. However I managed to locate Dr Arnold Lynch who designed the reader system in 1942. Although well into his 80's Dr Lynch came to my house and using my CAD system we re-engineered the reader system to his original specifications. Then I built it and here it is. It uses original Colossus hard vacuum photocells, shown here on the left and a mask onto which the image of the tape is projected by a Colossus lense. All the racks are now in place. Here are some of the decade counters. We are also rebuilding the Tunny machine. The current state of Colossus: Jan 96 Examples of most of the circuit panels are now working and the whole machine is working at one bit level. We are now rapidly cloning circuit panels to populate all the racks. I need lots more valves: EF36, 37 or 37A pentodes, 6J5 triodes, 6V6 tetrodes and GT1C gas filled triode thyratrons. The 6J5's and 6V6's should be the large glass versions to look right. Please send any contributions, valves or money, to me (Tony Sale) at "The Colossus Rebuild Project, 15 Northampton Road, Bromham, Beds MK43 8QB" tel: 01234 822788 email: TSale@qufaro.demon.co.uk Come and see the Colossus Rebuild, the Lorenz machine and codebreaking exhibitions in Bletchley Park. This page was created by Tony Sale (tsale@qufaro.demon.co.uk) of the Bletchley Park Trust, and has been modified by Jeff Goldberg (J.Goldberg@Cranfield.ac.uk) of the Cranfield University Computer Centre. Title: Cryptome Cryptome JYA/Urban Deadline OpEd _______________________________________________________________________________________ File Topic Date _______________________________________________________________________________________ sib.htm Scientists in Black February 3, 1998 CAP The Cryptographic Analysis Program (offsite) February 2, 1998 Arne Beurling The Geheimschreiber Secret (offsite) February 2, 1998 Army Stegano US Army Steganography (offsite) February 2, 1998 <A HREF="http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/ccc/bpark/colossus.htm ">Colossus Rebuilding Colossus (offsite) February 2, 1998 Frode Crypto Cryptology Papers (offsite) February 2, 1998 jimbell9.htm Jim Bell Update February 2, 1998 echelon-boost NSA Surveillance System Boosted (offsite) February 2, 1998 cn020298.txt Crypto News February 2, 1998 bxa020298.txt BXA Meet on Export Rules and Procedures February 2, 1998 cs020298.txt Rules to Challenge Customs Seizures (63K) February 2, 1998 usg020298.txt USG Secret Meets February 2, 1998 echelon.htm NSA Global Surveillance System February 2, 1998 cathedral.htm The Cathedral and the Bazaar February 1, 1998 natsec-rule.htm Protection of National Security Information February 1, 1998 47cfr216.txt National Communications Issuance System (106K) February 1, 1998 47cfr213.txt Emergency Telecomms Precedence System (17K) February 1, 1998 47cfr202.txt National Security Emergency Plans & Ops (27K) February 1, 1998 47cfr201.txt Policy for Telecomms During Emergencies (12K) February 1, 1998 44cfr336.txt Facilities for National Security Emergency (14K) February 1, 1998 44cfr334.txt FEMA Graduated Mobilization Response (14K) February 1, 1998 32cfr322.txt Privacy Act Exemption for NSA Records (40K) February 1, 1998 32cfr299.txt National Security Agency FOIA Program (8K) February 1, 1998 32cfr2101.txt National Security Council FOIA Requests (24K) February 1, 1998 32cfr185.txt Military Support to Civil Authorities (52K) February 1, 1998 31cfr9.txt Effects of Imported Articles on National Security February 1, 1998 22cfr124.txt Contracts, Off-Shore Buys, Defense Services (42K) February 1, 1998 22cfr123.txt Licenses for the Export of Defense Articles (51K) February 1, 1998 22cfr121.txt United States Munitions List (92K) February 1, 1998 _______________________________________________________________________________________ ntia-dnsdrft.htm Draft Proposal for New Domain Name System January 30, 1998 korczak.txt Boris Korczak: CIA Agent Seeks Payment January 30, 1998 pm87.txt Prez on Terrorist Threat to Middle East Peace January 30, 1998 leahy-wipo.txt Senator Leahy on Ratifying WIPO Treaties January 30, 1998 32cfr147.txt DoD: Policies for Access to Classified Info January 30, 1998 32cfr148.txt DoD: Facilities for Storing Classified Info January 30, 1998 32cfr149.txt DoD: National Policy on Technical Surveillance January 30, 1998 ntia012798.htm RFC: Self-Regulation for Privacy Protection January 30, 1998 cylinked.htm Latest: Cylinked to Organized Crime? January 29, 1998 websoft-warn.htm Web Software Warning January 29, 1998 scant-peril.htm U.S. Spy Agencies Pauline Peril January 29, 1998 mossburg.htm E-Comm Forum on E-Authentication and DigSig January 29, 1998 pollard.htm Bankers O Table on E-Authentication and DigSig January 29, 1998 brown.htm Secret Service on Financial Instruments Fraud Janaury 29, 1998 rpk-hack.htm Invite to Hack RPK InvisiMail January 29, 1998 nrc012998.txt Generic Letter on Y2K Readiness for Nuke Plants January 29, 1998 fc012998.txt FinCEN RFC on Information Collection January 29, 1998 dtc012998.txt Arms Export to Saudi Arabia January 29, 1998 nsa-etc-nf.htm NSA, Echelon, Trade & Crypto/Netscape & Fortify January 28, 1998 dod012898.txt DoD Blacklist of Higher Education January 28, 1998 47usc1002.txt Interception of Digital and Other Communications January 28, 1998 cn012898.txt Crypto News January 28, 1998 cn012798.txt Crypto News January 27, 1998 bxa-fy98.txt BXA Funding FY 1998 January 27, 1998 cia-tsang.htm CIA Concedes Spying on Americans January 26, 1998 atpc.htm EU-Parliament: Technologies of Political Control January 26, 1998 us-crypto.htm US Crypto Policy January 25, 1998 pg-nzcrypto.htm New Zealand Crypto Policy January 24, 1998 ra-ukcrypto.htm UK Crypto Policy January 24, 1998 whp012398.htm Payne/Morales vs. NSA: Reply to Defendant January 23, 1998 kellner.htm Intellectuals and New Technologies (66K) January 23, 1998 bxa012398.txt BXA Penalizes Export Violator January 23, 1998 osd012398.txt Compensation of North Viet-Imprisoned Operatives January 23, 1998 dod012398.txt Defense Dept Secret Meets January 23, 1998 walton-pk.htm GCHQ: The Pre-History of Public Key Cryptography January 22, 1998 primer The Proliferation Primer (offsite) January 22, 1998 sh105-238.txt Proliferation and US Export Controls (196K) January 22, 1998 sh105-267.txt Safety and Reliability of US Nukes (347K) January 22, 1998 acda012298.txt Arms Control Secret Meet January 22, 1998 pd012298.txt Prez Notice on Mideast Terrorism Emergency January 22, 1998 bia012298.txt Rule on Indian Casinos January 22, 1998 cn012198.txt Crypto News January 21, 1998 fc98.htm Financial Cryptography '98 January 20, 1998 doj-ssgsup.htm Supplement to Fed Guide for Seizing Computers January 20, 1998 cn-netreg.htm New Chinese Internet Regulations January 20, 1998 pg-get-MSkey.htm How to Recover Private Keys for Microsoft Wares January 20, 1998 ietf-dea-97.htm IETF Draft Encryption Algorithms 1997 January 20, 1998 radio-rec.htm Update: Locating Radio Receivers; Encoder Stolen January 20, 1998 pipenet.htm PipeNet Description January 20, 1998 dod012098.txt Defense Dept Secret Meets January 20, 1998 bernstein12.htm Transcript of Bernstein Hearing January 19, 1998 fbi-umbc.htm Barry Smith (FBI) to Speak on Encryption Policy January 18, 1998 de-snoop.htm Update: German Surveillance State January 17, 1998 bxa-wa-rule.htm Update 2: BXA Rule on the Wassenaar Arrangement January 16, 1998 pd98-10.htm Prez OKs China's Nuclear Controls January 16, 1998 tcryptol Theory of Cryptography Library (offsite) January 16, 1998 cn011698.htm Crypto News January 16, 1998 nsasuit8.htm USA/NSA Responds to Payne/Morales Motion Janaury 16, 1998 dod011698.txt Defense Dept Secret Meets January 16, 1998 bxa011398.txt Materials Advisory Meet January 15, 1998 crypto-kong.htm Announcing Crypto Kong January 15, 1998 occ-dstc.htm OCC OKs CA as Authorized Banking Activity January 14, 1998 aes-980820 Advanced Encryption Standard Conference (offsite) January 14, 1998 ustr010898.txt Update: Telecommunications Trade Agreements January 14, 1998 rc2.htm Rivest Describes RC2 Encryption Algorithm January 13, 1998 fc011398.txt FinCEN Regulates Card Clubs January 13, 1998 ta011298.txt Key Management Infrastructure Meet January 12, 1998 nist011298.txt Transmission-Electron Microscopy Meet January 12, 1998 doa011298.txt Army Hazard Containment Invention January 12, 1998 gps-jam.htm GPS Jamming January 11, 1998 arthur.htm The Force of An Idea: Theory of USA v. 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