From: Georgi Guninski <guninski@guninski.com>
   IMHO besides VW others outside Germany should be punished too.
   [1]https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_emissions_viol
   ations&oldid=683264419
   The U.S. test results confirmed the ICCT's findings in Europe.[37] The
   West Virginia scientists didn't identify the defeat device, but
   reported
   their findings in a study they presented directly to the EPA and CARB
   in
   May 2014.[41][42]
   And in 2013 there was warning about "defeat device"
   There probably isn't any specific "defeat device".  These days,
   probably all fuel engines are controlled by complex computer programs,
   that take various inputs (ambient temperature, ambient air pressure,
   engine temperature, and perhaps others) and make complicated
   adjustments in inputs to the engine, in order to make the engine run
   better in various ways.  In other words, the "defeat device" is in the
   software, not the hardware.
                  Jim bell

References

   1. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_emissions_violations&oldid=683264419